Piezoelectric materials produce an electric potential in response to a mechanical strain. They are, therefore, capable of converting ambient waste mechanical energy into useful electrical energy which, in turn, may be harnessed and used as a supplemental source of power in a variety of applications. Engineered piezoelectric materials may be deployed to improve treatment efficiency during the production of potable water, which is both chemically and energetically intensive. Ambient mechanical energy is prevalent in municipal water treatment. Vibrations induced by water treatment plant pumps (such as High Service Pumps), turbulence resulting from cross-flow or dead-end membrane filtration, or agitation from mechanical mixing (paddle or impeller) may provide sufficient input mechanical input energy to activate a piezoelectric response. The objective of this work was to fabricate and characterize a range of nanofiber-based piezoelectric materials and demonstrate their application as an alternative energy supply for driving environmental treatment (e.g., pollutant degradation) via simple mechanical agitation. To achieve this objective, we fabricated a variety of piezoelectric nanofiber composite mats consisting of barium titanate (BTO) nanocrystals grown via an alkaline hydrothermal method atop an electrospun carbon nanofiber (CNF) support. We hypothesized that the greatest degree of piezoelectric activity (as measured by the voltage produced as a function of mechanical strain) would be achieved for nanofiber composites containing BTO with the largest fraction of tetragonal crystal structure, known to be piezoelectrically active. A systematic study on the impacts of hydrothermal treatment time, temperature, as well as the influence of ethylene glycol as an organic co-solvent on BTO crystal size and morphology was performed. For example, ethylene glycol was found to disrupt the dissolution-precipitation mechanism of BTO crystal growth and instead spurred the growth of BTO nanorods and nanosheets on the CNF support. After characterization, the strength and electromechanical properties of various BTO-CNF composites was assessed. In some cases, output voltages have been measured on the order of 2.0 V/cm2 in response to surface bending strain induced by a custom cantilever-oscillometer apparatus. Optimal fractions of BTO loading in the composites were assessed through mass-loading electromechanical studies. As a proof of concept application, BTO nanoheterostructures were shown to utilize ultrasonic vibrations to degrade sodium orange II salt (4-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt) via piezocatalysis. Ongoing and future work will continue to develop optimized piezocatalytic nanoheterostructures able to harvest the electrochemical potential generated from mechanical agitation and structural deformation for the production of oxidizing and reducing equivalents for degradation of persistent and emerging organic contaminants and disinfection in water treatment.

Rapid determination of drugs effective against bacterial strains is critically important to stopping further spread of an infection and reducing antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is done to determine what type of antibiotic and what concentration will be effective in treating an infection. Current, growth-dependent, AST methods are reliant on the growth rate of the bacteria and can take several days to several weeks to get results. A piezoelectric plate sensor can be used to measure an instant change in the minute physiological stresses of the bacteria cells when they are exposed to an effective concentration of antibiotic. This work aims to investigate the feasibility of piezoelectric plate sensors used for instantaneous AST (iAST) results and develop a technological framework for scaling this technology to a clinical lab setting. Four Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) quality control strains of bacteria were tested with a wide range of antibiotics from various drug classes using the piezoelectric sensor. Results were obtained within 30 minutes and compared to standard of care AST methods used in clinical labs, and CLSI prescribed ranges for each strain of bacteria. This thesis will also discuss a framework for developing more scalable sensors, and challenges associated with the different sensor designs.

