Células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) apresentam tropismo a tumores, sendo importantes componentes do estroma tumoral. No cérebro, o nicho perivascular é uma importante fonte de CTM, as quais podem contribuir direta e/ou indiretamente para o desenvolvimento de tumores, embora os mecanismos envolvidos sejam pouco conhecidos. No presente trabalho, investigou-se a influência de CTM sobre a proliferação, capacidade invasiva e tumorigenicidade de células de Glioblastoma (GBM) humano. Sabe-se que CTM produzem TGFB1, uma citocina multifuncional envolvida em imunomodulação, proliferação, migração e transição epitelial-mesenquimal de células tumorais. Experimentos in vitro, realizados com meios condicionados de CTM de cordão umbilical humano com silenciamento permanente do gene TGFB1, demonstraram que o TGFB1 secretado por CTM é capaz de aumentar significativamente a proliferação e viabilidade de células de GBM humano da linhagem U87FP635. Esses resultados revelam uma importante ação parácrina dessa citocina regulatória, quando produzida por outros tipos celulares contidos no microambiente tumoral. Entretanto, sob condições experimentais que melhor mimetizam o microambiente tumoral, detectou-se que CTM também afetam o comportamento de células tumorais por um mecanismo alternativo, dependente de contato celular, mas independente dos níveis de TGFB1 secretados pelas CTM. Sob condições de cocultivo celular, envolvendo contato físico entre CTM e células de GBM U87FP635, detectou-se um aumento significativo na quantidade de células tumorais viáveis. Quando cultivadas na forma de esferoides tumorais, o contato com CTM aumentou a capacidade invasiva das células U87FP635. Finalmente, em modelo in vivo ectópico de GBM, células U87FP635 geraram tumores mais desenvolvidos quando coinjetadas com CTM. Esses efeitos pró-tumorigênicos foram observados tanto em contato com CTM controles, quanto com CTM contendo o gene TGFB1 permanentemente silenciado. Assim, esses achados indicam que CTM podem exercer efeitos pró-tumorigênicos por dois mecanismos alternativos e independentes: ação parácrina de TGFB1 secretado por CTM e ação mediada por contato célula-célula. Nas condições experimentais testadas, o mecanismo dependente de contato célula-célula demonstrou ser predominante. O estudo proteômico do secretoma dessas células identificou 126 proteínas diferencialmente expressas além de 10 proteínas exclusivamente detectadas em meios condicionados de cocultivos de CTM com células de GBM U87FP635. Cerca de 80% dessas proteínas exclusivamente secretadas pelo contato célula-célula são componentes de exossomos e estão envolvidas em proliferação celular e desenvolvimento tecidual. Esses resultados apontam uma interação dinâmica de comunicação entre CTM e células tumorais, e revelam algumas proteínas interessantes potencialmente envolvidas em uma ação pró-tumorigênica de CTM mediada por contato celular / Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) display tropism to tumors, being recruited to its microenvironment where they comprise the tumor stroma. In brain, perivascular niche is a substantial source of MSC. Although mechanisms involved are poorly understood, MSC may directly and/or indirectly contribute to tumor development. Herein, the influence of MSC on the proliferation, invasiveness and tumorigenicity of human glioblastoma cells (GBM) was investigated. Moreover, since MSC releases TGFB1, a multifunctional cytokine with roles in immunomodulation, proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells, we analyzed if MSC-secreted TGFB1 affects GBM behavior. In vitro studies performed in the presence of conditioned media from human umbilical cord MSC with a stable TGFB1 gene expression knockdown showed that MSC-secreted TGFB1 is able to significantly increase the proliferation and viability of a GBM cell line (U87FP635). These results revealed an important paracrine effect of this regulatory cytokine when secreted by other cell types in tumor microenvironment. However, under experimental conditions that better mimic the tumor microenvironment, it was found that MSC also affect tumor cell behavior by an alternative mechanism dependent on cell-cell contact, but independent of TGFB1 levels secreted by MSC. The cell-cell contact between MSC and GBM U87FP635 significantly enhaced tumor viable cells. Additionally, the spheroid