In industry, adjustable speed drives (ASDs) are widely employed in driving AC motors for variable speed applications due to the high performance and high energy efficiency obtained in such systems. However, ASDs have an impact on the power quality and utilisation of AC power feeds by injecting current harmonics and causing resonances, additional losses, and voltage distortion at the point of common coupling. Due to these problems, electric power utilities have established stringent rules and regulations to limit the effects of this distortion. As a result, efficient, reliable, and economical harmonic mitigation techniques must now be implemented in practical systems to achieve compliance at reasonable cost. A variety of techniques exist to control the harmonic current injected by ASDs, and allow three-phase AC-line-connected medium-power systems to meet stringent power quality standards. Of these, the broadband harmonic passive filter deserves special attention because of its good harmonic mitigation and reactive power compensation abilities, and low cost. It is also relatively free from harmonic resonance problems, has relatively simple structural complexity and involves considerably less engineering effort when compared to systems of single tuned shunt passive filters or active filters and active rectifier solutions. In this thesis, passive broadband harmonic filters are investigated. In particular, the improved broadband filter (IBF) which has superior overall performance and examples of its application are increasing rapidly. During this research project, the IBF operating principle is reviewed and its design principles are established. As the main disadvantage of most passive harmonic filters is the large-sized components, the first proposed design attempts to optimize the size of the filter components (L and C) utilized in the existing IBF topology. The second proposed design attempts to optimize the number and then the size of filter components resulting in an Advanced Broadband passive Filter (ABF) novel structure. The proposed design methods are based on frequency domain modelling of the system and then using a genetic algorithm optimization technique to search for optimal filter component values. The results obtained are compared with the results of a linear searching approach. The measured performance of the optimal filter designs (IBF and ABF) is evaluated under different loading conditions with typical levels of background voltage distortion. This involves assessing input current total harmonic distortion, input power factor, rectifier voltage regulation, efficiency, size and cost. The potential resonance problem is addressed and the influence of voltage imbalance on performance is investigated. The assessment is based on analysis, computer simulations and experimental results. The measured performance is compared to various typical passive harmonic filters for three-phase diode rectifier front-end type adjustable speed drives. Finally, the broadband filter design’s effectiveness and performance are evaluated by involving them in a standard IEEE distribution network operating under different penetration levels of connected nonlinear total loads (ASD system). The study is conducted via detailed modelling of the distribution network and the linked nonlinear loads using computer simulations.

Darbe tiriami iškraipymai audio sistemose ir kaip žmogaus klausa juos suvokia. Autorius sistemina tyrimus, bibliografinius įrašus. Pateikiama alternatyvi tyrimo metodika. Tyrimo rezultatai reikšmingi tobulinant garsinio signalo traktą. / This research is about distortion in audio systems and how human hearing perceives it. Author collects together data from other researches and compares them. The main goal of this research is to find, what type of audio distortion is most audible. Results of the work can be used to improve audio equipment design with properties of human hearing in mind.

