Durant ces dernières années, l'intérêt pour les technologies des véhicules à faibles émissions de carbone a fait un bond important à travers l'Union européenne (UE) et au-delà, encouragé en cela par les gouvernements et les constructeurs automobiles. De grands espoirs ont été mis plus récemment dans les véhicules électriques (VE) et les véhicules électriques hybrides (VEH) en tant que technologies clés pour atténuer le changement climatique, améliorer la sécurité énergétique et favoriser une nouvelle branche de l'industrie dans le secteur automobile. Ainsi, l'électrification des transports a été considérée comme une stratégie clé pour réduire les émissions de CO2 dans le secteur des transports. Le principal défi est d’augmenter l’autonomie des véhicules (ce qui a toujours été au coeur de la concurrence des industries du transport), ainsi que la durée de vie des volumineuses et coûteuses batteries. Par conséquent, ceci indique que le rendement du convertisseur de puissance est un des points clés à développer pour les générations des véhicules électriques à venir. L’autre paramètre influant est la qualité de la tension et du courant (en particulier la suppression des harmoniques basses fréquences) qui permet de réduire la taille des filtres d'entrée et de sortie de ces convertisseurs. L'objectif de cette thèse est de parvenir à un meilleur rendement en proposant de nouvelles structures de convertisseur de puissance et des commandes vectorielles modifiées ; le choix de deux onduleurs alimentant un moteur ouvert aux deux extrémités. Après l'analyse étape par étape, modèle théorique, simulation et enfin une mise en oeuvre expérimentale, il a été constaté que les nouvelles méthodes proposées sont compétitives et peuvent s’appliquer aux cas des VEH et des VE afin d’apporter des caractéristiques supérieures en termes d’efficacité et de qualité de tension et de courant. / Over the last decade, the interest for low-carbon vehicle technologies has surged among both governments and automotive manufacturers across and beyond the European Union (EU). Great hopes have been put, first, on biofuel vehicles and more recently on electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as key technologies to mitigate climate change, enhance energy security and nurture new industry branches within the automotive sector. So electrification of vehicles has been seen as a key strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from the transport sector. The main challenge toward EVs and HEVs is to keep driving for longer distance (which has been always fields for competition among traction industries) as well as lifetime battery cells as storage system. As a result, these indicate importance of power converter efficiency as a key gate for next generations of these up-coming vehicles. The next parameter is the quality of output voltage/current (especially by suppressing low-order harmonics) to reduce the size of filtering. The aim of this thesis is to achieve better efficiency and output voltage/current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) by proposing novel power converter and associated Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) methods while imposing modification on power converter topology. As a result, dual-inverter is proposed to supply open-end motor from both sides. To this aim, three PWM methods are suggested as: The first one, Modified Space Vector Modulation (MSVM) for dual-inverter supplied by single dc source, improves efficiency by 4-5% (while having lower switching losses), and reduces Common Mode Voltage (CMV) levels by 66%, as well. The voltage/current harmonics are analytically analyzed which shows mainly better performance. Effective switching frequency is also reduced by 66% due to the reduction of number of commutations. In the second one, Near State PWM (NSPWM) is adapted for dual-inverter supplied by single dc source in order to eliminate triplen harmonics (therefore Zero Sequence Voltage, ZSV) and improve efficiency (by 3-4%) compared to Space Vector Modulation (SVM). Additionally due to avoiding use of zero vectors, CMV is improved by 66%. While having 8 commutations instead of 12 in SVM, effective switching frequency is improved by 33%. And finally, the third proposed method deals with NSPWM for dual-inverter supplied by two isolated dc sources wherein efficiency and CMV levels show the same performance as previous one. However, in this method, voltage THD is highly reduced compared to SVM. Triplen harmonics of the output voltage are inherently suppressed by the structure. These 3 proposed methods are analytically studied and their performances are step by step simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. Then the methods are implemented in dualinverter fed open-end motor in laboratory setup; and the results are compared with these of SVM. Finally, it is found that novel proposed methods are so competitive solutions to be applied in HEVs and EVs and bring superior efficiency and voltage/current harmonic features.