tumor cell culture with MSC cell contact increased the invasiveness of U87FP635 cells. Finally, in vivo ectopic implantation model showed more developed tumors when GBM U87FP635 cells were coinjected with MSC. These pro-tumorigenic effects were found both in cell-cell contact with control MSC, as with MSC containing TGFB1 gene expression knockdown. Thus, these findings indicate that MSC can exert pro-tumorigenic effects by two alternative and independent mechanisms: paracrine action of TGFB1 secreted by MSC and action mediated by cell-cell contact. In the present experimental conditions, the cell-cell contact-dependent mechanism was predominant. The secretome proteomic study of those cells identified 126 differentially expressed proteins as well as 10 proteins exclusively detected in conditioned media from GBM U87FP635 cell cocultures with MSC. About 80% of proteins uniquely secreted by cell-cell contact are exosomes components and are involved in cell proliferation and tissue development. These results indicate a dynamic interaction of communication between MSC and tumor cells and reveal some interesting proteins potentially involved in a MSC pro-tumorigenic action mediated by cell contact

Células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) apresentam tropismo a tumores, sendo importantes componentes do estroma tumoral. No cérebro, o nicho perivascular é uma importante fonte de CTM, as quais podem contribuir direta e/ou indiretamente para o desenvolvimento de tumores, embora os mecanismos envolvidos sejam pouco conhecidos. No presente trabalho, investigou-se a influência de CTM sobre a proliferação, capacidade invasiva e tumorigenicidade de células de Glioblastoma (GBM) humano. Sabe-se que CTM produzem TGFB1, uma citocina multifuncional envolvida em imunomodulação, proliferação, migração e transição epitelial-mesenquimal de células tumorais. Experimentos in vitro, realizados com meios condicionados de CTM de cordão umbilical humano com silenciamento permanente do gene TGFB1, demonstraram que o TGFB1 secretado por CTM é capaz de aumentar significativamente a proliferação e viabilidade de células de GBM humano da linhagem U87FP635. Esses resultados revelam uma importante ação parácrina dessa citocina regulatória, quando produzida por outros tipos celulares contidos no microambiente tumoral. Entretanto, sob condições experimentais que melhor mimetizam o microambiente tumoral, detectou-se que CTM também afetam o comportamento de células tumorais por um mecanismo alternativo, dependente de contato celular, mas independente dos níveis de TGFB1 secretados pelas CTM. Sob condições de cocultivo celular, envolvendo contato físico entre CTM e células de GBM U87FP635, detectou-se um aumento significativo na quantidade de células tumorais viáveis. Quando cultivadas na forma de esferoides tumorais, o contato com CTM aumentou a capacidade invasiva das células U87FP635. Finalmente, em modelo in vivo ectópico de GBM, células U87FP635 geraram tumores mais desenvolvidos quando coinjetadas com CTM. Esses efeitos pró-tumorigênicos foram observados tanto em contato com CTM controles, quanto com CTM contendo o gene TGFB1 permanentemente silenciado. Assim, esses achados indicam que CTM podem exercer efeitos pró-tumorigênicos por dois mecanismos alternativos e independentes: ação parácrina de TGFB1 secretado por CTM e ação mediada por contato célula-célula. Nas condições experimentais testadas, o mecanismo dependente de contato célula-célula demonstrou ser predominante. O estudo proteômico do secretoma dessas células identificou 126 proteínas diferencialmente expressas além de 10 proteínas exclusivamente detectadas em meios condicionados de cocultivos de CTM com células de GBM U87FP635. Cerca de 80% dessas proteínas exclusivamente secretadas pelo contato célula-célula são componentes de exossomos e estão envolvidas em proliferação celular e desenvolvimento tecidual. Esses resultados apontam uma interação dinâmica de comunicação entre CTM e células tumorais, e revelam algumas proteínas interessantes potencialmente envolvidas em uma ação pró-tumorigênica de CTM mediada por contato celular / Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) display tropism to tumors, being recruited to its microenvironment where they comprise the tumor stroma. In brain, perivascular niche is a substantial source of MSC. Although mechanisms involved are