The objective of this research is to introduce a neural network based solution for the problem of measuring the actual amount of harmonic current injected into a power network by an individual nonlinear load. Harmonic currents from nonlinear loads propagate through the system and cause harmonic pollution. As a result, voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) is rarely sinusoidal. The IEEE 519 harmonic standard provides customer and utility harmonic limits and many utilities are now requiring their customers to comply with IEEE 519. Measurements of the customer’s current at the PCC are expected to determine the customer’s compliance with IEEE 519. However, results in this research show that the current measurements at the PCC are not always reliable in that determination. In such a case, it may be necessary to determine what the customer’s true current harmonic distortions would be if the PCC voltage could be a pure sinusoidal voltage. However, establishing a pure sinusoidal voltage at the PCC may not be feasible since that would mean performing utility switching to reduce the system impedance. An alternative approach is to use a neural network that is able to learn the customer’s load admittance. Then, it is possible to predict the customer’s true current harmonic distortions based on mathematically applying a pure sinusoidal voltage to the learned load admittance. The proposed method is called load modeling. Load modeling predicts the true harmonic current that can be attributed to a customer regardless of whether a resonant condition exists on the utility power system. If a corrective action is taken by the customer, another important parameter of interest is the change in the voltage distortion level at the PCC due to the corrective action of the customer. This issue is also addressed by using the dual of the load modeling method. Topologies of the neural networks used in this research include multilayer perceptron neural networks and recurrent neural networks. The theory and implementation of a new neural network topology known as an Echo State Networks is also introduced. The proposed methods are verified on a number of different power electronic test circuits as well as field data. The main advantages of the proposed methods are that only waveforms of voltages and currents are required for their operation and they are applicable to both single and three phase systems. The proposed methods can be integrated into any existing power quality instrument or can be fabricated into a commercial standalone instrument that could be installed in substations of large customer loads, or used as a hand-held clip on instrument.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_wa_me_bauru.pdf: 3309362 bytes, checksum: a37e3a04f60e9ebbd2f490264d198dbf (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho teve como o desenvolvimento de um sistema de aquisição e processamento de dados para aplicações em Qualidade de Energia Elétrica (QEE). Do ponto de vista dos circuitos de hardware desenvolvidos, buscou-se utilizar componentes de precisão elevada para o sensoriamento e condicionamento dos sinais de tensão e corrente. Além disso, foi implementado um algoritmo de auto calibração das medidas, em função da temperatura no medidor implementado. O processamento dos dados foi realizado através de um processador digital de sinais (DSP, Digital Sinal Processor) de 32 bits, com aritmética de ponto flutuante. Também foi agregado ao sistema um módulo de comunicação sem fio, de forma que os dados medidos pudessem ser enviados a outros dispositivos para armazenamento ou análise remota. Do ponto de vista da aplicação em Qualidade de Energia, foram implementados diversos algoritmos de indicadores de QEE, tais como o de Distorção Harmônica Total (DHT), para a validação preliminar do sistema desenvolvido. Entretanto, do ponto de vista dos estudos e pesquisas realizadas pelo Grupo de Automação e Sistemas Integráveis (GAS/UNESP), no que diz respeito à análise de circuitos elétricos sob condições de formas de onda não sensoriais e/ou desequilibradas, o