There has been unprecedented growth in wireless technologies in recent years; wireless devices such as cellular telephones and wireless local area network (WLAN) transceivers are becoming ubiquitous. It is now common for a single hardware device, such as a cellular telephone, to be capable of multi-band operation. Implementing a dedicated radio frequency (RF) front-end for each frequency band increases the component count and therefore the cost of the device. Consequently, there is now a requirement to design RF and microwave circuits that can be reconfigured to operate at different frequency bands, as opposed to switching between several fixed-frequency circuits. Barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films show great promise for application in reconfigurable microwave circuits. The material has a high dielectric constant which can be controlled by the application of a quasi-static electric field, combined with relatively low losses at microwave frequencies. Tunable microwave components based on BST-thin films have the potential to replace several fixed components, thereby achieving useful size and cost reductions. This thesis is concerned with the growth and microwave circuit applications of BST thin films on c- and r-plane sapphire substrates. Sapphire is an ideal substrate for microwave integrated circuit fabrication due to its low cost and low loss. Electronically tunable capacitors (varactors) were fabricated by patterning interdigital electrode structures on top of the BST films. High capacitance tunabilities of 56% and 64% were achieved for the films grown on c-plane and r-plane sapphire, respectively, at 40 V bias. A novel electronically tunable 3 dB quadrature hybrid circuit was also developed. Prototypes of this circuit were initially implemented using commercial varactor diodes, in order to validate the design. An integrated version of the coupler was then fabricated using BST varactors on c-plane sapphire. The results achieved demonstrate the potential of sapphire-based BST thin films in practical microwave circuits.

Le dioxyde de titane, connu pour ses applications dans les domaines de la photoactivité et du photovoltaïque, est aussi un candidat d'électrode négative pour batteries lithium-ion. Les variétés anatase et TiO2(B) sont les plus prometteuses. Leurs capacités sont respectivement de 0,50 et 0,75 Li+ par motif de TiO2. Sous forme nanométrique, elles présentent des densités d'énergie et de puissance accrues. L'objet de ce travail de thèse concerne la synthèse par chimie douce de dioxydes de titane nanométriques selon la méthode développée initialement par Kasuga et al. et leur caractérisation. La méthode en trois étapes génère successivement deux intermédiaires tels que (i) le titanate (NaOH)xTiO2(H2O)y (x = 0,3-0,5 et y = 0,4-0,7) par reflux, et (ii) l'acide titanique TiO2(H2O)z (z = 0,7-0,8) après échange ionique, et finalement, après recuit, (iii) le TiO2 de morphologie proche de celle du titanate précurseur. Quatre titanates de sodium ont été identifiés, trois structures lamellaires, se différenciant par leur morphologie (nanotubes, semi-nanotubes et nanorubans) et une structure amorphe s'apparentant à des nanosphères. Après échange ionique et recuit, les nanotubes et les nanosphères se transforment en anatase, les semi-nanotubes en un mélange d'anatase et de TiO2(B), et les nanorubans en TiO2(B) exclusivement. La quantification par spectroscopie Raman du ratio anatase/TiO2(B) a été développée en calibrant les intensités avec les résultats d'électrochimie. Enfin, les nanorubans de TiO2(B) ont été testés au sein de demi-batterie lithium métal. Les performances sont prometteuses avec une capacité réversible de 200 mAh.g-1 à C/3 (soit 0,6 Li+ par TiO2) et de 100 mAh.g-1 à 15C.

The objective of this thesis is to develop high dielectric constant nanoparticle dispersion for switchable aircraft antenna systems. Two steps were designed to achieve the objective. First, obtain high dielectric, high aspect ratio nanoparticles and disperse them in dielectric oil medium. Second, manipulate the particle-oil dispersion using an external alternating current (AC) electric field to increase the effective dielectric constant. In order to obtain high dielectric dispersions, different sizes and shapes of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles were purchased and measured. However, after a number of experiments detailed in the thesis, it was found that none of the commercially available nanoparticles could satisfy our requirements for a minimum effective dielectric constant. Thus, to achieve the goals above, we synthesized high aspect ratio BaTiO3 nanowires with BaC2O4 and TiO2 powders as precursors using a molten salt method. The as-synthesized BaTiO3 nanowires were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. The nanowires have a diameter ranging from 100 nm to 300 nm, and their lengths range from 1.5 micrometers to 5 micrometers. Mechanical stirring and bath sonication were used to obtain even colloidal dispersions. Different concentrations of BaTiO3 nanoparticles well dispersed in the oil medium were successfully manipulated using AC electric field. To monitor the change in microstructure of BaTiO3 nanoparticles, optical microscopy was used to observe the alignment of particles in the sample under the applied electric field. Various parameters including the magnitude, frequency, and duration of the electric field, and the concentration of BaTiO3 nanoparticles were investigated to achieve the optimal alignment of nanoparticles. The experimental results were validated by theoretical analysis using Maxwell-Garnett mixing rule. It was demonstrated that the effective dielectric constant of the colloidal dispersions would increase with the increase of the magnitude, frequency and duration of applied electric field. Synthesized BaTiO3 nanowire-based dispersions exhibit significant enhancement of the effective dielectric constant compared to other colloidal materials. The effective dielectric constant of 5 wt percent BaTiO3-oil dispersions could reach up to 10 when aligned at 1000 V/mm electric field at 1 kHz frequency for 1 hour.