poorly understood, MSC may directly and/or indirectly contribute to tumor development. Herein, the influence of MSC on the proliferation, invasiveness and tumorigenicity of human glioblastoma cells (GBM) was investigated. Moreover, since MSC releases TGFB1, a multifunctional cytokine with roles in immunomodulation, proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells, we analyzed if MSC-secreted TGFB1 affects GBM behavior. In vitro studies performed in the presence of conditioned media from human umbilical cord MSC with a stable TGFB1 gene expression knockdown showed that MSC-secreted TGFB1 is able to significantly increase the proliferation and viability of a GBM cell line (U87FP635). These results revealed an important paracrine effect of this regulatory cytokine when secreted by other cell types in tumor microenvironment. However, under experimental conditions that better mimic the tumor microenvironment, it was found that MSC also affect tumor cell behavior by an alternative mechanism dependent on cell-cell contact, but independent of TGFB1 levels secreted by MSC. The cell-cell contact between MSC and GBM U87FP635 significantly enhaced tumor viable cells. Additionally, the spheroid tumor cell culture with MSC cell contact increased the invasiveness of U87FP635 cells. Finally, in vivo ectopic implantation model showed more developed tumors when GBM U87FP635 cells were coinjected with MSC. These pro-tumorigenic effects were found both in cell-cell contact with control MSC, as with MSC containing TGFB1 gene expression knockdown. Thus, these findings indicate that MSC can exert pro-tumorigenic effects by two alternative and independent mechanisms: paracrine action of TGFB1 secreted by MSC and action mediated by cell-cell contact. In the present experimental conditions, the cell-cell contact-dependent mechanism was predominant. The secretome proteomic study of those cells identified 126 differentially expressed proteins as well as 10 proteins exclusively detected in conditioned media from GBM U87FP635 cell cocultures with MSC. About 80% of proteins uniquely secreted by cell-cell contact are exosomes components and are involved in cell proliferation and tissue development. These results indicate a dynamic interaction of communication between MSC and tumor cells and reveal some interesting proteins potentially involved in a MSC pro-tumorigenic action mediated by cell contact

Orientador: Ana Carla Pereira [UNESP[ Latini / Resumo: A hanseníase é causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, que infecta macrófagos e células de Schwann, gerando lesões cutâneas e comprometendo nervos periféricos. A doença se apresenta sob diferentes formas clínicas, fortemente determinadas pela resposta imune do hospedeiro, podendo ser classificada como multibacilar (MB) e paucibacilar (PB). Trata-se de uma doença complexa e estudos voltados para a relação genótipo/fenótipo têm evidenciado a participação do componente genético humano nos desfechos da doença. O gene IL2RA está localizado na região cromossômica 10p15, próximo à região 10p13 que foi previamente associada à forma PB da doença, sendo um candidato posicional e funcional para estudos de associação genética com a forma clínica da hanseníase. Este receptor, também denominado CD25, tem papel fundamental na atividade imunorregulatória exercida pelas células Tregs. O TGF-β1 é uma das principais citocinas efetoras da atividade imunorreugulatória das Tregs e está presente em maior quantidade na forma MB. O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar a associação dos genes IL2RA e TGFB1com as formas clínicas da hanseníase. Para tanto, conduzimos um estudo de associação baseado em duas amostras caso-controles incluindo 885 casos de hanseníase: 406 casos de Rondonópolis-MT como população primária; 479 casos provenientes do Estado de São Paulo como população de replicação. Os dados de frequências nos grupos de pacientes MB e PB foram comparados por modelo de regressão logística univar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Leprosy is an infectious chronic disease compromising skin and peripheral nerves. There is a spectrum encompassing the clinical forms of leprosy, directed by host immune response. Leprosy has been classified as multibacillary (MB) and paucibacillary (PB), in accord to number of lesions and bacillary burden. Here we have conducted a genetic