sistema desenvolvido foi também utilizado para avaliar o comportamento e desempenho da Teoria de Potência Conservativa, proposta recentemente por Tenti et al. e de novos fatores de conformidade (ou desempenho) para a avaliação da QEE em sistemas polifásicos com cargas não lineares. Diversos resultados de simulação e experimentais foram apresentados e constrastados a fim de validar os algoritmos utilizados no DSP utilizado, bem como para permitir a avaliação da Teoria de Potência Conservativa para interpretação de diferentes circuitos e condições de operações / This study aimed to develop a data acquisition and processing system for Power Quality applications. From the hardware point of view, high precision components have been used for the vallage and current sensing and signal conditioning. In addition, a self-calivration algorithm has been implemented in order to adjust the measured values in terms of the estimated temperature. The data processing was performed by means of 32-bit floating point digital signal processor (DSP). A wirelless communication module has also been added, so that the measured data could be sent to other storage devices or remote analyzers. From the perspective of power quality applications, several algorithms have implemented, such as the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for the preliminary validation of the developed system. However, considering the studies and surveys carried out by the studies and survey carried out by the Group of Automation and Integrated Systems (GASI/UNESP), especially those related to the analysis of electrical circuits under non-sinusoidal and/or unbalanced waveform conditions, the implemented system has been applied to the evaluation of the Conservative Power Theory (CPT), recently proposed by Tenti et al. Several simulation and experimental results have been depicted and compared in order to validate the practical DSP implementation of the required algorithms, as well as, for the purpose of analyzing different circuit's interpretation by means of the CPT

Resumo: Este trabalho teve como o desenvolvimento de um sistema de aquisição e processamento de dados para aplicações em Qualidade de Energia Elétrica (QEE). Do ponto de vista dos circuitos de hardware desenvolvidos, buscou-se utilizar componentes de precisão elevada para o sensoriamento e condicionamento dos sinais de tensão e corrente. Além disso, foi implementado um algoritmo de auto calibração das medidas, em função da temperatura no medidor implementado. O processamento dos dados foi realizado através de um processador digital de sinais (DSP, Digital Sinal Processor) de 32 bits, com aritmética de ponto flutuante. Também foi agregado ao sistema um módulo de comunicação sem fio, de forma que os dados medidos pudessem ser enviados a outros dispositivos para armazenamento ou análise remota. Do ponto de vista da aplicação em Qualidade de Energia, foram implementados diversos algoritmos de indicadores de QEE, tais como o de Distorção Harmônica Total (DHT), para a validação preliminar do sistema desenvolvido. Entretanto, do ponto de vista dos estudos e pesquisas realizadas pelo Grupo de Automação e Sistemas Integráveis (GAS/UNESP), no que diz respeito à análise de circuitos elétricos sob condições de formas de onda não sensoriais e/ou desequilibradas, o sistema desenvolvido foi também utilizado para avaliar o comportamento e desempenho da Teoria de Potência Conservativa, proposta recentemente por Tenti et al. e de novos fatores de conformidade (ou desempenho) para a avaliação da QEE em sistemas polifásicos com cargas não lineares. Diversos resultados de simulação e experimentais foram apresentados e constrastados a fim de validar os algoritmos utilizados no DSP utilizado, bem como para permitir a avaliação da Teoria de Potência Conservativa para interpretação de diferentes circuitos e condições de operações / Abstract: This study aimed to develop a data acquisition and processing system for Power Quality applications. From the hardware point of view, high precision components have been used for the vallage and current sensing