Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO TATIELY GOMES BERNARDES 2008.pdf: 436182 bytes, checksum: ed86a8aa78f5feb99af31d615243e746 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-25 / In order to increase the productivity of the common bean crop several technologies are offered, but there is lack of studies to verify their efficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of growth regulator and the biological control of fungi of the soil through Trichoderma sp., seeking larger productivity of the commom bean plant irrigated in succession to different cover crops. The experiments were conducted in Fazenda Capivara - Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, in a Dystrophic Red Latosol. The experimental design was a randomized complete block on split-plot, with four replications. The plots of the two experiments consisted of cultures used as soil cover, as the leguminous: pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millisp), Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Campo Grande, and Crotalária spectabilis Roth., and the grasses: millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.), Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, B. brizantha associated with corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). To the 84 days after the cut of the cover crops common bean cultivar BRS Valente was sown under central pivot. Experiment 1: the subplot treatments were: a) control; b) 500 ml of growth regulator (RC - commercial product Stimulate) in 100 kg of seeds; c) 1250 ml of biological fungicide (FB - commercial product Trichodermil) in 100 kg of seeds; and, d) 500 ml of RC plus 1250 ml FB in 100 kg of seeds. They were evaluated severity of root rot, incidence of fusarium wilt, grain yield, mass of 100 grains, number of beans for plant, number of grains for bean and initial and final stand of the commom bean. Experiment 2: the subplots consisted of the following treatments: a) control; b) 500 ml of growth regulator (RC - commercial product Stimulate) in 100 kg of seeds; c) 250 ml of RC for hectare in the V4 development stage, foliar treatment; and, d) 500 ml RC in 100 kg of seeds and 250 ml of RC for hectare via foliar, in the V4 development stage. They were evaluated the grain yield, mass of 100 grains, number of beans for plant, number of grains for bean and initial and final stand of the commom bean. The obtained data of the studied variables were submitted to the variance analyses being applied the F test, and when there were differences among the averages, these were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. Experiment 1: The treatments with Trichoderma sp. and growth regulators applied via seeds did not showed significant effect in the analyzed variables. The sorghum straw favored the increase of the severity of the root rot and of the fusarium wilt in the common bean crop, causing a lower grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained in the millet straw. Experiment 2: The treatments with growth regulator applied via seeds and foliar did not significantly influenced the common bean grain yield. The predecessor cover crops influenced the common bean grain yield, and the millet was that provided the largest common bean grain yield. / Visando aumentar a produtividade do feijoeiro várias tecnologias são oferecidas, mas faltam estudos para verificar a eficiência destas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de regulador de crescimento e o controle biológico de fungos do solo por meio de Trichoderma sp., visando maior produtividade do feijoeiro irrigado em sucessão à diferentes culturas de cobertura. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Capivara Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, no município de Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, em blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Na parcela dos dois experimentos constaram às culturas utilizadas como coberturas do solo, as leguminosas: guandu, estilosante e crotalária, e as gramíneas: milheto, mombaça, braquiária, braquiária consorciada com milho e sorgo. Aos 84 dias após o corte das culturas de cobertura foi realizado a semeadura do feijoeiro, cultivar BRS Valente, sob pivô central. Experimento 1: nas subparcelas os tratamentos foram: a) testemunha; b) 500 ml de regulador crescimento (RC produto comercial Stimulate) em 100 kg de sementes; c) 1250 ml de fungicida biológico (FB produto comercial Trichodermil) em 100 kg de sementes; e, d) 500 ml de RC com mais 1250 ml FB em 100 kg de sementes. Foram avaliadas a severidade de podridão radicular, incidência de murcha-de-fusário, rendimento de grãos, massa de 100 grãos, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem e estande inicial e final do feijoeiro. Experimento 2: nas subparcelas constaram os seguintes tratamentos: a) testemunha; b) 500 ml de regulador de crescimento (RC - produto comercial Stimulate) em 100 kg de sementes; c) 250 ml de RC por hectare no estágio de desenvolvimento V4, tratamento foliar; e, d) 500 ml RC em 100 kg de sementes e 250 ml de RC por hectare via foliar, no estágio de desenvolvimento V4. Foram avaliados o rendimento de grãos, massa de 100 grãos, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem e estande inicial e final.do feijoeiro. Os dados obtidos das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos às análises de variância aplicando-se o teste de F, e quando houve diferença entre as médias, estas foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Experimento 1: Os tratamentos com Trichoderma sp. e reguladores de crescimento aplicados via sementes não apresentaram efeito significativo em relação as variáveis analisadas. A palhada de sorgo favoreceu o aumento da severidade das podridões radiculares e da murcha-de-fusário no feijoeiro, causando um menor rendimento do feijoeiro. O maior rendimento do feijoeiro foi obtido na palhada de milheto. Experimento 2: Os tratamentos com reguladores de crescimento aplicado via sementes e foliar não influenciaram significativamente no rendimento do feijoeiro. As plantas de cobertura antecessoras influenciaram no rendimento do feijoeiro, sendo que o milheto foi a cobertura que proporcionou maior rendimento do feijoeiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioRegisdeSouza.pdf: 366648 bytes, checksum: e3369b4592d98936387b7c897e095540 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Adoption of soil manure systems with or without conditioners can improve or reduce its physical quality, changing the answers of crops to the same ones. