Title: Muscle imbalances in pole vault athletes measured by TMG. Goal: The goal of this work was to choose endangered muscle groups and identify possible imbalances by using Tensiomyography machine (TMG 100) and define hypothesis about training pressure of pole vault on growth of muscle imbalances in selected muscle groups. Methods: This work is based on qualitative research. Specifically, six case studies were conducted, during which the importance was placed on discovering characteristic muscle imbalances, which could appear based on training pressure in pole vault. Tensiomyography machine (TMG 100) was used to measure muscle imbalances. Results: Six pole vaulters participated in this study. We found that training and competitive load of pole vault could create muscle asymmetry in muscles deltoideus anterior and trapezius superior. The training may influence also slows down contractions of biceps brachii muscle and another asymmetry on deltoideus anterior between both muscles. We found very low functional symmetry in elbow joint. Key Words: pole vault, athletics, muscle imbalances, TMG

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifer is a huge aquifer system which may provide large bulk water supplies for local municipalities and irrigation water for agriculture in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape Provinces in South Africa. In many locations, water pressure in an aquifer may force groundwater out of ground surface so that the borehole drilled into the aquifer would produce overflow without a pump. Appropriate testing and evaluation of such artesian aquifers is very critical for sound evaluation and sustainable utilization of groundwater resources in the TMG area. However, study on this aspect of hydrogeology in TMG is limited. Although the flow and storage of TMG aquifer was conceptualised in previous studies, no specific study on artesian aquifer in TMG was made available. There are dozens of flowing artesian boreholes in TMG in which the pressure heads in the boreholes are above ground surface locally. A common approach to estimate hydraulic properties of the aquifers underneath is to make use of free-flowing and recovery tests conducted on a flowing artesian borehole. However, such testing approach was seldom carried out in TMG due to lack of an appropriate device readily available for data collection. A special hydraulic test device was developed for data collection in this context. The test device was successfully tested at a flowing artesian borehole in TMG. The device can not only be used to measure simultaneous flow rate and pressure head at the test borehole, but also be portable and flexible for capturing the data during aquifer tests in similar conditions like artesian holes in Karoo, dolomite or other sites in which pressure head is above ground surface. The straight-line method proposed by Jacob-Lohman is often adopted for data interpretation. However, the approach may not be able to analyse the test data from flowing artesian holes in TMG. The reason is that the TMG aquifers are often bounded by impermeable faults or folds at local or intermediate scale, which implies that some assumptions of infinite aquifer required for the straight-line method cannot be fulfilled. Boundary conditions based on the Jacob-Lohman method need to be considered during the simulation. In addition, the diagnostic plot analysis method using reciprocal rate derivative is adapted to cross-check the results from the straight-line method. The approach could help identify the flow regimes and discern the boundary conditions, of which results further provide useful information to conceptualize the aquifer and facilitate an appropriate analytical method to evaluate the aquifer properties. Two case studies in TMG were selected to evaluate the hydraulic properties of artesian aquifers using the above methods. The transmissivities of the artesian aquifer in TMG range from 0.6 to 46.7 m2/d based on calculations with recovery test data. Storativities range from 10-4 to 10-3 derived from free-flowing test data analysis. For the aquifer at each specific site, the transmissivity value of the artesian aquifer in Rawsonville is estimated to be 7.5–23 m2/d, with storativity value ranging from 2.0×10-4 to 5.5×10-4. The transmissivity value of the artesian aquifer in Oudtshoorn is approximately 37 m2/d, with S value of 1.16×10-3. The simulation results by straight-line and diagnostic plot analysis methods, not only imply the existence of negative skin zone in the vicinity of the test boreholes, but also highlight the fact that the TMG aquifers are often bounded by impermeable faults or folds at local or intermediate scale. With the storativity values of artesian aquifers derived from data interpretation, total groundwater storage capacity of aquifers at two case studies was calculated. The figures will provide valuable information for decision-makers to plan and develop sustainable groundwater utilization of artesian aquifers in local or intermediate scales. With the hydraulic test device readily available for data collection, more aquifer tests can be carried out in other overflow artesian boreholes in TMG. It becomes feasible to determine the hydraulic properties of artesian aquifers for the entire TMG. Thereof quantification of groundwater resources of artesian aquifers in TMG at a mega-scale becomes achievable. This would also contribute towards global research initiative for quantification of groundwater resources at a mega-scale.