and signal conditioning. In addition, a self-calivration algorithm has been implemented in order to adjust the measured values in terms of the estimated temperature. The data processing was performed by means of 32-bit floating point digital signal processor (DSP). A wirelless communication module has also been added, so that the measured data could be sent to other storage devices or remote analyzers. From the perspective of power quality applications, several algorithms have implemented, such as the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for the preliminary validation of the developed system. However, considering the studies and surveys carried out by the studies and survey carried out by the Group of Automation and Integrated Systems (GASI/UNESP), especially those related to the analysis of electrical circuits under non-sinusoidal and/or unbalanced waveform conditions, the implemented system has been applied to the evaluation of the Conservative Power Theory (CPT), recently proposed by Tenti et al. Several simulation and experimental results have been depicted and compared in order to validate the practical DSP implementation of the required algorithms, as well as, for the purpose of analyzing different circuit's interpretation by means of the CPT / Orientador: Fernando Pinhabel Marafão / Coorientador: Ivando Severino Diniz / Banca: Lourenço Matakas Junior / Banca: Marcelo Nicoletti Franchin / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho apresenta uma topologia de inversor multinÃvel hÃbrido simÃtrico trifÃsico de cinco nÃveis, concebido a partir das estruturas meia ponte e inversor com grampeamento ativo do neutro, adequado para aplicaÃÃes com alta tensÃo e alta potÃncia. SÃo apresentados os possÃveis estados de comutaÃÃo, lÃgica de acionamento, cÃlculo dos esforÃos nos semicondutores, assim como um estudo de perdas. Duas estratÃgias de modulaÃÃo sÃo selecionadas possibilitando a operaÃÃo concomitante de metade dos interruptores em baixa frequÃncia (60 Hz) e a outra em alta frequÃncia (1020 Hz), reduzindo o nÃmero de comutaÃÃes, consequentemente as perdas nos semicondutores e o conteÃdo harmÃnico da tensÃo de saÃda. Para validar a proposta, foi desenvolvido um protÃtipo com potÃncia de 7,5 kVA e tensÃo de saÃda eficaz de linha 380 V. AlÃm disso, à apresentada a implementaÃÃo de ambas as modulaÃÃes no dispositivo lÃgico programÃvel escolhido, FPGA. Os resultados experimentais da estrutura trifÃsica validam a topologia proposta. A estrutura, operando com a modulaÃÃo baseada na PD-PWM, apresentou DHT de 29,71% e WTHD de 1,93%, enquanto que a baseada na CSV-PWM apresentou DHT de 38,45% e WTHD de 7,21%. AlÃm disso, o rendimento da estrutura proposta à superior se comparado ao da topologia Half-Bridge/NPC, conforme esperado em funÃÃo das perdas na estrutura Half-Bridge/NPC serem maiores e mal distribuÃdas. / This work presents a new topology of a hybrid five-level inverter, conceived from the halfbridge and active neutral point clamped structures, suitable for high-voltage, high-power applications. The possible commutation stages, the switching drive logic, the semiconductors stresses mathematical analysis, and the losses study are presented. Two modulation techniques were selected in order to allow low-frequency (60 Hz) switches operate together with high-frequency switches (1020 Hz), reducing the number of commutations and, consequently, the overall losses and the output voltage total harmonic distortion. In order to validate the proposal, it was developed a 7.5 kVA prototype and AC line output voltage of 380 V. The digital implementation from both modulation techniques on the chosen programmable logic device FPGA is also presented. The experimental results relative to the three-phase structure validate the proposed topology. The topology, operating with the modulation based on Sinusoidal In-Phase Disposition - PWM, presented a THD of 29.71%, and WTHD of 1.93%, while the one based on the Centered Space Vector - PWM presented a THD of 38.45%, and a WTHD of 7.21%. Besides, the overall efficiency is superior when compared to the Half-Bridge/NPC topology, as expected, due to the fact that losses on this structure are higher and misdistributed.

