Many buildings today primarily serve the purpose of being envelopes that separate theindoor climate from the outdoors, for a large open area. Examples of these buildings arehall buildings of different sorts. In climates where the snow load often exceeds the deadload, like in Sweden, it can be hard to construct a budget-friendly yet strong roof structurefor these halls, especially if a span above 40 m is required. One solution that has gained popularity is the tie rod truss. Oftentimes it is not a real truss,but rather a beam that is equipped with one or more tie rods and one or more compressionstruts. The struts, which connect to the tie rods that run from one end of the roof to theother, support the main beam. This way, the tie rods can decrease the moment load on thebeams by carrying a tensile force. However, this results in an increased compressive loadon the beams. The large compressive forces in conjunction with the often slender beamsections can lead to instability out of the truss plane, and ultimately collapse. This is whathappened to the sports hall Tarfalahallen in 2020 in Kiruna, Sweden. The tie rod truss is an important structure; it is relatively cheap, saves material and is strongin the truss plane. But the instability problems can deter its use. The aim of this study istherefore to explore the different factors that could influence the stability of the structureand to what extent, by studying critical loads and the utilization of all structural elements. The study was performed by analyzing a finite element model of a real tie rod truss thattoday exists in a sports hall in Sweden. The analyses were done for different values of many parameters. The results were then extracted and processed such that the critical load and the utilization were plotted against the tested parameter values. The analysis and results processing were performed in an automated process that the author created himself. The results show that the stability of the model is strongly influenced by (1) the rigidity ofthe joints between beams and struts, (2) the rigidity of the joints between beams and roofing material and (3) the vertical position of potential stabilization systems that actperpendicularly to the truss plane. Pretension of the tie rods had a large effect on themaximum utilization and how it varies along the beams. Any potential reinforcement measure must be cost-effective, and therefore should addressthe three influential properties above. One suggestion is to add sideway bracing as close tothe joints between the struts and beams as possible. / Det finns många hus idag som byggs i syfte att vara klimatskal för en stor, öppen yta. Exempel på sådana hus är hallbyggnader av olika slag. I länder som Sverige, där snölasten många gånger är större än egentyngden, kan ett billigt men hållfast tak vara svårt att konstruera för dessa hallar, särskilt om spännvidder över 40 m krävs. En lösning som blivit populär är den underspända takstolen. I princip är det ett par balkar som skarvats så att de bildar en sadeltakstol eller en lång rak balk (pulpettakstol), och som stöttas av mellanstöd och stållinor (dragband) som löper från den ena balkänden till den andra via mellanstöden. Stållinorna kan då avlasta balkarna från momentbelastning genom att bära en dragkraft. Men samtidigt ökar tryckkraften i balkarna. De stora tryckkrafterna, i samband med att balktvärsnitten ofta görs väldigt slanka, kan leda till instabilitet ut ur takstolsplanet och därmed kollaps. Detta skedde i Tarfalahallen i Kiruna år 2020. Den underspända takstolen är en viktig konstruktion eftersom den är relativt billig,materialbesparande och väldigt hållfast i takstolsplanet. Men instabilitetsfenomenen kanförhindra fortsatt användning av konstruktionen. Därför undersöks i detta arbete vilka faktorer som kan påverka instabiliteten och i vilken grad, genom att studera kritiska laster och utnyttjandegrader. Studien utfördes genom att analysera en finita elementmodell av en verklig underspändtakstol som idag finns i en svensk gymnastikhall. Analyserna gjordes för olika värden på ett stort antal parametrar. Utdata från finita elementprogrammet extraherades därefter och bearbetades så att utnyttjandegraden i alla ingående bärverkselement beräknades. Sedan plottades dessa resultat mot de olika parametervärdena som testats. Analyserna och påföljande bearbetning utfördes i en automatiserad process som författaren själv skapade. Resultaten visar att modellens stabilitet är starkt beroende av (1) styvheten i förbindelsenmellan balk och mellanstöd, (2) styvheten i förbindelsen mellan balk och sekundärbärverkoch (3) det vertikala läget av eventuella stabiliseringssystem som verkar vinkelrätt mottakstolsplanet. Förspänning av stållinorna hade en betydlig inverkan på den maximalautnyttjandegraden och hur denna varierar längs balkarna. Eventuella förstärkningsåtgärder måste vara kostnadseffektiva, och därmed måste dessagälla de tre egenskaperna ovan. En åtgärd som föreslås sidostagning så nära stöttornasinfästningar som det går.