Les matériaux d'anode pour pile à combustible haute température (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC) doivent répondre à un important cahier des charges. L'exigence d'une alimentation directe sous méthane (sans reformage en amont) rajoute des contraintes de fonctionnement au niveau de l'activation catalytique du gaz et le risque de formation de coke. Avec pour objectif la recherche du matériau idéal, l'influence de la dimensionnalité de la structure sur les propriétés catalytiques et électrochimiques a été étudiée. Après synthèse par voie sol-gel de type Pechini et caractérisation structurale par diffraction des rayons X, diffraction des neutrons et diffraction électronique, l'activation catalytique du méthane a été mesurée en condition de vaporeformage (CH4:H2O=10:1). Des mesures de conductivité électrique en température et sous faible pression partielle d'oxygène ont complété cette étude avant d'évaluer l'activité électrochimique en température et sous H2(97%)/H2O(3%) par spectroscopie d'impédance complexe sur cellules à électrodes symétriques ou sur cellule complète, avec ou sans imposition de courant. Parmi l'ensemble des composés testés, le meilleur candidat retenu est le membre x=0.80 de la série LaxSr1-xTiO3+δ, composé lamellaire découlant d'une organisation à long ordre de l'oxygène sur- stoechiométrique présent au sein de la structure. Bien que relativement faible par rapport à certains composés 3D (de l'ordre de 10-2 S.cm-1 à 1073K sous Ar/H2(2%)), sa conductivité électrique ne s'avère pas rédhibitoire, étant compensée par une forte activité catalytique et électrochimique.

Various experiments on Yb₂Ti₂O₇ have shown evidence of strange magnetic behaviour at low temperatures. Specific heat measurements on powder samples of Yb₂Ti₂O₇ show evidence of a sharp peak, indicating the occurence of a first order phase transition. Meanwhile, neutron scattering, Mössbauer absorption, and μSR measurements find no evidence of long range order below the temperature of this phase transition, leaving the nature of the low temperature phase a mystery. Quantifying the magnetic interactions in this material should allow us to better understand the low temperature behaviour of this material. In this study, we fit a symmetry allowed nearest-neighbour bilinear exchange model to quasi-elastic neutron scattering data collected well above the temperature of the experimentally observed phase transition. This neutron scattering data shows evidence of rods of scattering intensity along the ⟨111⟩ crystallographic directions. Neutron scattering probes the correlations between magnetic moments in a material, so fitting an interaction model to the neutron scattering is equivalent to fitting the interactions to the magnetic correlations. These correlations are driven by the interactions between the magnetic moments, so the neutron scattering should give us direct access to the form of these interactions. Using this method we successfully identify an anisotropic nearest-neighbour bilinear exchange model that reproduces the experimentally observed quasi-elastic neutron scattering. With this model we then proceed to compute real space correlation functions, finding that the rods of neutron scattering arise from the presence of strong correlations along nearest-neighbour chains. We also compute the bulk susceptibility and local susceptibility, obtaining very good fits to experiment with no variation of the model determined from the neutron scattering. The success of these calculations provides a further independent confirmation of the success of our interaction model in describing the magnetic interactions in Yb₂Ti₂O₇. Finally, we present a brief summary of ongoing work based on our anisotropic exchange model, including mean field calculations to determine the low temperature ground state of this model and classical Monte Carlo simulations to study the phase transition present in this model. We also discuss potential further studies of this and other models.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of titanate coupling agents on low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) blends and composites in terms of their mechanical and morphological properties. PP and LDPE composites were produced separately in a Brabender internal mixer, and CaCO3 was used as inorganic filler with compositions of 20, 40 and 60 %. PP/LDPE blends were produced in a twin-screw extruder with ratios of 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75. Their composites were prepared with addition of untreated and titanate-treated CaCO3 at 20% filler content. Titanate coupling agent which is appropriate for LDPE, PP and CaCO3 was used to improve the mechanical properties of the blends and composites. For this purpose, &ldquo / Lica 12&rdquo / which is a kind of neoalkoxy organotitanate was used. Two forms of Lica 12 were used: powder form (Capow L12) and pellet form (Caps L12). Samples with and without titanate were prepared and then they were injection molded to make specimens for tensile and impact tests. Tensile fracture surfaces of samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their mechanical and morphological properties were compared with each other to determine the effects of Lica 12. This study showed that Capow L12 improved strain at break and impact strength of PP/CaCO3 composites and PP/LDPE blends containing 75% and 50% PP. The strain at break value of of PP75 composite with 20% titanate-treated filler increased significantly up to 509% which is the highest value among all blends and composites in this study. Capow L12 exhibited its functions in PP matrix much more effectively than in LDPE matrix.

Ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFET's) have many advantages than the conventional ion selective electrode. Small size, fast response and compatible with conventional IC technologies were the most important advantages. The general structure of ISFET was the same with MOSFET, but the main difference is that the metal gate in MOSFET was replaced by reference electrode/electrolyte/insulator(ionic sensor membrane) structure in ISFET. The insulator surface will suffer the change of potential as the is sample immersed into electrolyte, by which, we can measure the pH or other ionic concentration. In this thesis the amorphous lead titanate (a-PbTiO3) thin film was prepared by sol-gel method to be the sensor gate of ISFET. The lead titanate thin films were deposited on SiO2(1000Å)/p-Si substrates, and the EIS structure was obtained. The flat-band voltage(£GVBF) can be shifted by C-V measurement. The optimum conditions were found that the firing temperature was about 4000C and thin film thickness was about 0.5

The sol-gel-derived lead titanate (PbTiO3) membrane has been successfully applied as a novel pH-sensing layer to form the PbTiO3 gate ISFET (ion-sensitive field-effect transistor). There exhibit the excellent quasi-Nernstian response of 55-58 mV/pH, good surface adsorption and anticorrosion characteristics via the capacitance- voltage measurement of the electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure. At a specific pH concentration, the output and transfer characteristics of the PbTiO3 gate ISFET are very similar to the behaviours of MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors), and the pH-ISFET model can be derived by the modified MOSFET model. As it operated in the nonsaturation region, there exhibits a linear pH response of about 55-58 mV/pH. Simultaneously, there exhibit the stable response time of 2-4 minutes, the drift of 0.5-1 mV/h, the hysteresis of 3-5 mV and the reduction rate of about ¡V10 mV/pH-day. On the other hand, as it operated in the saturation region, the pH responses and linearity can be controlled by adjusting the VGS values, e.g. the absolute pH response of 4.2, 24.8 and 31.3 uA/pH and the correlation coefficients of 0.9491, 0.9995 and 0.9996 at VGS= 1, 3 and 5 V can be obtained, respectively. Besides, the PbTiO3 gate ISFET has been modified by doping the Mg2+ and La3+ impurities into the PbTiO3 membrane. As a result, the former is a great benefit to improve the pH-sensing characteristics, which exhibits the pH response of 58-59 mV/pH, the drift of below 0.4 mV/h, the hysteresis of 1-3 mV and the reduction rate of -0.2 mV/pH-day. Finally, a digital pH meter has been successfully developed.