Thesis deals with the design of intelligent electrical socket. At the beginning of the thesis, there are described the characteristics of the distribution network in the Czech Republic and the ways of measuring these properties. The selected integrated circuit that realizes the measurement is described in detail. The third chapter deals with the current possibilities of power management, especially from the perspective of the distribution company and the concept of smart networks. The fourth chapter deals with the selection of communication interface suitable for smart socket as an element of smart home. The selected IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the microcontroller implementing the communication itself are described in more detail. The following part of the work is about design of the intelligent socket development board, on which the concept is tested and the design of the final hardware is described in this chapter. The last chapter describes the measurement results realized by the created device.

No description available.

Övertonsdistorsionen ökar i hela världen i takt med den ökade användningen av kraftelektronik. De elektroniska enheterna är dessutom mycket beroende av en god spänningskvalitet för att fungera pålitligt och effektivt. Det mesta av all utrustning i kraftnätet är utformade för att fungera för en sinusformad spänning och ström, därför är det viktigt att känna till nivåerna och effekterna av övertoner samt vilka konsekvenser det medför. Övertoner är heltalsmultiplar av grundfrekvensen. Ström- och spänningsövertoner kan förekomma i järnvägsnätet och orsaka störningar. Dessa störningar kommer i allmänhet från olinjära laster. De olinjära lasterna medför att distorsion uppstår. Trafikverket ser ett behov av att analysera och kartlägga övertonsinnehållet i kraftsystemet för att få kunskap om övertonsnivåer i nätet. Arbetet utförs på nationell nivå, med hänsyn till fordonens utbredning och befintliga system. I detta arbete gjordes en kartläggning av spänningsövertoner och THD (Total Harmonic Distorsion) på banmatningssidan vid femton utvalda omformarstationer: Alingsås, Bastuträsk, Boden, Borlänge, Eldsbega, Gällivare, Häggvik, Kalix, Kiruna, Mellansel, Nässjö, Ockelbo, Ånge, Åstorp och Ösmo. De uppmätta nivåerna jämfördes stationerna emellan, avvikelser och likheter i övertonsnivåer beaktades tillsammans med avvikelser och likheter gällande system, trafik och teknik för att undersöka om det fanns återkommande samband. Mätvärdena tillhandahölls av Metrum i form av 10-minutersvärden för tidsperioden 2021-08-01 till 2022-11-30. Det gjordes även en kartläggning av relevanta standarder för övertoner i 16 2/3 Hz-nätet. Ingen relevant standard fanns att tillgå, istället användes immunitetsnivåer för enheter anslutna till 16 2/3 Hz-nätet för att undersöka om de uppmätta nivåerna låg under dessa med en god marginal. Höga nivåer av THD har upptäckts vid Bastuträsk, Borlänge, Mellansel, Nässjö, Ockelbo och Ånge. Det gemensamma för dessa stationer är att de har statiska omriktare av tekniken mellanledsomriktare eller direktomriktare. De är även alla, utom Nässjö, anslutna till 132 kV-nätet. Höga nivåer av jämna övertoner har upptäckts vid stationerna längs malmbanan: Boden, Gällivare och Kiruna. Höga nivåer av tionde övertonen har upptäckts vid stationer som har omriktare av modellerna TGTO, PCS och YOQC. Låga nivåer av både udda och jämna övertoner har upptäckts vid stationer som har roterande omformare eller multinivåomriktare men som samtidigt inte är ansluten till malmbanan. Det har observerats höga nivåer, i förhållande till närliggande övertoner, för övertoner i intervallet 16-24 för stationerna Boden, Eldsberga, Gällivare, Kiruna och Åstorp. Det har även observerats avvikande mönster för de tre första udda övertonerna i förhållande till andra stationer vid stationerna Boden, Kalix, Kiruna och möjligen Gällivare. För dessa observationer har ingen uppenbar förklaring eller tydligt samband kunnat hittas. Detta är ett av många förslag på fortsatt arbete inom ämnet. Nivåerna av övertoner och THD är inte för höga i förhållande till immunitetsgränserna som är satt till anslutna enheter mot 16 2/3 Hz-nätet.