Yes / The potentially broad application area in engineering design using Genetic Al- gorithm (GA) has been widely adopted by many researchers due to its high consistency and accuracy. Presented here is the initial design of a wideband non-dispersive wire bow-tie antenna using GA for breast cancer detection applications. The ultimate goal of this design is to achieve minimal late-time ringing but at higher frequencies such as that located from 4 to 8 GHz, in which is desire to penetrate human tissue for near field imaging. Resistively loading method to reduce minimal ringing caused by the antenna internal reflections is implemented and discussed when the antenna is located in free space and surrounded by lossy medium. Results with optimised antenna geometry and di®erent number of resistive loads are presented and compared with and without existence of scatterers.

yes / There are very few, if any, available experimental investigations on aggregate interlock capacity along diagonal cracks in lightweight concrete deep beams. As a result, the shear design provisions including the modification factor of ACI 318-08 and EC 2 for lightweight concrete continuous deep beams are generally developed and validated using normal weight simple deep beam specimens. This paper presents the testing of 12 continuous beams made of all-lightweight, sand-lightweight and normal weight concrete having maximum aggregate sizes of 4, 8, 13 and 19 mm. The load capacities of beams tested are compared with the predictions of strut-and-tie models recommended in ACI 318-08 and EC 2 provisions including the modification factor for lightweight concrete. The beam load capacity increased with the increase of maximum aggregate size, though the aggregate interlock contribution to the load capacity of lightweight concrete deep beams was less than that of normal weight concrete deep beams. It was also shown that the lightweight concrete modification factor in EC 2 is generally unconservative, while that in ACI 318-08 is conservative for all-lightweight concrete but turns to be unconservative for sand-lightweight concrete with a maximum aggregate size above 13 mm. The conservatism of the strut-and-tie models specified in ACI 318-08 and EC 2 decreased with the decrease of maximum aggregate size, and was less in lightweight concrete deep beams than in normal weight concrete deep beams.

This study proposes various methods to harvest the mechanical energy present in railcar suspensions and railroad tracks to generate electricity that is suitable for onboard or trackside electronics, using electromagnetic generators. Compact electromagnetic energy harvesters that can be installed onboard railcars or wayside on railroad tracks are designed, fabricated, and tested. The designs integrate a mechanical motion rectifier (MMR) with embedded one-way clutches in the bevel gears in order to convert the bi-directional mechanical energy that commonly exists in the form of vibrations into a unidirectional rotation of the generator. The ball screw mechanism is configured such that it has reduced backlash and thus can more efficiently harvest energy from low-amplitude vibrations. Two prototype harvesters are fabricated and tested extensively in the laboratory using a suspension dynamometer and in the field onboard a railcar and on a test track. A power management system with an energy storage circuit has also been developed for this onboard harvester. The laboratory evaluation indicate that the harvesters are capable of harvesting power with sufficient current and voltage for successfully powering light electronics or charging a low demand battery pack. The harvested power varies widely from a few to tens of Watts, depending on the resistive load across the harvester and the amplitude and frequency of the mechanical motion. The laboratory test results are verified through field testing. One harvester is tested onboard a freight railcar, placing it across the wedge suspension, to use the small amount of relative displacement at the wedge suspension to harvest energy. A second harvester is placed on a test track to use the vertical motion that occurs due to passing wheels for wayside energy harvesting. Both onboard and wayside tests confirm the laboratory test results in terms of the success of the design concept in providing low-power electrical power. The harvester design is further integrated into a conventional railroad tie for ease of field installation and for improving the efficiency of harvesting the mechanical energy at the rail. The integrated design, referred to as the "smart tie," not only protects the energy harvester, the wiring harness, and supporting electronics from the maintenance-of-the-way equipment, but also positions the harvester in a mechanically advantageous position that can maximize the track-induced motion, and hence the harvested power. Although for testing purposes, the smart tie uses a modified composite tie, it can be integrated into other track tie arrangements that are used for revenue service track, including concrete and wooden ties. A prototype smart tie is fabricated for laboratory testing, and the results nearly surpass the results obtained earlier from the wayside harvester. The smart tie is currently being considered for revenue service field testing over an extended length of time, potentially at a railroad mega site or similarly suitable location. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation proposes three different electromagnetic energy harvesters for harvesting railroad track and railcar suspension vibration energy. The concept is similar to what you may have seen in self-powering flashlights that are often advertised in late-night TV commercials. You shake the flashlight vigorously, which moves an energy harvester devoice and, Voila, the light bulb comes on. The device design in this study uses the mechanical energy that is present in a vehicle or at a railroad track to harvest the mechanical energy that is naturally present in the form of electrical energy, which can then be used for powering electronic devices and sensors of various kinds. Such sensors and electronics would help with improving the operational efficiency of railroads. The energy harvesters can be installed onboard a railcar or at the track. In either case, the movement of the train creates a small amount of vibration energy that is turned into electrical power. When onboard a train the power can be used for sensors, GPS, and similar devices to allow the operator to better monitor the condition and location of the train. Note that most railcars, especially the freight railcars, do not have any onboard electrical power. Similarly, the energy harvester can be installed at the track to convert the small amount of up and down motion that happens with the passing of each wheel into energy that could be used for integration of sensors that make the track "smarter." This means that the sensors can potentially alert the engineers who are responsible for monitoring the track of an existing or impending problem with the track. Both the railcar and track integration of the energy harvester that is designed, fabricated, and tested during this study are exciting concepts that can improve the rail industry in the U.S. This document includes the details of designing efficient energy harvesters, specifically for rail applications. A prototype of the energy harvester is fabricated and tested extensively in the lab and in the field, albeit to a more limited extent. The test results were quite successful, which is why I am telling you about them! Both the laboratory and field test results show that the device holds significant promise for rail applications.