association study to clinical forms of leprosy based on two case-control samples from Brazil. We have investigated the association of the IL2RA and TGFB1 genes with clinical forms of leprosy. These genes codify important molecules to immunosuppressive activity of the Treg cells, and present differential expressions in accord to the clinical forms of leprosy. A total of 885 leprosy cases were included in the study: 406 cases from Rondonópolis municipality as start population, and 479 cases from the State of São Paulo as a replication population. The AA genotype of the rs2386841 polymorphism in the IL2RA gene was associated to PB form in the start population (OR: 4.29; p-value = 0.0043), but this was not confirmed for the replication population. The C allele of the rs1800470 marker at the TGFB1 gene was associated to MB form in the start population (OR: 2.36; p-value = 0.0238). This association was replicated for the replication population (OR: 2.10; p-value = 0.0300). In a combined analysis joining both populations the association of the rs1800470 was confirmed (OR: 1.81; p-value = 0.0475). We have demonstrated, for the first time, an associ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Background: An ex vivo experimental strategy replicating in vivo intestinal development would provide an accessible setting to study normal and dysmorphic biology, and would be a test bed for tissue engineering. Previous studies implicated transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in postnatal gut maturation and regeneration following injury, but its potential role in intestinal development is poorly understood. I firstly hypothesised that embryonic small intestine is able to heal after physical injury. To test this idea, I aimed to create an organ culture model using explants of embryonic jejunum. I secondly hypothesised that TGFβ1 affects embryonic small intestine growth and differentiation. Accordingly, I aimed to use the same organ culture model to determine potential effects of exogenous TGFβ1.Methods. Segments of mouse embryonic jejunum were isolated by dissection and placed on semipermeable platforms. They were fed with defined, serum free, media, in some cases supplemented with TGFβ1. Growth, differentiation and healing of explants were characterized and quantified using a battery of techniques that included whole mount imaging, histology, immunostaining and RNA arrays. TGFβ1 was measured in amniotic fluid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Groups were compared by statistical tests. Results: After three days of culture, jejunal rudiments differentiated from simple tubes into a more complex structures containing smooth muscle surrounding newly formed villi. Pairs of rudiments, linked by a thread, fused and formed a continuous single lumen, as assessed by trajectories of fluorescent dextrans injected into their distal ends. Functional continuity was confirmed by spontaneous waves of peristalsis crossing the point of fusion. In vivo, TGFβ receptors I and II were detected in embryonic longitudinal smooth muscle cells and, in organ culture, exogenous TGFβ1 induced differentiation of longitudinal smooth muscle. Microarray profiling showed that TGFβ1 increased smooth muscle associated transcripts in a dose-dependent manner. TGFβ1 protein was detected in amniotic fluid at a time when the embryonic small intestine was physiologically herniated. Conclusion: Embryonic jejunal segments can fuse to form a single functional organ when aided by a mechanical manipulation. By analogy with the requirement for exogenous TGFβ1 for smooth muscle differentiation in culture, the TGFβ1 protein that I demonstrated to be present in the amniotic fluid may enhance intestinal development when it is physiologically herniated in early gestation. Future studies of embryonic intestinal cultures should add TGFβ1 in the defined media to produce a more faithful model of in vivo muscle differentiation. In future, this model could be used to test whether other growth factors enhance intestinal growth, and so pave the way to novel biological treatments for short bowel syndrome, a devastating disease with a high mortality.