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean crop and the soil physical attributes. The paper was conducted in an area granted under a lending to Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, located at coordinates 22º 12 42,74 S e 54º 56 17,26 W, and 452 m high. The climate is Cwa, according to Koppen s rating. The soil on the experiment place is classified as Dystrophic Red Latosoil, originally under cerrado vegetation. For the soil physical attributes the experimental design was in randomized blocks with arrangement of subdivided plots, where the treatments were two manure systems (tillage system and conventional sowing, on the plots) and dosages of 0 and 2000 kg ha-1 of gypsum (subplots) and five depths (0-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,15, 0,15-0,20 and 0,20-0,30 m, being the subplots with four replications, it was decided to consider the studied depths as subplots independent on the randomization. For the agronomic features, the used experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four replications in experimental design of subdivided plots, being that the plots had the manure systems and as subplot the presence and absence of the gypsum residual effect with four replications. The obtained results show that the tillage system with gypsum residual effect increased the plants final height. The results show that the soil density was bigger under the tillage system and the gypsum residual effect influenced on the soil density at 0,10-0,15 m deep. The manures and gypsum residual effect made the porosity bigger at 0-0,05 m deep. The macroporosity was bigger at 0-0,05 m deep under conventional sowing and the microporosity was increased with the depth under the manure systems. The penetration resistance was increased in greater depths. The tillage system, with or without gypsum residual effect, provided the aggregates bigger geometric diameters. The aggregates morphological features varied in depth, both in tillage system and conventional sowing, and in presence or absence of gypsum residual effect. / Adoção de sistemas de manejo do solo com ou sem condicionadores podem promover ou reduzir sua qualidade física, alterando as resposta das culturas aos mesmos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as desempenho agronômico da cultura da soja e os atributos físicos do solo. O trabalho foi conduzido em uma área cedida em regime de comodato à Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, localizada nas coordenadas 22º 12 42,74 S e 54º 56 17,26 W, com altitude de 452 metros. O clima é do tipo Cwa, segundo a classificação de Köppen. O solo do local do experimento é classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, originalmente sob vegetação de cerrado. Para os atributos físicos do solo o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com arranjo de parcelas subsubdivididas, onde os tratamentos foram dois sistemas manejo (plantio direto e convencional, nas parcelas) e doses de 0 e 2000kg ha-1 de gesso (subparcelas) e cinco profundidades (0-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,15, 0,15-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 metros , sendo as subsubparcelas) com quatro repetições, optou-se por considerar as profundidades estudadas como subsubparcelas independente da casualização. Para as características agronômicas o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições em esquema experimental de parcelas subdividida, sendo que as parcelas tiveram os sistemas de manejo e como subparcela à presença e ausência do efeito residual de gesso com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o plantio direto com efeito residual de gesso aumentou a altura final das plantas. Os resultados mostram que a densidade do solo foi maior no plantio direto e o efeito residual de gesso influenciou na densidade do solo na profundidade de 0,10-0,15 m. Os manejos e efeito residual de gesso promoveram maior porosidade na profundidade de 0-0,05 m. A macroporosidade foi maior na profundidade de 0-0,05 m no plantio convencional e a microporosidade aumentou com a profundidade nos sistemas de manejo. A resistência à penetração aumentou em maiores profundidades. O plantio direto com ou sem efeito residual de gesso proporcionou maiores diâmetros geométricos de agregados. As características morfológicas dos agregados variaram em profundidade, tanto em plantio direto, plantio convencional e na presença ou ausência de efeito residual de gesso.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioRegisdeSouza.pdf: 366648 bytes, checksum: e3369b4592d98936387b7c897e095540 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Adoption of soil manure systems with or without conditioners can improve or reduce its physical quality, changing the answers of crops to the same ones. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean crop and the soil physical attributes. The paper was conducted in an area granted under a lending to Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, located at coordinates 22º 12 42,74 S e 54º 56 17,26 W, and 452 m high. The climate is Cwa, according to Koppen s rating. The soil on the experiment place is classified as Dystrophic Red Latosoil, originally under cerrado vegetation. For the soil physical attributes the experimental design was in randomized blocks with arrangement of subdivided plots, where the treatments were two manure systems (tillage system and conventional sowing, on the plots) and dosages of 0 and 2000 kg ha-1 of gypsum (subplots) and five depths (0-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,15, 0,15-0,20 and 0,20-0,30 m, being the subplots with four replications, it was decided to consider the studied depths as subplots independent on the randomization. For the agronomic features, the used experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four replications in experimental design of subdivided plots, being that the plots had the manure systems and as subplot the presence and absence of the gypsum residual effect with four replications. The obtained results show that the tillage system with gypsum residual effect increased the plants final height. The results show that the soil density was bigger under the tillage system and the gypsum residual effect influenced on the soil density at 0,10-0,15 m deep. The manures and gypsum residual effect made the porosity bigger at 0-0,05 m deep. The macroporosity was bigger at 0-0,05 m deep under conventional sowing and the microporosity was increased with the depth under the manure systems. The penetration resistance was increased in greater depths. The tillage system, with or without gypsum residual effect, provided the aggregates bigger geometric diameters. The aggregates morphological features varied in depth, both in tillage system and conventional sowing, and in presence or absence of gypsum residual effect. / Adoção de sistemas de manejo do solo com ou sem condicionadores podem promover ou reduzir sua qualidade física, alterando as resposta das culturas aos mesmos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as desempenho agronômico da cultura da soja e os atributos físicos do solo. O trabalho foi conduzido em uma área cedida em regime de comodato à Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, localizada nas coordenadas 22º 12 42,74 S e 54º 56 17,26 W, com altitude de 452 metros. O clima é do tipo Cwa, segundo a classificação de Köppen. O solo do local do experimento é classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, originalmente sob vegetação de cerrado. Para os atributos físicos do solo o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com arranjo de parcelas subsubdivididas, onde os tratamentos foram dois sistemas manejo (plantio direto e convencional, nas parcelas) e doses de 0 e 2000kg ha-1 de gesso (subparcelas) e cinco profundidades (0-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,15, 0,15-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 metros , sendo as subsubparcelas) com quatro repetições, optou-se por considerar as profundidades estudadas como subsubparcelas independente da casualização. Para as características agronômicas o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições em esquema experimental de parcelas subdividida, sendo que as parcelas tiveram os sistemas de manejo e como subparcela à presença e ausência do efeito residual de gesso com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o plantio direto com efeito residual de gesso aumentou a altura final das plantas. Os resultados mostram que a densidade do solo foi maior no plantio direto e o efeito residual de gesso influenciou na densidade do solo na profundidade de 0,10-0,15 m. Os manejos e efeito residual de gesso promoveram maior porosidade na profundidade de 0-0,05 m. A macroporosidade foi maior na profundidade de 0-0,05 m no plantio convencional e a microporosidade aumentou com a profundidade nos sistemas de manejo. A resistência à penetração aumentou em maiores profundidades. O plantio direto com ou sem efeito residual de gesso proporcionou maiores diâmetros geométricos de agregados. As características morfológicas dos agregados variaram em profundidade, tanto em plantio direto, plantio convencional e na presença ou ausência de efeito residual de gesso.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The use of different tillage systems and winter crop plants over a long period of time on a clayed and naturally acid soil can promote changes in the forms of aluminum present in the soil, reducing the possibility of its toxicity to major crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate different forms of aluminum in a Oxisol in an experiment conducted by IAPAR (Southwest of Paraná) for 23 years. In the region, which was originally covered by Atlantic Forest, two systems of tillage (no-tillage (NT) and Conventional Planting System (CPS) were employed using the cultivation of six different species of winter plants (lupine blue, hairy vetch, black oats, turnip, wheat and fallow) in sequence to soybean and corn in the summer. In October 2009, there was the collection of soil samples at five different depths (0-5, 5 -10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm). The forms of aluminum present in the soil were determined using various extractants: ammonium oxalate and 0.2 M sodium dithionite, sodium bicarbonate, for forms of aluminum present in the mineral fraction of soil; 1M potassium chloride, for the exchangeable form of aluminum in the soil, copper chloride 0.5 M lanthanum chloride and 0.33 M for the aluminum complexed forms of the active sites of soil organic matter (MOS), and 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate. Three