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Submitted by ANDRÉ DUTRA MURRER null (andremurrer@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T11:44:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Murrer - Dissertação Mestrado - Repositório.pdf: 10760673 bytes, checksum: ee3bf05aefe45588bc2bd606cf760b35 (MD5) / Rejected by Laura Mariane de Andrade null (laura.andrade@ia.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - o item “folha de aprovação” nos itens pré-textuais é obrigatório segundo as normas da ABNT, portanto deve constar no arquivo anexo. Caso seja necessário, consulte o modelo em: http://www.ia.unesp.br/Home/Biblioteca/orientacoes-para-a-normalizacao-de-trabalhos-academicos_iaunesp_26_03.pdf Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-04-02T19:43:24Z (GMT) / Submitted by ANDRÉ DUTRA MURRER null (andremurrer@gmail.com) on 2018-04-03T15:21:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Murrer - Dissertação Mestrado - Repositório x.pdf: 10789954 bytes, checksum: 7fce5906a1abdd98b9f0ff2ced45323f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Laura Mariane de Andrade null (laura.andrade@ia.unesp.br) on 2018-04-03T20:43:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 murrer_ad_me_ia.pdf: 10789954 bytes, checksum: 7fce5906a1abdd98b9f0ff2ced45323f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T20:43:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 murrer_ad_me_ia.pdf: 10789954 bytes, checksum: 7fce5906a1abdd98b9f0ff2ced45323f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-03 / O Teatro Paulista do Estudante foi um grupo amador criado em 1955, por jovens militantes do Partido Comunista. Tinham como principal objetivo divulgar o teatro entre os estudantes secundaristas e universitários e atrair novos integrantes para as fileiras do Partido. Entre seus mais representativos fundadores estavam Vera Gertel, Oduvaldo Vianna Filho e Gianfrancesco Guarnieri. O Grupo acreditava que poderia fazer um teatro que se popularizasse e chegasse às massas de trabalhadores e estudantes, articulando o fazer teatral com a função política e social. Em 1956, menos de um ano após sua fundação, o TPE se une ao Grupo Arena da Cidade de São Paulo, e os jovens amadores se tornam profissionais de teatro. Em 1958, o Grupo estreia o espetáculo Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, escrita por Guarnieri. Os remanescentes do TPE, em conjunto com o Teatro de Arena, conseguem, com esta peça, colocar em prática o que almejavam desde o início de suas atividades: incentivar o autor nacional e colocar em cena obras que refletissem sobre a realidade brasileira e colocassem a classe operária como protagonista. A apresentação de Eles Não Usam Black-Tie foi o prenúncio da forma teatral que lhes interessava desenvolver e a motivação que faltava para que o Teatro de Arena estabelecesse um processo de construção de uma nova dramaturgia, a partir de discussões políticas, históricas e estéticas. A este processo se deu o nome de Seminários de Dramaturgia do Arena. / The amateur theatre group Teatro Paulista do Estudante was founded in 1955 by young political activists from the Communist Party. Their main goal was to publicize the theatre among the high school and college students, and to atract new members for the Party. Some of its most representative founders were Vera Gertel, Oduvaldo Vianna Filho and Gianfrancesco Guarnieri. The Group believed they could do a popular theatre, one that could reach the masses of workers and students by joining acting with political and social roles. In 1956, after less than a year of its foundation, the TPE fuses the Grupo Arena da Cidade de São Paulo, and the young amateurs become theatre professionals. In 1958 the Group debuts the theatre play Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, written by Guarnieri. With this play, the remaining members of TPE together with Teatro de Arena, succeed to execute what they longed for since the beggining of their activities: to encourage the national authors and to perform plays that could reflect Brazilian reality, bringing the working class as leading figure. The performance of Eles Não Usam Black-Tie was the harbinger of the theatre form they wished to develop and also the missing motivation for Teatro de Arena to organize a new dramaturgy building process based on political, historical and aesthetic discussions. This process was named Seminários de Dramaturgia do Arena (Dramaturgy Seminars of Arena).