Prostatakrebs ist die am häufigsten neu diagnostizierte Krebserkrankung bei Männern weltweit. Die Strahlentherapie stellt für viele Stadien dieser Erkrankung eine wichtige kurative Therapieoption dar. Die Rolle von TGFB1 als wichtiger Mediator der Strahlenreaktion von Normalgewebe wurde in verschiedenen Publikationen beschrieben. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte nun mögliche Einflüsse von Varianten des TGFB1-Gens auf Epidemiologie und therapieassoziierte Toxizität einer Radiotherapie bei Patienten mit Prostatakarzinom. 509 Prostatakarzinompatienten stellten sich zwischen März 2001 und September 2010 in der Abteilung für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologe der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen vor. Studienendpunkte waren das Auftreten von therapieassoziierter Akut- (CTC) sowie Spättoxizität (LENT/SOMA) unter Berücksichtigung von TGFB1-Genvarianten und deren Einfluss auf eine Prädisposition zur Erkrankung. Gewertet wurde jeweils der höchste Grad an akuten und späten Nebenwirkungen in Form von Zystitis oder Proktitis. Als starke Nebenwirkung wurde Toxizität ≥ Grad 2 (deutliche Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität) definiert. Es wurden nach Datenbank- und Literaturrecherche und auf Grund von Vorbefunden zehn Polymorphismen (SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms) ausgewählt, welche die genetische Variabilität im Bereich von TGFB1 repräsentieren. Aus peripher-venösem Vollblut der Patienten wurde DNA extrahiert. Durch Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR, polymerase chain reaction) erfolgte eine Vervielfältigung der entsprechenden DNA-Abschnitte, dann folgte die Gensequenzierung. Primäre Zielgröße der Arbeit war es, einen möglichen Einfluss der SNPs auf radiotherapieassoziierte Toxizität zu prüfen. Dies geschah an einer selektierten Kohorte (n = 241, primäre Radiatio mit ∑64 – 72 Gy). Akuttoxizität konnte für 100 %, Spättoxizität für 91 % (n = 217) der selektierten Kohorte evaluiert werden. Akuttoxizität ≥ Grad 2 manifestierte sich bei 24,4 % (19,1 % Proktitis, 8,1 % Zystitis), Spättoxizität ≥ Grad 2 bei 17,0 % (13,0 % Proktitis, 5,4 % Zystitis) der Patienten. Die Genotypisierung war in 97,5 % der geprüften Allele möglich. 10 % der Proben (n = 46, unselektierte Kohorte) wurden als interne Kontrolle bestätigt. Bei Trägern des Genotyps Pro25 von rs1800471 („Arg25Pro“) war das Risiko einer Spättoxizität signifikant erhöht: 10,6 % der Pro25-Träger zeigten Akuttoxizität, 23,7 % Spättoxizität (p = 0,033 nach χ²-Test, RR = 2,23, 95 %-CI 1,10 – 4,55). Der SNP rs10417924 zeigte bei Trägern des A-Allels unter Annahme eines dominanten Alleleffekts einen schützenden Effekt bezüglich der Entwicklung von Spättoxiziät (RR = 0,50, 0,20 – 0,90, p = 0,02 nach zweiseitigem Fisher’s exaktem Test). SNP rs1800470 („Leu10Pro“) zeigte für Träger der Pro10-Variante niedrigere Raten an Akuttoxizität (RR = 0,72, 0,52-1,01, p = 0,03). Subanalysen konnten die Effekte von Arg25Pro insbesondere für das Risiko einer späten Zystitis nachweisen (p = 0,05), rs10417924 bezog sich auf die späte (p = 0,01), Leu10Pro auf die akute Proktitis (p = 0,04, jeweils zweiseitig getestet). Sekundäre Zielgröße der Arbeit war die Testung der SNPs auf einen möglichen Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit, an Prostatakrebs zu erkranken. Dies wurde Mithilfe eines gesunden Kontrollkollektivs (n = 257) geprüft. Es zeigte sich ein Trend für eine Assoziation von rs7254679 mit dem Erkrankungsrisiko. Unter erneuter Annahme eines dominanten Alleleffekts zeigte dieser SNP außerdem eine Assoziation mit dem Vorliegen von Zweitkarzinomen (RR = 2,16, 1,45 – 3,21, p = 0,001 im Vergleich mit der Gesamtkohorte der Gesunden). Wir berichten von einem SNP (Arg25Pro) im TGFB1-Gen, dessen Genotyp Pro25 in der von uns untersuchten Patientenkohorte mit einer signifikant höheren Spättoxizität im Bereich der Harnblase nach Radiotherapie des Prostatakarzinoms assoziiert ist. Der SNP Leu10Pro zeigte einen schützenden Effekt bezüglich der Entwicklung von akuter Proktitis sowie der SNP rs10417924 vor später Proktitis. Eine von unserer Abteilung veröffentlichte Studie an 163 Rektumkarzinompatienten, welche radiochemotherapiert wurden, konnte Arg25Pro bereits als potentiellen prädiktiven Marker für strahlentherapieassoziierte Akuttoxizität identifizieren. Diese Ergebnisse werden von der vorliegenden Arbeit unterstützt. Zur Validierung der von uns berichteten Ergebnisse sind jedoch weitere Studien erforderlich, um die Rolle der TGFB1-SNPs in der Normalgewebsreaktion auf Bestrahlung aufzuklären.