Title: Muscle imbalances in white water canoeing measured by TMG Aims: The aim of this paper was to select the endangered muscle groups, to identify possible imbalances using tensiomyograph (TMG 100) and to define hypotheses about the influence of training load in water slalom on the development of imbalances in the selected specific muscle groups. Methods: This work has a character of a qualitative research. Specifically, 6 case studies were carried out, appended by control measurements after one year, in which emphasis was placed on the detection of characteristic muscle imbalances that could arise as a result of specific training activities in water slalom. To measure these muscle imbalances, we used tensiomyograph (TMG 100). Results: Among the measured participants, we found that during a one-year training cycle, significant changes in the functionality of individual muscle groups have occurred. The most endangered groups, ie the groups with the most significant changes, included BB, DEL, LD and TRM. There have been also notable changes in the functional symmetry of the elbow joint, where 4 out of 5 participants have deteriorated during the year. It was also found, that women might be more prone to imbalances as an effect of the specific activity compared to men. Key words: white water...

Mit der Entwicklung und zunehmenden Verbreitung des Internet ging die Entstehung neuer Kriminalitätsfelder einher. Im Bereich der internetbasierten Arzneimittelkriminalität war sowohl in den Jahren nach der Zulassung des legalen Versandhandels mit apothekenpflichtigen Arzneimitteln durch spezielle Apotheken im Jahr 2004 als auch in den letzten Jahren ein starker Anstieg des illegalen Versandhandels zu verzeichnen. Die Arbeit dient dazu, zu untersuchen, in welchem Umfang auf dem Gebiet des Wirtschaftsaufsichtsrechts, im Einzelnen in den Bereichen des Arzneimittel-, Apotheken-, Medien- und Telekommunikationsrechts, durch präventives Verwaltungshandeln gegen die internetgestützte Arzneimittelkriminalität, insbesondere gegen den illegalen Onlinehandel vorgegangen werden kann. Die Auswahl der Rechtsgebiete bietet die Gewähr, dass die zwei maßgeblichen Teilaspekte des Problemfeldes erfasst werden. Die gewählte Zusammenstellung trägt zum einen den Besonderheiten des Mediums Internet in seiner Funktion als Handelsplatz und Tatmittel Rechnung und erlaubt es darüber hinaus, die besonderen Anforderungen, die mit der Produktkategorie der Arzneimittel verbunden sind, sowie deren jeweilige Auswirkungen auf ein behördliches Vorgehen näher in den Blick zu nehmen. Gegenstand des arzneimittel- und apothekenrechtlichen Teils der Arbeit sind in erster Linie die einschlägigen Regelungen des AMG, des ApoG, der ApBetrO und des HWG. Der medien- und telekommunikationsrechtliche Teil behandelt v.a. die relevanten Vorgaben des TMG und die auf Telemedien anwendbaren Vorschriften des RStV, wobei der Bereich des Datenschutzes außen vor bleibt. Hierbei wird auch auf die Verfassungsmäßigkeit der sich inhaltlich überschneidenden Regelungen des TMG und des RStV näher eingegangen. Die vorhandenen Möglichkeiten zur Gefahrenabwehr in den einzelnen Rechtsgebieten werden jeweils aufgezeigt. Bei den Vorgaben, bei denen Verbesserungs- oder Ergänzungspotentiale auszumachen oder sonstige Auffälligkeiten allgemeiner Art oder solche mit direktem Bezug zu einem Vorgehen gegen den illegalen E-Commerce mit Arzneimitteln festzustellen sind, wird dies an den jeweiligen Stellen erörtert und es werden ggf. Handlungsempfehlungen aufgezeigt. Der folgende Teil widmet sich der Frage der Übertragbarkeit von Tendenzen in der Rechtsprechung auf den Gebieten des Urheberrechts und ähnlicher Schutzrechte hin zu einer verstärkten Inpflichtnahme von Access- und Hostprovidern auf das Vorgehen gegen den illegalen Arzneimittelversandhandel. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bilden den Ausgangspunkt für den letzten Teil der Arbeit. Dort wird untersucht, inwieweit durch Maßnahmen der Wirtschaftsaufsicht präventiv, entweder in Ergänzung oder auch als Alternative zum Strafrecht, gegen internetgestützte Arzneimittelkriminalität vorgegangen werden kann. Dabei wird die Tauglichkeit der einzelnen Gefahrenabwehrmaßnahmen auf den Gebieten des Arzneimittel- und Apothekenrechts und des Medien- und Telekommunikationsrechts ausführlich dargestellt. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Zusammenstellung der aus den festgestellten Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten abgeleiteten Handlungsempfehlungen.