different methods were used for determining the aluminum content in the extracts: titration with 0.0125 M NaOH followed by back titration, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and fluoride ion selective electrode (ESIF)*, and the three methods have presented limitations. In the assessment of the forms of Al in the soil under different tillage systems and with different crops in the rotation system the ESIF method was used for determination of the aluminum content in the different extracts. The use of a tillage that promotes the maintenance of soil organic matter and biomass of soil with cover crops and NT, did not lead to reduced availability of exchangeable aluminum in the soil, whose structure (mineral oxides and 1:1 iron and aluminum clay minerals ) and naturally acid pH, constitute a source of this element, which can be toxic to plants. Concentrations of non exchangeable aluminum (organically complexed) in the surface layers of soil were higher for the treatments with vetch, turnip and fallow in NT. / A utilização de diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e de cultivos de plantas de inverno por um longo período de tempo sobre um solo argiloso e naturalmente ácido pode promover alterações nas formas de alumínio no solo, reduzindo a possibilidade de toxidez às culturas principais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes formas de alumínio em um Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico em um experimento conduzido pelo IAPAR (no sudoeste do Paraná) por 23 anos. Na região que originalmente era coberta pela Mata Atlântica, avaliou-se dois sistemas de preparo do solo (Sistema de Plantio direto (SPD) e Sistema de Cultivo Convencional (SCC)) utilizando-se o cultivo de seis diferentes espécies de planta de inverno (tremoço azul, ervilhaca peluda, aveia preta, nabo forrageiro, trigo e pousio) em sequência às culturas de soja e de milho no verão. Em outro de 2009 realizou-se a coleta das amostras de solo em cinco diferentes profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm). Determinou-se as formas de alumínio presente no solo com o uso de diferentes extratores: Oxalato de amônio 0,2M e ditionito-bicarbonato de sódio para avaliação das formas de alumínio presentes a fração mineral do solo; Cloreto de potássio 1M para determinação da forma trocável de alumínio no solo; Cloreto de Cobre 0,5M e Cloreto de lantânio 0,33M para avaliação das forma de alumínio complexados pelos sítios ativos da MOS, além do Pirofosfato de sódio 0,1M. Neste trabalho foram empregados três diferentes métodos de determinação do teor de alumínio nos extratos: titulometria por NaOH 0,0125M e retrotitulação, espectroscopia de absorção atômica (EAA) e por eletrodo seletivo de íons fluoreto (ESIF), sendo que os três métodos apresentaram limitações. Na avaliação dos sistemas de preparo do solo e das culturas no sistema de rotação utilizou-se o método do Eletrodo Seletivo de Íons Fluoreto para determinação do teor de alumínio nos diferentes extratores. O uso de um manejo que promova a manutenção dos teores de matéria orgânica e da biomassa do solo, com SPD e plantas de cobertura, não reduziram a disponibilidade de alumínio trocável no solo, sendo a estrutura mineral deste (argilominerais 1:1 e óxidos de ferro e alumínio), uma fonte deste elemento, podendo causar toxidez às plantas. Os teores de alumínio não trocável, organicamente complexado nas camadas superficiais do solo foram maiores para os tratamentos com ervilhaca, nabo e pousio sob SPD.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The cattle breeding and crop production integrated systems in the south of Brazil is based mostly on grain production with summer crops and beef cattle production over winter pastures. This activity have been expanded quickly in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, due the increase of soybean cultivation over native grass fields areas and the requirement to improve the livestock productivity index in that state. However, few research works exists until this moment to show the best management systems to this areas mainly due to its distinct character of agriculture and livestock when are isolated activities. With this meaning, this work has the purpose to evaluate the effect in increase use intensity of winter pastures and different summer crops systems over the soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and its granulometric fractions particulate and mineral associated SOM on this areas and the grain and beef cattle yield achieved. For that, a field experiment was carried out over a Palehudult soil, on the city of Jari RS, with complete randomized blocks experimental design on factorial treatment distribution, four replications, with the utilization of three winter pastures management systems: no grazing (NG), grazing even 28 days (G28) and grazing even 14 days (G14), composing in this way increasing grazing frequencies over that pastures; and three summer crops systems: soybean monoculture (Mon-S), corn monoculture (Mon-C) and soybean/corn rotation (Rot-S/C). The beef cattle yield during the winter was not significantly affected by the increase of the grazing frequencies, but the biomass production to soil cover by the pastures and the grain yield of summer crops was reduced when the use intensity of the winter pastures by the animals was increased. The C addition to the soil by vegetal residues varied between 2.92 and 7.59 Mg ha-1 year-1 to the treatments G14 Mon-S and NG Mon-M, respectively. So, the main SOM fraction affected by the employed management in each treatment was the particulate fraction, expressed by the POM-C pool. This pool showed be 49 times more sensitive to the applied management over the winter pastures than the mineral associated