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich der Modulation und Regelung von Mehrpunktstromrichtern zum Antrieb elektrischer Maschinen unter Nutzung optimierter Pulsmuster. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, das Potential und die Grenzen der Modulation mit optimierten Pulsmustern unter der Randbedingung der heute vorhandenen Softwareframeworks und Rechentechnik aufzuzeigen. Darüber hinaus soll dem Leser ein gesamtheitlicher Überblick über die optimierten Pulsmuster vermittelt werden. Ausgehend vom Stand der Technik der verbreiteten Arten der Modulation werden die optimierten Pulsmuster eingeführt. Für die notwendige Berechnung der Pulsmuster als Lösung einer Optimierungsaufgabe wird ein allgemeines Konzept der mathematischen Beschreibung vorgestellt. Darauf basierend werden zehn heute verfügbare numerische Löser auf ihre Konvergenz bezüglich der Lösung des gestellten Problems untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es möglich ist, optimierte Pulsmuster mit Frequenzverhältnissen mf ≤ 21 online zu berechnen und dass geeignete Löser auch bei mf ≫ 50 sicher konvergieren. Eine Analyse der gefundenen Lösungen zeigt, dass der von trägerbasierten Modulationen bekannte lineare Zusammenhang zwischen mittlerer Schaltfrequenz und Schaltverlusten bei den optimierten Pulsmustern nicht gegeben ist. Darauf aufbauend wird ein neuer Algorithmus zur Wahl verlustminimierter Pulsmuster erarbeitet. Es zeigt sich, dass dessen Einsatz auch bei mf ≫ 21 gegenüber der Raumzeigermodulation zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Schaltverluste (ca. 20%) führt. Mit den Grundlagen der Berechnung und der Analyse der Eigenschaften der optimierten Pulsmuster, wird basierend auf dem Stand der Technik ein neuartiger lastunabhängiger Modulator entwickelt. Dieser kompensiert die Unstetigkeiten der Pulsmusterwechsel durch Regelung des Integrals des harmonischen Inhalts der Pulsmuster. Aufbauend auf diesem neuartigen Modulator wird eine parameterrobuste Maschinenregelung entworfen. Diese weist eine Dead-Beat-Dynamik der Regelung des elektrischen Momentes einer angeschlossenen Maschine auf und ermöglicht im stationären Zustand, im Gegensatz zu den bestehenden Konzepten, die Ausgabe eines unveränderten Pulsmusters. Damit wird die angestrebte minimierte Stromwelligkeit erreicht. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird der Einfluss einer Modulation mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf den Symmetrierungsvorgang eines selbstgeführten Dreipunkt-UStromrichter (3L-NPC-VSC) untersucht. Dabei wird eine neue Methode der Reduktion der dynamischen Zwischenkreiswelligkeit, sowie eine neuartige, in allen Arbeitspunkten stabile, Methode der statischen Zwischenkreissymmetrierung präsentiert. Alle erarbeiteten Algorithmen wurden mit Hilfe von Simulationen und Experimenten verifiziert.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Inhalt und Motivation der vorliegenden Arbeit 2 1.2 Experimenteller Versuchsstand 4 1.3 Verwendete Grundlagen und Kennwerte 6 1.3.1 Fourieranalyse 6 1.3.2 Laplace-Transformation 7 1.3.3 Gütekriterien 8 2 Modulation 9 2.1 Klassifikation der Generierung der Pulsmuster 9 2.2 Modulationsverfahren 11 2.2.1 Trägerbasierte Pulsweitenmodulation 11 2.2.2 Raumzeigermodulation 22 2.2.3 Optimierte Pulsmuster 25 3 Optimierte Pulsmuster 29 3.1 Optimierungskriterien 30 3.1.1 Gewichtetes Gesamt-Oberschwingungsverhältnis 30 3.1.2 Gesamt-Oberschwingungsverhältnis 30 3.1.3 Minimale Drehmomentwelligkeit 31 3.1.4 Individuelle Wichtung der Harmonischen 32 3.1.5 Verlustminimierung in der Last 33 3.1.6 Schaltverlustminimierung der Halbleiter des Umrichters 34 3.2 Formulierung der Optimierungsaufgabe der optimierten Pulsmuster 35 3.2.1 Berechnung der Fourierkoeffizienten 36 3.2.2 Notwendige Nebenbedingungen der Optimierung 38 3.3 Vergleich von Algorithmen der nichtlinearen Optimierung 38 3.3.1 