Bakgrund: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka effekten av sju dagars tillskott av betain (2,5 gram/dag) på prestationsförmågan i idrottsspecifika tester för manliga vältränade cykelatleter. Metod: Sex (n=6) manliga testpersoner (genomsnitt ± standardavvikelse ålder, 31,7 ± 10,2 år; längd, 188,2 ± 3,6 cm; kroppsvikt; 82,5 ± 7,6 kg; fettfri massa, 71,6 ± 7,3 kg) genomförde förtester bestående av fem counter movement jumps, fyra stycken 12 s wingate-sprinter med 2,5 minuters aktiv vila följt av fem ytterligare counter movement jumps. De blev sedan indelade slumpmässigt i betain- eller placebogrupper. Första testet etablerade basvärden och eftertest ”1” samt ”2” föregicks med antingen sju dagars tillskott med placebo (2,5 g maltodextrin plus 12,5 mg riboflavin) eller betain (2,5 g trimetylglycin plus 12,5 mg riboflavin). Riboflavin användes för att undanröja den fiskliknande doften som kan uppstå vid tillskott av betain. Doseringen bestod av fyra kapslar per dag till måltid, varav två kapslar intogs på morgonen eller förmiddagen (före träning) och två kapslar intogs på eftermiddagen eller kvällen (efter träning). Vi använde oss av en dubbelblindad, kontrollerad randomisering cross-over design; med en veckas washout mellan placebo och betain. Maximum Peak Power, Average Peak Power, Maximum Average Power, Mean Average Power, Mean Relative Power Drop, Maximum Relative Power Drop, CMJ-Medel och CMJ-Max före och efter sprinterna analyserades med two-tailed t-test 2 och 3 för att jämföra skillnader före och efter intag av tillskott samt skillnaderna mellan grupperna.Resultat: Inga signifikanta skillnader kunde noteras. Konklusion: En veckas tillskott av betain gav inte någon signifikant förbättring jämfört med placebo i hopp- och sprintförmåga samt förmåga att ta ut sig själv maximalt hos aktiva cyklister. Fler studier med framförallt större testgrupper efterlyses för att utvärdera betainets ergogena effekt bland aktiva atleter. / The effect of betaine supplementation on counter movement jumps and sprint performance among male bicycle athletes Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a seven days supplementation regimen with betaine (2,5 grams per day) on counter movement jumps and sprint performance in trained male bicyclists. Method: Six (n=6) male subjects (mean ± standard deviation age, 31,7 ± 10,2 years; height, 188,2 ± 3,6 cm; bodyweight, 82,5 ± 7,6 kg; lean body mass, 71,6 ± 7,6 kg) completed a 21 day study involving five counter movement jumps (no arm swing) followed by 4 consecutive modified 12 second Wingate sprints on a bicycle ergometer with active rest (2,5 minutes) followed by another set of five counter movement jumps. A double blind, controlled randomized cross over design was used and there was a 1 week washout between the supplementation startup for each group. Following pre-testing (baseline) the participants were randomly divided into groups by choosing one of the following supplements: “12” Placebo –2,5 grams of maltodextrine plus 12,5 mg riboflavin or “11” – Active 2,5 grams of trimethylglycine plus 12,5 mg riboflavin. Riboflavin was used so mask the “fishy odor syndrome” effect of high intakes of trimethylglycine that may cause trimethyluria. Daily consumption of capsules was divided into two doses of two capsules each with meals. One dose (two capsules) was consumed in the morning and one dose in the evening. The following variables were analyzed: Maximum Peak Power, Average Peak Power, Maximum Mean Power, Average Mean Power, Maximum Relative Power Drop, Average Relative Power Drop, Mean CMJ-Pre + Post sprints and Maximal CMJ-Pre + Post sprints. Results: None of the parameters showed statistical significance. Conclusion: Our study indicates that seven days of betaine ingestion does not seem significantly improve counter movement jump or sprint capacity in male trained bicyclists. Larger studies are needed to investigate the performance enhancing effects of betaine, especially among high performance athletes.