fraction, expresses by the AMOM-C pools. The application of the Hennín & Dupuis s mathematical model to the prediction of each pools of SOM showed higher turnover rates of POM-C, in relation to the SOC and AMOM-C pools. The k1 coefficient (humification rate of the C additioned to the soil) obtained by the mathematical model was 0.1215, 0.0936 and 0.1249 year-1, to POM-C, AMOM-C and SOC, respectively, while the k2 coefficient (mineralization rate of de SOC) was 0.1292, 0.0161 and 0.0185 year-1, to the same pools. Using this data, the POM-C and SOC simulated pools on stability were 2.75 and 19.73 Mg ha-1, respectively, to the treatment G14 Mon-S, and 7.13 and 51.21 Mg ha-1, respectively, to the treatment NG Mon-M. The t½ (half-life time) for POM-C, AMOM-C and SOC were 5, 43 and 37 years, respectively, and the MRT (mean residence time) were 8, 62 and 54 years, to the same pools, respectively. The treatments that not received grazing during the winter showed good potential to the atmospheric CO2 sequestration, while the increase of the grazing intensity reduced this potential, passing to actuate like a sink of atmospheric CO2 when the G28 and G14 frequencies had been applied. The POM-N pools had been equally more sensitive to the grazing and crop management applied than the AMOM-N or TN pools, being that the higher pools had been observed when soybean was utilized on monoculture over the areas that not received grazing and the lowers pools had been observed when the corn was cultivated on monoculture over areas that received grazing even 14 days during the winter. / A Integração Lavoura-Pecuária no sul do Brasil baseia-se principalmente na exploração de culturas produtoras de grãos, durante o verão, e na produção de carne bovina sobre pastagens de estação fria, durante o inverno. Esta atividade vem se expandindo rapidamente no Rio Grande do Sul, devido ao aumento da área de cultivo da soja sobre áreas de campo nativo e da necessidade de se melhorar os índices de produtividade da pecuária neste estado. No entanto, pouco trabalhos de pesquisa existem até o momento, a fim de indicar quais os melhores sistemas de manejo destas áreas, tendo em vista seu caráter distinto da agricultura e da pecuária quando atividades isoladas. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a influência do aumento da intensidade de utilização das pastagens de inverno e diferentes sistemas de culturas de verão sobre a dinâmica da MOS e de suas frações granulométricas particulada e associada a minerais nestas áreas, bem como a produtividade de grãos e de carne alcançadas. Para tanto instalou-se um experimento a campo sobre um Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelo Alumínico típico, no município de Jari RS, com delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com parcelas dispostas em distribuição fatorial, com quatro repetições, que constou da utilização de três sistemas de manejo das pastagens de inverno, que eram compostas de Aveia Preta e Azevém, sendo eles: sem pastoreio (SP), pastoreio a cada 28 dias (P28) e pastoreio a cada 14 dias (P14), compondo assim freqüências crescentes de pastoreio sobre estas pastagens; e três sistemas de culturas de verão, a saber: monocultura de soja (Mon-S), monocultura de milho (Mon-M) e rotação soja/milho (Rot-S/M). Observou-se que o ganho de peso vivo animal durante o inverno não foi significativamente beneficiado pelo aumento da freqüência de pastoreios, porém a produção de fitomassa para cobertura de solo pelas pastagens e o rendimento de grãos da culturas de verão foi reduzido quando aumentou-se a intensidade de utilização das pastagens de inverno pelos animais. As adições de C ao solo via resíduos vegetais variou entre 2,92 e 7,59 Mg ha-1 ano-1, para os tratamentos P14 Mon-S e SP Mon-M, respectivamente. A principal fração da MOS afetada pelo manejo empregado em cada tratamento foi a fração particulada (COp), sendo que os estoques de CO nesta fração se mostraram 49 vezes mais sensíveis ao manejo aplicado sobre as pastagens de inverno do que a fração associada a minerais (COam). A aplicação do modelo matemático unicompartimental de Hennín & Dupuis para a modelagem dos estoques de cada fração da MOS demonstrou a maior velocidade de ciclagem do COp, em relação aos estoques de COT e COam. O coeficiente k1 (taxa de humificação do C adicionado ao solo) do modelo matemático obtidos foram de 0,1215, 0,0936 e 0,1249 ano-1, para o COp, COam e COT, respectivamente, enquanto que o coeficiente k2 (taxa de mineralização do CO) foram de 0,1292, 0,0161 e 0,0185 ano-1, para os mesmos compartimentos da MOS. Utilizando estes dados, simulou-se que os estoques de COp e COT na camada 0 -10 cm na estabilidade serão de 2,75 e 19,73 Mg ha-1, respectivamente, para o tratamento P14 Mon-S, e de 7,13 e 51,21 Mg ha-1, respectivamente, para o tratamento SP Mon-M. Além disto, o t½ (tempo de meia vida) do COp, COam e COT calculados foram de 5, 43 e 37 anos, respectivamente, e o TMP (tempo médio de permanência) calculados foram de 8, 62 e 54 anos, para os mesmos compartimentos, respectivamente. O solo nos tratamentos que não receberam pastoreios durante o inverno apresentaram bom potencial para seqüestro de CO2 atmosférico, enquanto que o aumento da intensidade de pastoreios reduziu este potencial, passando a atuar como fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera quando aplicou-se a maior freqüência de pastoreios. Os estoques de NTp foram também mais sensíveis ao manejo do pastoreio e de culturas do que os estoques de NTam ou NT, sendo que os maiores estoques foram observados quando utilizou-se a soja em monocultivo nas áreas que não receberam pastoreio e os menores quando o milho foi cultivado em monocultura em áreas que receberam uma freqüência de pastoreio de 14 dias no inverno.

