I/D 18 -- Decisions of the Enlarged General Council, 1978 -- Supplement to I/D no. 18, Sept. – Oct. 1978

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate different technologies and supplementation strategies that may impact beef cattle production in the Northern Great Plains. Our overarching hypothesis was that we can enhance beef cattle performance and production through strategic supplementation of energy and minerals. In experiment 1, steers were fitted with transmission beacons on collars to determine effects of preweaning creep feeder attendance influences on post-weaning performance, feeding behavior, and carcass characteristics. Calves that visited creep feeders more frequently spent more time eating and ate more meals during the first 28 d of the finishing period. In experiment 2, we utilized electronic feeders to monitor mineral intake of cow-calf pairs and found that HIGH (>90 g/d; average 125.4 g/d) intake cows and calves spent more time at the mineral feeder than their LOW (<90 g/d; average 33.5 g/d) intake counterparts. Furthermore, we noted greater concentrations of Se, Cu, and Co in livers of HIGH intake cows compared to LOW intake cows. In experiment 3, we evaluated a slow-release vitamin and mineral bolus in feedlot heifers which failed to influence heifer performance, liver mineral concentrations or carcass characteristics. Overall, heifers performed as expected while on a finishing diet from feeds sourced in the Northern Great Plains. In experiment 4, we further utilized the SmartFeed system to control intake of individual heifers assigned to different treatments in a group pasture scenario. Our results clearly show that the feed controlling portion can be used for precision feeding of individuals in extensive group managed scenarios. Though heifers had similar BW and ADG among treatment groups, treatments that provided supplemental mineral enhanced liver concentrations of Se, Fe, Cu, and Co. Furthermore, the CowManager system was able to detect divergence in highly active behavior among treatment groups, but also reported many false health and estrus-related alerts. Overall, we were able to successfully monitor individual mineral intakes in cow-calf pairs and report differences in energy and mineral supplement intakes in heifers grazing native range. We were also able to corroborate differences in supplement intakes with changes in concentrations of mineral in the liver of animals. / North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES) Precision Agriculture Fund; North Dakota State Board of Agricultural Research and Education Graduate Research Assistantship

In Canada, many individuals are unable or do not meet the recommended nutrient intake from food alone, supplements may be one intervention strategy to help compensate for some of these inadequacies. The 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey found that 28 to 60 percent of individuals use supplements. Supplement use is positively associated with income and education level, with higher income individuals consuming a higher amount of supplements and supplement use increasing with education level. Previous research has identified several barriers to supplement usage, one of them being knowledge. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to develop a resource to help inform and educate consumers to select a supplement. A total of 31 participants were included in data collection. Three focus groups with participants residing in low income neighbourhoods in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, as well as, seven key informant interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Audio tapes were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify emergent themes. Data analysis yielded over 400 codes from the focus groups and key informant interviews. These codes were then grouped into themes and then further divided into three major topics: Barriers to Use, Resource, and Other. These data were subsequently used to create a new tool to help consumers choose an appropriate multivitamin. The aim of this resource is not to convince individuals that they need a supplement, but rather to provide information to help them choose an appropriate supplement once they have already decided to take one. This study will help to enhance the quality of information available regarding supplement selection through the use of an innovative online tool which is user friendly and meets the consumers’ needs. A newly created resource based on the expressed needs, ideas, and beliefs of community members and health care professionals will serve to help to fill a void in currently available information. This provides individuals with a resource to educate themselves to select an appropriate multivitamin.

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4 pp. / Originally published: 2004