Optimizing a modulator driver for linear and high-speed operation, while simultaneously achieving a high output voltage swing is very challenging. This paper investigates the design of a highlylinear, high-bandwidth yet power-efficient Mach-Zehnder modulator driver based on the breakdown voltage doubler concept, which overcomes the transistors' physical limitations and enables output voltage swings twice as high as conventional differential pair amplifiers can provide. The low-power design was enabled by the use of an open-collector topology for the output stage as well as by employing resistors instead of current mirrors in order to provide the bias currents for the emitter-follower (EF) stages. We show that by means of this EF implementation approach, the power consumption can be reduced by 19% without sacrificing the circuit's bandwidth and linearity. The driver achieves peak-to-peak differential output voltage swings above 6.5 Vpp,d and consumes 670mWof DC power, being one of the most power-efficient drivers in the literature. The 3-dB bandwidth is 61.2 GHz and the total harmonic distortion is 1%, measured at 1 GHz and for the output swing of 6.5 Vpp,d. To the best of the authors' knowledge, these are the highest linearity and output voltage swing reported in the literature for modulator drivers with bandwidths above 40 GHz.

Cette thèse porte sur des micro-réseaux AC isolées qui permettent l’intégration des ressources énergétiques distribuées (DER) pouvant fournir leur énergie d'alimentation existante de manière contrôlée pour assurer le bon fonctionnement global du système. L'interconnexion d'un DER à une micro-réseau s'effectue habituellement en utilisant un convertisseur d'interface distribué (DIC) (i.e. un bloc d'interface d'électronique de puissance générale) qui est constitué d’un module de convertisseur à l'entrée de la source, un onduleur de tension (VSI), un module d'interfaçage de sortie, et le module de commande. Dans cette thèse on réalise plusieurs lois de commande basées sur des méthodes décentralisées. L'accent principal est mis sur les fonctions "Droop" qui ont la tâche de maintenir un équilibre de distribution d'énergie entre les différentes sources énergétiques connectées à la micro-réseau. L'objectif est d'assurer la stabilité du système et d’améliorer les performances dynamiques en partageant la puissance entre les différents générateurs d’électricité distribués (DGs) en fonction de leur puissance nominale. Le développement d'une analyse de stabilité en boucle fermée s’avère utile pour étudier la dynamique du système afin d'obtenir une réponse transitoire souhaitée qui permet d'identifier les paramètres de contrôle de boucle appropriés. L'amélioration de la qualité d’énergie des micro-réseaux est également un objectif de cette thèse. La réduction des distorsions harmoniques de la tension de sortie en présence de charges linéaires et non linéaires est prise en compte dans nos travaux. D'autres aspects seront étudiés sur la façon de traiter les charges constantes connectées au réseau et les grandes perturbations qu’ils produisent. Cela donne lieu à d'autres études de recherche portant sur la stabilité grand signal des micro-réseaux / This thesis deals with islanded AC microgrid that allows any integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) that may provide their existing supply energy in a controlled manner to insure overall system functioning. The interconnection of a DER to a microgrid is done usually by using a Distributed Interface Converter (DIC), a general power electronics interface block, which consists of a source input converter module, a Voltage Source Inverter module (VSI), an output interface module, and the controller module. The thesis realizes several control laws based on decentralized methods. The major focus is on the Droop functions that are responsible for providing a power distribution balance between different Energy Resources connected to a microgrid. The aim is to insure system stability and better dynamic performance when sharing the power between different DGs as function to their nominal power. Developing a closed loop stability analysis is useful for studying system dynamics in order to obtain a desired transient response that allows identifying the proper loop control parameters. Power Quality enhancement in microgrids is also a purpose of this research. The reduction of harmonic distortions of the output voltage when supplying linear and non-linear loads are taken in consideration in this thesis. Further aspects will be studied about how to deal with constant power loads connected to the grid and the large perturbations exerted. This results to further research studies that deal with large-signal stability of microgrids