La pratique du «sans labour» (NT) se développe dans le cadre de l’agriculture de conservation des sols. Cette pratique modifie nombre de propriétés du sol comme, par exemple, la répartition du phosphore (P) dans le profil du sol. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les impacts après plusieurs décennies du NT sur le cycle biogéochimique du P et d’intégrer ces effets dans un modèle de fonctionnement. Nous avons utilisé un essai au champ de longue durée sous maïs-soja (L’Acadie, Québec, Canada) implanté sur un sol argilo-limoneux. Le dispositif était un split-plot à 4 blocs avec mouldboard plough (MP) et sans labour (NT), subdivisés par 3 doses de fertilisation en P minéral [0 (0P), 17.5 (0.5P), 35 (1P) kg P ha-1] apportées sur le maïs et localisées à 5 cm de profondeur et à 5 cm du rang de maïs.La concentration des ions phosphates du sol (Cp) test était relativement uniforme dans la couche labourée (0-20 cm) (0.08 mg P L-1), puis baissait légèrement dans 20-30 cm (0.05 mg P L-1) et davantage au-delà (0.01 mg P L-1). Sous les traitements [NT, 0.5P] et [NT, 1P] traitements, le Cp était plus élevé dans la couche 0-10 cm (0.28 et 0.19 mg P L-1) que dans la couche labourée mais baissait rapidement avec la profondeur. Cette stratification verticale sous NT était également observée pour les teneurs en P-Olsen, P-M3 et autres nutriments comme C, N et K. Après 23 et 24 années d’essai, il y avait tendanciellement moins de racines du maïs sous NT (-14%) que sous MP, probablement à cause de la présence plus importante d’adventices sous NT. Pour le soja, il y avait beaucoup plus de racines dans la couche 0-10 cm sous NT (44% de longueur total) que sous MP (21%) et inversement dans la couche 10-20 cm. Ces différences de distribution des racines sous NT et MP correspondent à la stratification de N, P, et K.Cet ensemble de données sur la distribution des racines et du phosphore a été utilisé pour i) évaluer un modèle 1D décrivant la dynamique du P sur plusieurs décennies dans la couche labourée du sol, ii) proposer un mode d’estimation de la distribution du prélèvement dans le profil de sol, et iii) développer un modèle spatialisé 2D décrivant la dynamique du P pour le traitement sans labour. Ce modèle permet de simuler l’évolution de la disponibilité en P du sol sur le long terme quels que soient les modes de préparation du sol et le régime de fertilisation P. Même si le modèle surestime parfois la disponibilité en P à proximité de la zone fertilisée, il permet de prédire la stratification du P du sol en NT et ses conséquences sur le prélèvement de P en relation avec les propriétés du sol et le développement du système racinaire. Il pourra contribuer à améliorer le raisonnement de la fertilisation phosphatée dans le contexte du sans-labour. / The no-till (NT) is gaining great attention for soil preparation. This practice modifies number of soil properties such as the distribution of phosphorus (P) in the soil profile. This work aims to analyze the impacts on the biogeochemical P cycle after decades of NT and incorporate those effects in an operational model. We used a long-term field experiment under corn-soybean rotation established on a clay loam soil (L’Acadie, Quebec, Canada). The design was a split-plot plan with 4 blocks under moldboard plough (MP) and NT, subdivided by 3 doses of P [0 (0P), 17.5 (0.5P), 35 (1P) kg P ha-1] applied in corn phase and localized to 5-cm deep and 5-cm from the corn row.The phosphate ion concentration in MP was relatively constant (0.08 mg P L-1) in the tilled layer (0-20 cm), slightly lower in 20-30 cm (0.05 mg P L-1) and much lower below (0.01 mg P L-1). In [NT, 0.5P] and [NT, 1P] plots, Cp was higher (0.28 et 0.19 mg P L-1) in the 0-10 cm layer compared to the tilled layer in MP, but decreased sharply with depth. This vertical stratification in NT was also observed for P-Olsen, P-M3 and other nutrients as C, N, and K. After 23- and 24-year of experimentation, maize roots tended to be fewer (-14%) under NT than MP, probably because of increased weed infestation under NT. For soybean, more roots accumulated in the 0-10 cm layer under NT (44% of total length) than MP (21%) and vice versa for the 10-20 cm layer. Those differences in root distribution under NT and MP corresponded to the stratification of N, P, and K.This set of data on the distribution of roots and phosphorus was used i) to develop a 1D model describing P dynamics over several decades in MP, ii) to test a method to assess the spatial P uptake distribution according local root length density and soil P availability, and iii) to develop a spatial 2D model describing P dynamic in NT. This model simulates the soil P availability dynamic on long term according soil properties and crop root distribution within soil profile for different soil preparation regime and different P fertilization rate. Although the model overestimates the P availability near the localized P fertilizer, it is able to predict the soil P stratification in NT treatment and its consequences on crop P uptake. This new model will be a useful tool to improve P fertilization management in context of no-till practices.