Les Neuropilines (NRPs) sont des récepteurs transmembranaires non tyrosine-kinase identifiés à l'origine comme des récepteurs pour les sémaphorines de la classe 3. Ces glycoprotéines sont particulièrements impliquées dans la migration de la crête neurale et dans la croissance axonale au cours du développement embryonnaire du système nerveux. En outre, les NRPs sont exprimées par une large variété de tumeurs et de nombreuses molécules solubles semblent interagir avec ces protéines pour moduler la progression tumorale. Parmi elles, les facteurs angiogéniques de la famille du facteur de croissance de l'endothélium vasculaire (VEGF) semblent être à l'origine d'une angiogénèse médiée par les NRPs.Tandis que la NRP1 a été largement étudiée et reconnue comme une cible intéressante dans le cadre du développement de thérapies anti-angiogéniques, très peu d'études s'étaient intéressées au rôle de la NRP2 dans la progression tumorale jusqu'à présent. La NRP2 semble réguler la progression tumorale par de nombreux mécanismes, non seulement l'angiogénèse mais aussi la lymphangiogénèse, la Transition-Epithélio-Mésenchymateuse (TEM) et la formation de métastases. A la vue de ces multiples rôles dans la progression tumorale, la NRP2 apparaît donc comme une cible intéressante dans le cadre du développement de thérapies ciblées innovantes en cancérologie. Au cours de notre thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à caractériser le rôle de la NRP2 dans la progression tumorale dans le cadre du cancer colorectal puis nous avons développé un anticorps monoclonal thérapeutique ciblant spécifiquement cette protéine. / Neuropilins (NRPs) are transmembrane non tyrosine-kinase glycoproteins first identified as receptors for class-3 semaphorins. They are particularly involved in neural crest migration and axonal growth during development of thé nervous System. Since many types of tumor and endothelial cells express NRP receptors. various soluble molécules were also found to interact with thèse receptors to modulate cancer progression. Among them, angiogenic factors belonging to thé Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) family seem to be responsible for NRPs-related angiogenesis.While NRP1 was intensively studied from many years and identified as an attractive angiogenesis target for cancer therapy. NRP2 signaling pathway has just recently been studied. NRP2 may regulate tumor progression by several concurrent mechanisms, not only angiogenesis but lymphangiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. In view of their multiples functions in cancer promotion, NRP2 fulfills ail thé criteria of a therapeutic target for innovative anti-tumor thérapies. Our thesis focuses on NRP2-specific rôles in tumor progression and subséquent development of a NRP2-neutralizing monoclonal antibody.

[ES] Las poliaminas son metabolitos esenciales para el crecimiento de las células eucariotas y su metabolismo está frecuentemente desregulado en cáncer. Una de las dianas moleculares de las poliaminas es el factor de elongación de la traducción eIF5A, una proteína esencial y conservada evolutivamente. eIF5A es la única proteína conocida que contiene el aminoácido hipusina, que deriva de la poliamina espermidina. En humanos existen dos isoformas, eIF5A1 y eIF5A2. EIF5A2 se encuentra en el cromosoma 3q26, una región frecuentemente amplificada en muchos tumores y que está altamente expresada en varios tipos de cáncer, incluyendo el cáncer de pulmón no microcítico (CPNM). eIF5A2 es esencial para el mantenimiento de la proliferación celular y su inhibición la suprime en algunos tumores. Recientemente se ha correlacionado la sobreexpresión de eIF5A2 con la invasión y como biomarcador de mal pronóstico en algunos cánceres, y se ha observado que eIF5A2 induce la transición epitelio-mesenquimal (EMT) en CPNM. La EMT es un proceso complejo y reversible que induce la diferenciación de las células epiteliales a células mesenquimales migrantes con capacidad de invasión. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la EMT está relacionada con la progresión del cáncer, metástasis y mal pronóstico en tumores. Por tanto, la determinación de un método eficaz para inhibir la EMT en CPNM podría mejorar significativamente los tratamientos actuales. La naturaleza altamente selectiva de la hipusinación de eIF5A2 y su susceptibilidad a la inhibición farmacológica sugieren que eIF5A2 es una diana terapéutica muy atractiva. Actualmente, se dispone de un análogo de poliamina, GC7, que se utiliza para inhibir la hipusinación y se ha demostrado que frena el crecimiento de células cancerosas. El presente trabajo de tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo caracterizar el papel patológico de eIF5A2 en el desarrollo del CPNM. Para ello, hemos estudiado, mediante modificaciones genéticas por silenciamiento y sobreexpresión, el papel de eIF5A2 en la proliferación, motilidad e invasión celular utilizando líneas celulares de CPNM. Así mismo, se ha estudiado el efecto del inhibidor GC7 en líneas celulares de CPNM y modelos murinos para determinar si previene o revierte la EMT, y reduce la migración y la invasión de células de CPNM. Por último, se ha analizado la correlación entre la expresión de eIF5A2, las variables clínico-patológicas y la supervivencia de los pacientes en una colección de muestras de pacientes con CPNM. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de una regulación entre las isoformas eIF5A1 y eIF5A2 para compensar la expresión de ambos homólogos. Además, nuestros datos apuntan a una coordinación temporal y posicional entre las vías de TGFß1 y eIF5A2 para impulsar la traducción de proteínas requerida para el reordenamiento del citoesqueleto y la motilidad de las células cancerosas invasivas. Hemos demostrado con modelos de ratón in vivo, que los tumores generados mediante xenotrasplante de células que sobreexpresan eIF5A2 tienen mayor capacidad invasiva. Finalmente, mostramos la existencia de una correlación positiva entre la expresión de eIF5A2 y el marcador de proliferación Ki67 en tejido de tumores de CPNM, y que la tasa de supervivencia es menor en aquellos pacientes que expresan niveles elevados de eIF5A2. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo confirman que eIF5A2 podría ser empleado como un biomarcador de mal pronóstico en CPNM y su inhibición farmacológica podría emplearse como una posible herramienta terapéutica, sola o en combinación con otros fármacos, en aquellos casos en los que eIF5A2 se encuentre sobreexpresado. / [CA] Les poliamines són metabòlits essencials per al creixement de les cèl·lules eucariotes i el seu metabolisme està frequentment desregulat en càncer. Una de les dianes moleculars de les poliamines és el factor d'elongació de la traducció eIF5A, una proteïna essencial i conservada evolutivament. eIF5A és l'única proteïna cel·lular coneguda que conté l'aminoàcid hipusina, que deriva de la poliamina espermidina. En humans hi ha dues isoformes, eIF5A1 i eIF5A2. EIF5A2 es troba al cromosoma 3q26, una regió freqüentment amplificada en molts tumors, i que està altament expressada en diferent tipus de càncer, incloent el càncer de pulmó no microcític (CPNM). eIF5A2 és essencial per al manteniment de la proliferació cel·lular i la seva inhibició la suprimeix en alguns tumors. Recentment s'ha correlacionat la sobreexpressió d'eIF5A2 amb la invasió i com a biomarcador de mal pronòstic a alguns càncers i s'ha observat que eIF5A2 indueix la transicició epiteli-mesenquima (EMT) en CPNM. L'EMT és un procés complex i reversible que indueix la diferenciació de les cèl·lules epitelials a cèl·lules mesenquimals migrants amb capacitat d'invasió. Nombrosos estudis han demostrat que l'EMT està relacionada amb la progressió del càncer, la metàstasi i el mal pronòstic en molts tumors. Per tant, la determinació d'un mètode eficaç per inhibir l'EMT a CPNM podria millorar significativament els règims dels tractaments actuals. La naturalesa altament selectiva de la hipusinació d'eIF5A2 i la susceptibilitat a la inhibició farmacològica fan d'aquesta proteina una diana terapèutica molt atractiva. Actualment, es disposa d'un anàleg de poliamina, anomenat GC7, que s'utilitza per inactivar la reacció d'hipusinació i s'ha demostrat que inhibeix el creixement de cèl·lules canceroses. Aquest treball de tesi doctoral té com a objectiu caracteritzar el paper patològic d'eIF5A2 en el desenvolupament del CPNM. Per això, hem estudiat, mitjançant modificacions genètiques per silenciament i sobreexpressió, el paper d'eIF5A2 en la proliferació, la motilitat i la invasió cel·lular utilitzant línies cel·lulars de càncer de pulmó. Així mateix, s'ha estudiat l'efecte de l'inhibidor GC7 en línies cel·lulars de CPNM i models murins per determinar si augmenta la quimiosensibilitat de les cèl·lules, prevé o reverteix l'EMT i redueix la migració i la invasió de cèl·lules de CPNM. Finalment, s'ha analitzat la correlació entre l'expressió d'eIF5A2, les variables clinicopatològiques i la supervivència dels pacients en una col·lecció de mostres de pacients amb CPNM. Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen que hi ha una regulació entre les isoformes eIF5A1 i eIF5A2 per compensar l'expressió dels dos homòlegs. A més, les nostres dades apunten a una coordinació temporal i posicional entre les vies de TGFß1 i eIF5A2 per impulsar la traducció requerida de proteïnes per als reordenaments del citosquelet i les característiques de motilitat de les cèl·lules canceroses invasives. Hem demostrat amb models de ratolí in vivo que els tumors generats mitjançant xenotrasplantament de cèl·lules que sobreexpressen eIF5A2 tenen més capacitat invasiva. Finalment, mostrem l'existència una correlació positiva entre l'expressió d'eIF5A2 i el marcador de proliferació Ki67 en teixit de tumors de CPNM, i que la taxa de supervivència és menor en aquells pacients que expressaven alts nivells d'eIF5A2. Els resultats obtinguts en aquest treball confirmen que eIF5A2 podria ser emprat com un biomarcador de mal pronòstic a CPNM i la seva inhibició farmacològica podria utilitzar-se com una possible eina terapèutica, sola o en combinació amb altres fàrmacs, en aquells casos en què eIF5A2 es trobe sobreexpressat. / [EN] Polyamines are essential metabolites for eukaryotic cells growth, and their metabolism is frequently deregulated in cancer. One of the molecular targets of polyamines is the translation elongation factor eIF5A, an essential and evolutionarily conserved protein. eIF5A is the only protein known that contains the amino acid hypusine, which is derived from the polyamine spermidine. In humans there are two isoforms, eIF5A1 and eIF5A2. EIF5A2 is located on chromosome 3q26, a region frequently amplified in different types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). eIF5A2 is essential for the maintenance of cell proliferation and its inhibition suppresses it in many tumors. Recently, eIF5A2 overexpression has been correlated with invasion and as a biomarker of poor prognosis in some cancers, and it has been observed that eIF5A2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC. EMT is a complex and reversible process that induces the differentiation of epithelial cells into migrant mesenchymal cells with invasive capacity. Numerous studies have shown that EMT is related to cancer progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis in many tumors. Therefore, the determination of an effective method to inhibit EMT in NSCLC could significantly improve current treatment regimens. The highly selective nature of eIF5A2 hypusination and its susceptibility to pharmacological inhibition make this process a very attractive therapeutic target. Currently, a polyamine analog, called GC7, is available and is used to inactivate the hypusination reaction and has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth. The objective of this doctoral thesis is to characterize the pathological role of eIF5A2 in the development of NSCLC. For this, we have studied, through genetic alterations by silencing and overexpression, the role of eIF5A2 in cell proliferation, motility and invasion using lung cancer cell lines. Likewise, the effect of the GC7 inhibitor in NSCLC cell lines and murine models has been studied to determine if it increases the chemosensitivity of cells, prevents or reverses EMT, and reduces migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Finally, the correlation between the expression of eIF5A2, clinicopathological variables and patient survival has been analyzed in a collection of samples from patients with NSCLC. The results obtained suggest the existence of a regulation between the eIF5A1 and eIF5A2 isoforms to compensate the expression of both homologues. Furthermore, our data point to a temporal and positional coordination between the TGFß1 and eIF5A2 pathways to drive the required translation of proteins for cytoskeletal rearrangements and motility characteristics of invasive cancer cells. We have demonstrated with in vivo mouse models that tumors generated by xenotransplantation of cells that overexpress eIF5A2 have a greater invasive capacity. Finally, we show the existence of a positive correlation between the expression of eIF5A2 and the proliferation marker Ki67 in NSCLC tumor tissue, and that the survival rate is lower in those patients who expressed high levels of eIF5A2. The results obtained in this work confirm that eIF5A2 could be used as a biomarker of poor prognosis in NSCLC and its pharmacological inhibition could be used as a possible therapeutic tool, alone or in combination with other drugs, in those cases in which eIF5A2 is found overexpressed. / Martínez Férriz, A. (2023). Funciones del factor de inicio de la traducción eucariota 5A2 en el cáncer de pulmón [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/193293

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