Le routage dans Internet est basé sur des tables dites de routage, formées de blocs d’adresses IP. Cependant, la construction et la maintenance de telles tables de routage nécessitent l’utilisation de protocoles complexes qui ne passent pas à l’échelle en termes de mémoire et d’utilisation CPU. De plus, l’expérience montre que le plan d’adressage IP est insuffisant, car la sémantique d’une adresse IP est à la fois un identificateur et un localisateur. Dans nos travaux, nous proposons un système de réseau recouvrant pair-à-pair libre de toute contrainte topologique et utilisant des coordonnées virtuelles prises dans le plan hyperbolique nommé CLOAK (Covering Layer Of Abstract Knowledge en anglais). Les schémas de routages locaux basés sur des coordonnées virtuelles extraites du plan hyperbolique ont suscité un intérêt considérable ces dernières années. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour saisir le potentiel de la géométrie hyperbolique. L’objectif est de construire un système extensible et fiable pour créer et gérer des réseaux recouvrants dans Internet. Le système est implémenté comme une infrastructure pair-à-pair structuré basé sur les protocoles de la couche transport entre les pairs. Quant à l’organisation des données dans l’espace virtuel, nous employons la réplication pour améliorer la disponibilité et l’accessibilité des objets de l’overlay potentiellement instable. Nous avons implémenté et évalué différentes méthodes de réplication (réplication radiale, réplication circulaire).A l’aide de simulations, nous évaluons notre proposition à travers un certain nombre de métriques et nous montrons que les réseaux recouvrants pair-à-pair basés sur la géométrie hyperbolique ont de bonnes performances par rapport aux autres DHT existantes tout en introduisant flexibilité et robustesse dans les réseaux recouvrants dynamiques. / Internet routing is based on forwarding tables populated by blocks of IP addresses. However, the construction and maintenance of such tables require the use of complex routing protocols that are typically not scalable in terms of memory and CPU usage. Moreover, experience shows that the IP addressing plane is insufficient due to the semantic of an IPaddress being both an identifier and a locator. In this paper, we propose a P2P overlay system of freed topology and using virtual coordinates taken from the hyperbolic plane named CLOAK(Covering Layer Of Abstract Knowledge en anglais). Local knowledge routing schemes based on virtual coordinates taken from the hyperbolic plane have attracted considerable interest in recent years. In this thesis we propose a new approach for seizing the power of the hyperbolic geometry. We aim at building a scalable and reliable system for creating and managing overlay networks over the Internet. The system is implemented as a structured peer-to-peer infrastructure based on the transport layer connections between the peers. Concerning data organisation in the virtual space, we use replication strategy for improve overlay objects disponibilty and accessibility in context potentially unstable. We have implemented and evaluated various replication methods (radial replication, circular replication). Using simulations, we assess our proposal across a certain number of metric and show that overlay Peer-to-Peer network based on the hyperbolic geometry have good performances in comparison with other existent DHT while introducing suppleness and robustness in the dynamic overlay network.

A repetitive control method for output voltage control of a three phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with isolation transformer is investigated. In the method voltage control loop is employed in the stationary dq frame. The controller eliminates the periodic errors on the output voltages due to inverter voltage nonlinearity and load disturbances. The controller design and implementation details are given. The controller is implemented on a 5-kVA UPS prototype which is constructed in laboratory. Linear and nonlinear loads for balanced and unbalanced load operating conditions are considered. The steady-state and dynamic performance of the control method are investigated in detail. The theory of the control strategy is verified by means of simulations and experiments.

A method for high performance output voltage control of a four-leg inverter based three-phase transformerless UPS is proposed. Voltage control loop is employed and the method employs stationary frame resonant filter controllers for the fundamental and harmonic frequency components. A capacitor current feedback loop provides active damping and enhances the output voltage dynamic performance. The controller design and implementation details are given. Linear and nonlinear loads for balanced and unbalanced load operating conditions are considered. The steadystate and dynamic performance of the UPS are investigated in detail. A scalar PWM method with implementation simplicity and high performance is proposed and implemented. The control and PWM methods are proven by means of theory, simulations, and experiments.