Vergleich verschiedener Lösungsmethoden 39 3.3.2 Definition des für den Vergleich genutzten Problems 43 3.3.3 Dauer der Berechnung der lokalen Minima 44 3.3.4 Vergleich der lokalen Minima der verschiedenen Löser 45 3.3.5 Berechnung verlustminimaler optimierter Pulsmuster 46 3.3.6 Untersuchungen zur Auswahl der lokalen Minima 47 3.3.7 Vergleich der optimierten Pulsmuster mit SVM und CB-Modulation 56 4 Stand der Technik der Regelung von Drehstrommaschinen 60 4.1 Grundlagen der Modellierung der Asynchronmaschine 60 4.2 Klassische Ansätze der Regelung elektrischer Maschinen 62 4.2.1 Feldorientierte Regelung 62 4.2.2 Direkte Selbstregelung 69 4.2.3 Direkte Momentenregelung 72 4.2.4 Vergleich der vorgestellten klassischen Regelungsarten 75 4.3 Regelung mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf Basis der Feldorientierung 76 4.3.1 Dynamischer Modulationsfehler durch unstetige Pulsmuster 76 4.3.2 Direkte Pulsmustermodifikation 80 4.3.3 Behandlung des dynamischen Modulationsfehlers 84 4.4 Geschlossener Regelkreis 86 4.5 Regelung mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf Basis der DSC 92 4.5.1 Eigenschaften der vorgestellten Pulserzeugungsarten 94 4.5.2 Dynamischen Eigenschaften der vorgestellten Regelungsstrukturen 95 5 Verallgemeinerte Konzepte zur Nutzung optimierter Pulsmuster 98 5.1 Implementierung eines allgemeingültigen OPP-Modulators 98 5.2 Behandlung des harmonischen Anteils der Pulsmuster 104 5.3 Modulation und Modifikation der Pulsmuster bei hohem mf 105 5.4 Dead-Beat-Control auf Basis der Pulsmustermodifikation 108 5.5 Maschinen-Beobachter 109 5.5.1 Beobachter der Asynchronmaschine 111 5.5.2 Beobachter der permanenterregten Synchronmaschine 114 5.6 Geschlossener Statorflussregelkreis 115 5.6.1 Untersuchung der Sensitivität des Modells 119 5.7 Entwurf der übergeordneten Regelkreise 123 5.7.1 Entwurf des Rotorflussreglers 125 5.7.2 Entwurf des Drehzahlreglers 126 5.7.3 Begrenzung des Statorstromes 127 5.7.4 Simulative und experimentelle Ergebnisse 127 6 Zwischenkreissymmetrierung des 3L-NPC-VSC bei OPP-Modulation 135 6.1 Der Neutralpunktstrom 135 6.2 Minimierung der Neutralpunktstromwelligkeit 138 6.3 Aktive Symmetrierung 140 6.4 Integration der Regelung der Zwischenkreissymmetrie 154 7 Zusammenfassung 158 Literatur 161 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 177 Symbolverzeichnis 178 / This thesis deals with the modulation and control of multilevel converters as electrical drives using an optimized pulse pattern (OPP) modulation scheme. The aim of the work is to determine the potential and the limits of the modulation using OPPs, considering state-of-the-art software frameworks und computing technology. Furthermore the reader shell get a holistic overview of all aspects regarding the use of OPPs. Starting with the state-of-the-art of the most popular modulation schemes and their characteristics the optimized pulse patterns are introduced. A general mathematical formulation, which describes the OPP calculation as minimization problem, is shown. With this formulation, ten implementations of nonlinear constraint minimization algorithms are analyzed with regard to the convergence behavior. It is shown, that OPP can be calculated online for frequency ratios mf ≫ 21. Further, some algorithms converge reliable also for mf ≫ 50. Afterwards, the solutions of the minimization of the weighted total harmonic distortion (WTHD) problem are analyzed. It is shown, that the linear relationship between the averaged switching frequency and the switching loss, which is known from carrier based modulation schemes, does not apply for OPPs. A new method to find loss optimized pulse patterns is proposed. With this method the modulation using OPPs can reduce the converter switching losses in comparison to space vector modulation significantly (20%) also for mf ≫ 21. Based on the analysis of the found OPP solutions a novel modulator, which is independent of the parameters of the load, is proposed. This modulator compensates the discontinuities due to the pulse pattern changes by controlling the integral of the harmonic content of