The overall objective of the whole study was to assess whether conservation agriculture (CA) systems can work in the Eastern Cape Province (EC). The CA systems were engaged through cover cropping to address land degradation problems by emphasizing high biomass production in order to realize short term benefits such as moisture conservation, weed suppression and soil fertility benefits under rainfed conditions in the central region of the Eastern Cape province. Since rainfall is the most limiting factor to crop production in the EC, a within season rainfall distribution analysis was conducted to expose the quality of the season (onset, end and duration) and hence the feasibility of CA systems to guide agronomic decisions by farmers in EC. To assess season parameters, thirty four years of daily rainfall was collected from the University of Fort Hare Research station and used to conduct the rainy pentad (5 day rainfall totals) analysis and the daily rainfall analysis using INSTAT software programme. Based on the pentad analysis, results showed that Alice does not have a rainy season in 1 out of 2 years (50% probability) but has one in 1 out of 4 years (25% probability level). This criterion proved to be harsher and conservative when compared to the daily rainfall approach which is more precise in measuring trends on season parameters. The daily rainfall analysis indicated a 65% feasibility for the dry land cropping systems in the EC. The pentad analysis however was effective in illustrating seasonality and it showed that the wet season begins on the 1st of November, ending on the 22nd of March lasting for 140 days. Though the season duration appeared too long, the existence of dry spells during critical growth stages adversely affects the quality of the season. The daily rainfall analysis also managed to derive a signal which can guide planting decisions. For planting to be successful, this analysis determined that 20 mm of rain should be received in two consecutive days after the 1st of November. A screening trial for cover crop biomass production and weed suppression was conducted on-station Fort Hare Research Farm (32°46' S and 26° 50' E), and Msobombvu village (MSBV) (32°44' S, and 26° 55' E) over two seasons (2007/08 and 2008/09). Six summer cover crops i.e. cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), dolichos lablab (Dolichos argenteus), sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum), forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sunflower (Helianthus annus) were evaluated for biomass yield, and weed suppression. Decomposition rates, moisture conservation and residual effects of these cover crops on the succeeding main crop were also evaluated under dryland conditions. The screening trial was laid in randomized complete block design replicated three times. Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sunflower (Helianthus annus) were identified as high biomass producers and their dry matter yields ranged from 8 -12 t ha-1. These cover crops can be useful in generating high biomass in rainfed cropping systems in the EC. Other cover crops produced 3 - 4 t ha-1 of biomass which fell short of the 6 t ha-1 expected benchmark. However, these biomass yields were important in weed management since all cover crop species showed a similar degree of weed suppression which surpassed the weed fallow treatment. As dead mulches, the cover crops failed to show residual moisture conservation and weed control benefits for the succeeding maize crop mainly because of poor residue persistence, and low harvestable fallow rainfall. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), was selected for further investigations in a follow up trial on station in 2008/09 season because of its weed smothering qualities, suitability to short cycle rotations, and possible allelopathic properties. The trial aimed at finding weed and cost effective management options of buckwheat that are none detrimental to the succeeding maize crop. Results showed that cropping systems where buckwheat is followed by a main crop may not work as they are unprofitable with respect to R100 rand invested. Though perceived to have allelopathic properties, buckwheat failed to demonstrate the possibilities of allelopathic action against weeds. Intercropping trial was conducted on-station in 2007/8-2008/09 seasons to try and find better ways of fitting legume cover crops into maize based cropping systems without compromising production of staple cereals on limited landholdings. The trials evaluated three factors in factorial combination, cover crop planting date, intercropping strategy, and cover crop species. The trial was laid as 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-split plot design. The main plot factor was cover crop planting date, cover crops simultaneously planted with maize and cover crop planted two weeks after planting maize (DKC 61-25). The sub-plot factor was intercropping strategy, strip intercropping and betweenrow intercropping. The sub-sub-plot factor was cover crop species, Dolichos lablab (Dolichos argenteus (Highworth), and Cowpea Vigna ungiculata (Agrinawa) plus control plots of sole maize. Results showed that same time planting of leguminous cover crops with maize using the in-between row intercropping patterns can derive appreciable system biomass (maize/cover crop) yields, utilize land efficiently whilst getting favourable maize grain yield. Based on the rainfall analysis, results showed that the probability of success when relay seeding cover crops after two weeks into standing maize is low (15% chances of success). This suggests that relay intercropping strategies would not work due to the unavailability of a good quality season.