This thesis is a review of research done over the course of the past 4 years, divided into two unrelated parts. The rst is set in the context of Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson models, based on 3-Lie algebras. In particular I will describe theories with metric 3-algebras of inde nite signature: these present elds with negative kinetic terms. The problem can be solved by gaugeing away the non-physical degrees of freedom, to obtain other well understood theories. I will show how this procedure can be easily applied for 3-algebra metrics of any inde nite signature. Part II of this thesis focuses on solutions of topologically massive gravity (TMG): particular attention is devoted to warped AdS3 black holes, which are discussed in great detail. I will present a novel analysis of the near horizon geometries of these solutions. I further propose an approach for searching for new solutions to 3-dimensional gravity based on conformal symmetry. This approach is able to yield most of the known axisymmetric stationary TMG backgrounds.

The possibility of using methylamines instead of ammonia as a nitrogen precursor for the CVD of nitrides is studied using quantum chemical computations of reaction energies: reaction electronic energy (Δ𝑟𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐) reaction enthalpy (Δ𝑟𝐻) and reaction free energy (Δ𝑟𝐺). The reaction energies were calculated for three types of reactions: Uni- and bimolecular decomposition to more reactive nitrogen species, adduct forming with trimethylgallium (TMG) and trimethylaluminum (TMA) followed by a release of methane or ethane and surface adsorption to gallium nitride for both the unreacted ammonia or methylamines or the decomposition products. The calculations for the reaction entropy and free energy were made at both STP and CVD conditions (300°C-1300°C and 50 mbar). The ab inito Gaussian 4 (G4) theory were used for the calculations of the decomposition and adduct reactions while the surface adsorptions were calculated using the Density Functional Theory method B3LYP. From the reactions energies it can be concluded that the decomposition was facilitated by the increasing number of methyl groups on the nitrogen. The adducts with mono- and dimethylamine were more favorable than ammonia and trimethylamine. 𝑁𝐻2 was found to be most readily to adsorb to 𝐺𝑎𝑁 while the undecomposed ammonia and methylamines was not willingly to adsorb.