the modulator output. Based on this modulator a new parameter robust machine control was developed. This concept shows a dead-beat-dynamic of the control of the electrical torque and uses in contrast to state-of-the-art concepts the unmodified OPP in steady state, which leads to a minimal load current ripple. The last part of the thesis deals with the influence of using an OPP modulation on the DC-link balancing of a Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Voltage-Source-Converter (3L-NPC-VSC). A new method to reduce the dynamic neutral-pointpotential-ripple as well as a new stable static balancing method are proposed. All proposed algorithms and methods are verified by simulation and experiment.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Inhalt und Motivation der vorliegenden Arbeit 2 1.2 Experimenteller Versuchsstand 4 1.3 Verwendete Grundlagen und Kennwerte 6 1.3.1 Fourieranalyse 6 1.3.2 Laplace-Transformation 7 1.3.3 Gütekriterien 8 2 Modulation 9 2.1 Klassifikation der Generierung der Pulsmuster 9 2.2 Modulationsverfahren 11 2.2.1 Trägerbasierte Pulsweitenmodulation 11 2.2.2 Raumzeigermodulation 22 2.2.3 Optimierte Pulsmuster 25 3 Optimierte Pulsmuster 29 3.1 Optimierungskriterien 30 3.1.1 Gewichtetes Gesamt-Oberschwingungsverhältnis 30 3.1.2 Gesamt-Oberschwingungsverhältnis 30 3.1.3 Minimale Drehmomentwelligkeit 31 3.1.4 Individuelle Wichtung der Harmonischen 32 3.1.5 Verlustminimierung in der Last 33 3.1.6 Schaltverlustminimierung der Halbleiter des Umrichters 34 3.2 Formulierung der Optimierungsaufgabe der optimierten Pulsmuster 35 3.2.1 Berechnung der Fourierkoeffizienten 36 3.2.2 Notwendige Nebenbedingungen der Optimierung 38 3.3 Vergleich von Algorithmen der nichtlinearen Optimierung 38 3.3.1 Vergleich verschiedener Lösungsmethoden 39 3.3.2 Definition des für den Vergleich genutzten Problems 43 3.3.3 Dauer der Berechnung der lokalen Minima 44 3.3.4 Vergleich der lokalen Minima der verschiedenen Löser 45 3.3.5 Berechnung verlustminimaler optimierter Pulsmuster 46 3.3.6 Untersuchungen zur Auswahl der lokalen Minima 47 3.3.7 Vergleich der optimierten Pulsmuster mit SVM und CB-Modulation 56 4 Stand der Technik der Regelung von Drehstrommaschinen 60 4.1 Grundlagen der Modellierung der Asynchronmaschine 60 4.2 Klassische Ansätze der Regelung elektrischer Maschinen 62 4.2.1 Feldorientierte Regelung 62 4.2.2 Direkte Selbstregelung 69 4.2.3 Direkte Momentenregelung 72 4.2.4 Vergleich der vorgestellten klassischen Regelungsarten 75 4.3 Regelung mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf Basis der Feldorientierung 76 4.3.1 Dynamischer Modulationsfehler durch unstetige Pulsmuster 76 4.3.2 Direkte Pulsmustermodifikation 80 4.3.3 Behandlung des dynamischen Modulationsfehlers 84 4.4 Geschlossener Regelkreis 86 4.5 Regelung mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf Basis der DSC 92 4.5.1 Eigenschaften der vorgestellten Pulserzeugungsarten 94 4.5.2 Dynamischen Eigenschaften der vorgestellten Regelungsstrukturen 95 5 Verallgemeinerte Konzepte zur Nutzung optimierter Pulsmuster 98 5.1 Implementierung eines allgemeingültigen OPP-Modulators 98 5.2 Behandlung des harmonischen Anteils der Pulsmuster 104 5.3 Modulation und Modifikation der Pulsmuster bei hohem mf 105 5.4 Dead-Beat-Control auf Basis der Pulsmustermodifikation 108 5.5 Maschinen-Beobachter 109 5.5.1 Beobachter der Asynchronmaschine 111 5.5.2 Beobachter der permanenterregten Synchronmaschine 114 5.6 Geschlossener Statorflussregelkreis 115 5.6.1 Untersuchung der Sensitivität des Modells 119 5.7 Entwurf der übergeordneten Regelkreise 123 5.7.1 Entwurf des Rotorflussreglers 125 5.7.2 Entwurf des Drehzahlreglers 126 5.7.3 Begrenzung des Statorstromes 127 5.7.4 Simulative und experimentelle Ergebnisse 127 6 Zwischenkreissymmetrierung des 3L-NPC-VSC bei OPP-Modulation 135 6.1 Der Neutralpunktstrom 135 6.2 Minimierung der Neutralpunktstromwelligkeit 138 6.3 Aktive Symmetrierung 140 6.4 Integration der Regelung der Zwischenkreissymmetrie 154 7 Zusammenfassung 158 Literatur 161 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 177 Symbolverzeichnis 178