Achieving high biomass yields of cover crops has been a challenge to the success of Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices in the Eastern Cape (EC). A study was conducted to evaluate strategies for optimizing cover crop biomass production. Trials were carried out to screen summer and winter cover crops, as well as evaluate intercropping patterns and planting dates for biomass, weed suppression and subsequent maize yield under irrigation. Four summer legume cover crop species were evaluated under a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) design. The cover crops were fertilized with 13.34 kg ha-1 of N, 20 kg ha-1 P and 26.66 kg ha-1 K. In the 2008/09 summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the 2007/08 screening trial under no-till. The crop was fertilized with 60 kg ha-1 of N. An intercropping trial was conducted over two seasons as a way of investigating the best way of incorporating cover crops into farmers cropping systems. This was done bearing in mind the limitation of resources such as land. The trial evaluated 3 factors laid as a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-plot design. The main factor was cover crop planting date (planting at maize planting or 2 weeks after maize planting). The sub plot factor was intercropping pattern (strip intercropping and between row intercropping). A trial was also conducted to evaluate the effect of planting date (End of April and mid May) and four winter legume cover crop species on cover crop biomass, weed suppression and maize grain yield. The experiment was laid out as a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated 3 times. In the subsequent summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the winter trial to test the residual effects of the cover crop species. Another study was conducted to evaluate winter cereal cover crop species for biomass accumulation, weed suppression and subsequent maize grain yield. The cover crops as well as a weedy fallow control plot treatments were laid out as a Randomised Complete Block Design replicated 3 times. In the subsequent summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the site under no-till to evaluate the residual effect of the cover crops on maize. The results showed sunhemp, cowpea and lablab as the best cover crops with high biomass and weed suppression whilst mucuna was the least. Sunhemp consistently yielded higher cover biomass averaging 11200 kg ha-1 over the two seasons whilst mucuna had a consistently lowest average biomass yield of 4050 kg ha-1. These cover crops were above the critical 6 t ha-1 for effective weed suppression. There was a significant (p<0.01) relationship of cover crop dry weight and weed dry weight in both seasons. Subsequent maize grain yield was significantly higher in the sunhemp plots (64.2 %) than the weedy fallow plot. Mucuna, lablab and cowpea had maize grain yield increases of 16.6%, 33% and 43.2% respectively. Intercropping cover crops at maize planting yielded higher cover crop dry weights than a delay in intercropping cover crops. A delay in intercropping resulted in significantly higher average maize grain yield of 4700 kg ha-1 compared to intercropping at maize planting (3800 kg ha-1) and sole maize (4300 kg ha-1) over the two seasons. Strip intercropping also yielded higher (5000 kg ha- 1) average maize grain yield compared to row intercropping (3600 kg ha-1) and sole maize (4300 kg ha-1). There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between cover crop dry weight in the 2007/08 season and maize grain yield in the 2008/09 season. Early planting grazing vetch gave the highest biomass yield of 8100 kg ha-1 whilst early planted red clover had the lowest biomass of 635 kg ha-1. Low weed dry weights were also obtained from the early planted grazing vetch as opposed to the other treatments. There was a significant (p<0.001) relationship of cover crop dry weight and weed dry weight. In the subsequent 2008/09 summer season early planted grazing vetch had the highest maize yield of 7500 kg ha-1 which was 56.3 % more than the weedy fallow plot had 4800 kg ha-1. The weedy fallow plot also had high weed infestation than the cover crop plots. There were significant (p<0.01) relationships between cover crop dry weight and maize grain yield, winter weed dry weight and maize grain yield and summer weed dry weight and maize grain yield. The results also showed triticale (13900 kg ha-1) as the best winter cover crop for biomass production. Italian ryegrass (6500 kg ha-1) produced the least amount of biomass. In The subsequent maize crop white oats gave highest maize grain yield (6369 kg ha-1) which was 33 % more than the weedy fallow plot (4784 kg ha- 1). There were also significant (p< 0.01) relationships of maize grain yield and winter weed dry weight, maize grain yield and summer growing weeds. The various studies demonstrated that there is opportunity for high biomass production under small scale farmers irrigated conditions using cover crops both in winter and summer. Best bet cover crops were sunhemp, cowpea and lablab for summer and triticale, white oats, barley, Italian ryegrass and grazing vetch for winter. Cover crops can also be incorporated into farmers cropping systems as sole crops or intercrops within the maize based cropping systems. Strip intercropping can be used by farmers as a way of introducing cover crops. Critical to achievement of high biomass is the time of planting cover crops with high biomass when planting is done early. A 2 week delay in strip intercropping cover crop into maize can be used as a way of incorporating cover crops into farmers cropping systems with minimal maize yield reduction.

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