Une nouvelle méthode de test pour les convertisseurs ADC et DAC embarqués dans un système complexe a été développée en prenant en compte les nouvelles contraintes affectant le test. Ces contraintes, dues aux tendances de design de systèmes, sont un nombre réduit de point d'accès aux entrées/sorties des blocs analogiques du système et une augmentation galopante du nombre et des performances des convertisseurs intégrés. La méthode proposée consiste à connecter les convertisseurs DAC et ADC dans le domaine analogique pour n'avoir besoin que d'instruments de test numériques pour générer et capturer les signaux de test. Un algorithme de traitement du signal a été développé pour discriminer les erreurs des DACs et ADCs. Cet algorithme a été validé par simulation et par expérimentation sur des produits commercialisés par NXP. La dernière partie de la thèse a consisté à développer de nouvelles applications pour l'algorithme.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The increase in linear and non-linear loads experienced by Brazil in recent years has changed the way distribution networks are planned and Operated. In addition, the competitiveness of the market and the demand for the improvement in power quality indexes mean that current e orts are increasingly focused on areas such as voltage profile control and voltage harmonic distortion control. This work deals, exactly, with the Integrated control of voltage and harmonic voltage distortion (volt/thd) in distribution systems, within the scope of planning, through the insertion of passive harmonics filters and voltage regulators. To solve the problem in question, a multiobjective algorithm, the NSGA-II, is applied, since the presented problem can be treated as a combinatorial optimization problem. The power summation method is used as an alternative for the resolution of the load flow. While the current injection method is used as a calculation of the harmonic flow. The mathematical models of the network components were presented, taking into account the influence of frequency, in a detailed way. The proposed algorithm was applied in benchmark systems, a 34-bus and a 104-bus, the systems were simulated with and without the presence of the devices for comparison and validation of the results. / O aumento de cargas, lineares e não-lineares, vivenciado pelo Brasil nos últimos anos, tem alterado a maneira com as redes de distribuição são planejadas e operadas. Além disso, a competitividade do mercado e exigência pela melhoria nos índices de qualidade da energia fazem com que os esforços atuais sejam cada vez mais direcionados para áreas como o controle do perfil de tensão e o controle das distorções harmônicas de tensão. Esta dissertação trata, exatamente, do controle integrado de tensão e distorção harmônica de tensão (volt/dht) em sistemas de distribuição, no âmbito do planejamento, através da inserção de filtros harmônicos passivos e reguladores de tensão. Para resolver o problema em questão, um algoritmo multiobjetivo, o NSGA-II, é aplicado, uma vez que o problema apresentado é tratado como um problema de otimização combinatória. O método da soma de potências é utilizado como alternativa para a resolução do fluxo de carga. Enquanto que o método da injeção de correntes é utilizado como cálculo do fluxo de harmônicos. Os modelos matemáticos dos componentes da rede foram apresentados, levando-se em consideração a influência da frequência, de forma detalhada. O algoritmo proposto foi aplicado em sistemas teste de 34 e 104 barras e os sistemas foram simulados com e sem a presença dos dispositivos para efeito de comparação e validação dos resultados.

The diploma thesis deals with analysis, validation, measurement of parameters of the commercially available current multiplies (namely the EL2082 and EL4083) and their applications in practice. Control analysis are carried out in OrCAD PSpice program and compared with values from datasheets. Control analysis are focused on AC and DC characteristics of these active blocks. There are discusses the input impedance, the output impedance, the current gain and the possibility of electronic adjusting. The parameters of the elements were verified by measurements. Proposals for circuit applications (selective circuit, oscillator, frequency filter) with EL2082 and EL4083 are presented and analyzed in the program OrCAD. Three oscillator circuit designs are experimentally tested and the results are compared with the theoretical expectations and simulations in OrCAD. The possibility of electronic control for oscillators is examined. Also the sensitivity and the tolerance analysis are carried out. The constructional details of oscillators are presented at the end of this work.

This master thesis has been carried out in collaboration with Saab, Avionics Systems in Jönköping, Sweden, during the spring of 2017. The thesis investigates unidirectional rectifier topologies in aircraft and the focus has been on evaluating the power quality requirements according to the aircraft standards, in the course of the More Electric Aircraft concept. Both passive and active power factor correction topologies are considered, discussed and compared. Simulation models are designed in MATLAB/Simulink and the procedures are presented. A modular concept regarding components is discussed where different power supplies and loads are considered. The simulations present both a passive 12-pulse auto-transformer rectifier unit and an active Delta-switch rectifier fulfilling requirements for aircraft such as the total harmonic distortion of the supply current. In addition, the input power factor is close to unity and an efficiency greater than 97% is obtained. Lastly, future aspects of each topology are discussed and necessary improvements to obtain realistic simulation models are presented.