Orientador: Alexandre Luiz Mate / Resumo: O Teatro Paulista do Estudante foi um grupo amador criado em 1955, por jovens militantes do Partido Comunista. Tinham como principal objetivo divulgar o teatro entre os estudantes secundaristas e universitários e atrair novos integrantes para as fileiras do Partido. Entre seus mais representativos fundadores estavam Vera Gertel, Oduvaldo Vianna Filho e Gianfrancesco Guarnieri. O Grupo acreditava que poderia fazer um teatro que se popularizasse e chegasse às massas de trabalhadores e estudantes, articulando o fazer teatral com a função política e social. Em 1956, menos de um ano após sua fundação, o TPE se une ao Grupo Arena da Cidade de São Paulo, e os jovens amadores se tornam profissionais de teatro. Em 1958, o Grupo estreia o espetáculo Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, escrita por Guarnieri. Os remanescentes do TPE, em conjunto com o Teatro de Arena, conseguem, com esta peça, colocar em prática o que almejavam desde o início de suas atividades: incentivar o autor nacional e colocar em cena obras que refletissem sobre a realidade brasileira e colocassem a classe operária como protagonista. A apresentação de Eles Não Usam Black-Tie foi o prenúncio da forma teatral que lhes interessava desenvolver e a motivação que faltava para que o Teatro de Arena estabelecesse um processo de construção de uma nova dramaturgia, a partir de discussões políticas, históricas e estéticas. A este processo se deu o nome de Seminários de Dramaturgia do Arena. / Abstract: The amateur theatre group Teatro Paulista do Estudante was founded in 1955 by young political activists from the Communist Party. Their main goal was to publicize the theatre among the high school and college students, and to atract new members for the Party. Some of its most representative founders were Vera Gertel, Oduvaldo Vianna Filho and Gianfrancesco Guarnieri. The Group believed they could do a popular theatre, one that could reach the masses of workers and students by joining acting with political and social roles. In 1956, after less than a year of its foundation, the TPE fuses the Grupo Arena da Cidade de São Paulo, and the young amateurs become theatre professionals. In 1958 the Group debuts the theatre play Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, written by Guarnieri. With this play, the remaining members of TPE together with Teatro de Arena, succeed to execute what they longed for since the beggining of their activities: to encourage the national authors and to perform plays that could reflect Brazilian reality, bringing the working class as leading figure. The performance of Eles Não Usam Black-Tie was the harbinger of the theatre form they wished to develop and also the missing motivation for Teatro de Arena to organize a new dramaturgy building process based on political, historical and aesthetic discussions. This process was named Seminários de Dramaturgia do Arena (Dramaturgy Seminars of Arena). / Mestre

The purpose of this dissertation is to take into consideration the design and the steel structure assessment of the hangar for small propeller aircraft type Cessna. The platform dimensions are 40,0 by 60,0 metres. Headroom is around 10,0 metres. The object’s location is in Brno. The main structural material is steel S355J2. There are two initial geometric alternatives, in other words structural modifications of desired solution. These are spatial truss arc tie beam and garland tie beam. The two alternatives were tentatively designed according to their dimensions and the main supporting elements of both alternatives were also assessed and considered. The alternatives were finally evaluated and one option was selected for detailed processing. In turn of the chosen option, there had been drawing of detailed analysis of the main load bearing parts of the construction with joints and some other details included. Furthermore there is drawing documentation and supervisor’s technical report attached. The valid standards CSN EN were used in processing of this dissertation.

This dissertation explores the contribution to opera in South Africa by The Black Tie Ensemble. The research follows a qualitative research design. It is a historical case study which is conducted against an interpretivist philosophical perspective. Data were collected through interviews conducted with prominent role-players in The Black Tie Ensemble and through various articles from newspapers and magazines. From the data collected, specific themes crystallized; the impact of performance and training opportunities flourished during the twelve years of the existence of this unique programme, the development of singers and sponsorship to the arts contributed significantly to the success or failure of this phenomenon and outreach programmes introduced the genre to the broader community. Recommendations from this study could lead towards the planning and guidance of sponsorships for similar programmes in the future and indicate the need for more training facilities of young singers throughout the country, whilst gaining performance experience in a theatre. Such training and experience could ensure a future career in singing and hence job creation. / MA (Musicology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015