甲基安非他命是一種被廣泛濫用的非法神經興奮劑，而且使用之後常伴隨著精神疾病的發生，動物研究也顯示，施打甲基安非他命所引起的神經毒性不僅會造成多巴胺神經元及血清素神經元的損傷，也引起認知功能和社交行為的缺失，同時對於產生迷幻作用的5-HT2A受體作用劑的行為反應增強。N,N,N-trimethylglycine (TMG)和N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG)是甘胺酸的甲基化衍生物，由於這兩種藥物具有治療神經系統疾病的潛力，因此本研究的目的為評估TMG及DMG是否可以預防或改善小鼠在甲基安非他命的暴露下所導致的行為缺失包括新位置辨識測試，新物體辨識測試，社交行為互動測試以及使用5-HT2A受體作用劑DOI 誘導小鼠頭部抽搐(head twitch )的行為。實驗方式為腹腔注射給予雄性ICR小鼠甲基安非他命，一天注射四劑（4 × 5mg/kg），每劑間隔兩小時。實驗一，小鼠在暴露甲基安非他命，先確認行為改變後，給予腹腔注射TMG及DMG (10或30 mg/kg)連續七天，評估TMG及DMG的治療效果。實驗二在施打每劑甲基安非他命30分鐘前給予TMG及DMG (100 mg/kg)，七天後進行行為評估，實驗三，評估TMG及DMG個別及混合劑量的治療效果，小鼠給予甲基安非他命之後，先確認行為改變，再給予腹腔注射TMG及DMG (20、5+5或是10+10 mg/kg) 連續七天，七天後進行行為測試。實驗四，檢測TMG及DMG的治療效果是否藉由活化NMDA受體glycine binding site，小鼠給予甲基安非他命七天之後，腹腔注射TMG及DMG (20 mg/kg)並在給予TMG及DMG前30分鐘給予glycine binding site 拮抗劑7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-CK) (1 mg/kg)，連續給藥七天，七天後進行行為評估。實驗結果發現連續給予七天TMG及DMG在個別劑量及混合劑量中都能夠恢復甲基安非他命所造成的認知功能缺損，社交退縮和降低由DOI 誘導小鼠頭部抽搐行為表現，以及在紋狀體中酪氨酸羥化酶的蛋白質表達減少情況。而前給予7-CK則阻斷TMG及DMG對甲基安非他命所造成的認知功能缺損，社交退縮的改善作用，但是對TMG及DMG對DOI 誘導小鼠頭部抽搐的行為的改善作用影響較小，顯示TMG及DMG可能都是經由活化NMDA 受體的glycine binding site改善甲基安非他命所造成的認知功能缺損，社交退縮，這些發現表示，TMG及DMG具有治療甲基安非他命成癮者所造成的精神分裂等異常症狀的潛力。 / Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused illicit psychostimulant. METH use is commonly associated with psychosis. A neurotoxic regimen of METH, which damages the dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons, causes cognitive dysfunction, social interaction deficits, and supersensitivity to hallucinogen in mice. N,N,N-trimethylglycine (TMG) and N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) are methyl derivatives of amino acid glycine and naturally occur as intermediate metabolites in choline-to-glycine metabolism. Growing evidence shows that both compounds have potential to treat some neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the protective and therapeutic effects of TMG and DMG on METH-induced behavioral aberrations. The novel location recognition test (NLRT), the novel objective recognition test (NORT), the social interaction and the hallucinogenic 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI)-induced head twitch response were evaluated. Male ICR mice received one day drug treatment with four injections of METH (4 × 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline at 2h interval. First, TMG or DMG (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.p.) were separately administered once daily for seven consecutive days after the behavioral impairment was confirmed in METH-treated mice. Seven days after final injection of TMG and DMG, the behavioral tests were monitored. Secondly, the preveting effects of TMG and DMG were examined by TMG and DMG (100 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment, 30 min prior to each dose of METH. Third, the lower dose (20 mg/kg) and combined effects of TMG and DMG (5+5 or 10+10 mg/kg i.p.) were evaluated. Fourth, in order to determine if the improving effects of TMG and DMG are mediated by NMDA receptor glycine binding site, the glycine binding site antagonist 7-CK (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min prior to each dose of TMG and DMG (20 mg/kg, i.p.), TMG and DMG dose-dependently improved, but not prevented the METH-induced cognition deficits, social withdrawal and hypersensitivity to hallucinogen with additional effect. Pretreatment of 7-CK, reversed the improving effects of TMG and DMG on behavioral deficits after METH exposure, yet had minor effect on hypersensitivity to hallucinogen. These results demonstrate that TMG and DMG might activate the glycine binding site of NMDA receptor to improve METH-induced cognition deficits and social withdrawal. TMG and DMG may be the novel therapeutic agents for psychiatric disorders related to METH abuse.