The US hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) industry has been negatively impacted by infectious diseases because there are very few approved drugs and vaccines. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to explore the potential use of various dietary supplements including autolyzed brewers yeast, the commercial prebiotic GroBiotic®, oligonucleotides and levamisole for improvement of hybrid striped bass growth, immunity and resistance to disease caused by various pathogenic bacteria. In two trials with brewers yeast, fish fed diets supplemented with yeast at 2% generally showed enhanced weight gain and feed efficiency compared with those fed a basal diet. Brewers yeast also positively influenced resistance to S. iniae infection. In addition, results of immune response assays demonstrated that brewers yeast can be administered for relatively long periods without causing immunosuppression. GroBiotic® (Grobiotic) also resulted in significantly enhanced weight gain, innate immune responses and resistance of juvenile hybrid striped bass to S. iniae infection. An additional experiment with sub-adult fish showed significantly reduced mortality of fish fed a diet supplemented with GroBiotic® at 2% when subjected to an in-situ Mycobacterium marinum challenge. This is the first report of positive effects from dietary prebiotics for fish health management, although many fundamental questions should be pursued further. Dietary supplementation of a commercial oligonucleotide product (Ascogen P®) at 0.5% of the diet was shown to enhance resistance of hybrid striped bass against S. iniae infection and increased their neutrophil oxidative radical production. However, the effect on growth was marginal. Dietary levamisole supplementation at a low level (100 mg/kg) enhanced the growth and feed efficiency of juvenile hybrid striped bass. However, an elevated dosage (1000 mg/kg diet) strongly suppressed growth, feed intake and feed efficiency. Hypothesized beneficial influences, including antibody production and resistance to S. iniae and A. hydrophila were not substantiated. Although dietary levamisole increased fish macrophage respiratory burst, an in vitro study failed to show a direct effect on cultured macrophages. This suite of studies demonstrated the potential use of some dietary supplements to enhance hybrid striped bass production. Thus, immunonutrition represents a valuable strategy to apply in aquaculture.

abstract: ABSTRACT Asthma is a high-stress, chronic medical condition; 1 in 12 adults in the United States combat the bronchoconstriction from asthma. However, there are very few strong studies indicating any alternative therapy for asthmatics, particularly following a cold incidence. Vitamin C has been proven to be effective for other high-stress populations, but the asthmatic population has not yet been trialed. This study examined the effectiveness of vitamin C supplementation during the cold season on cold incidence and asthmatic symptoms. Asthmatics, otherwise-healthy, who were non-smokers and non-athletes between the ages of 18 and 55 with low plasma vitamin C concentrations were separated by anthropometrics and vitamin C status into two groups: either vitamin C (500 mg vitamin C capsule consumed twice per day) or control (placebo capsule consumed twice per day). Subjects were instructed to complete the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 and a short asthma symptoms questionnaire daily along with a shortened vitamin C Food Frequency Questionnaire and physical activity questionnaire weekly for eight weeks. Blood samples were drawn at Week 0 (baseline), Week 4, and Week 8. Compliance was monitored through a calendar check sheet. The vitamin C levels of both groups increased from Week 0 to Week 4, but decreased in the vitamin C group at Week 8. The vitamin C group had a 19% decrease in plasma histamine while the control group had a 53% increase in plasma histamine at the end of the trial, but this was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Total symptoms recorded from WURSS-21 were 129.3±120.7 for the vitamin C and 271.0±293.9, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.724). Total asthma symptoms also slightly varied between the groups, but again was not statistically significant (p=0.154). These results were hindered by the low number of subjects recruited. Continued research in this study approach is necessary to definitively reject or accept the potential role of vitamin C in asthma and cold care. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2015

Class of 2015 Abstract / Objectives: To evaluate evidence – based research on acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), huperzine – A, and vinpocetine, the active ingredients found in Procera AVH for the treatment of memory loss and to investigate the named “authorities” or other professionals named in advertisements to determine if they are credible, reliable and unbiased sources of information for the treatment of memory enhancement. Methods: A systemic literature review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was performed, based on predefined search criteria, using the words “memory” and “cognition” with the active ingredients of Procera AVH. The studies evaluated needed to meet certain inclusion criteria in order to be included. Results: Study selection criteria included RCTs conducted on male or female participants of all ethnicities, who were at least 18 years of age. The PubMed search on each of Procera's active ingredients, ALC, vinpocetine and huperzine-A, using the search terms and criteria described, yielded a total of 21 RCTs, but only one of which met all the inclusion criteria. The one study that met the inclusion criteria reported on the effect of ALC on cognition in patients with severe hepatic encephalopathy. Phone calls to KeyView Labs, Inc., the company that sells the product, were unsuccessful in obtaining the information sought. The company representatives stated that they did not have CVs or any other professional biographical information on the developers and promoters of Procera AVH. Conclusions: A search of the scientific literature yielded no evidence that Procera AVH, or any of its individual components listed as being the active ingredients, were effective in improving cognitive or memory function in healthy subjects. No data were found to either support or deny the credibility of those professionals or so-called authorities promoting Procera AVH.

Newly received or weaned calves are highly susceptible to the incidence of bovine respiratory disease. In addition to high levels of stress, decreased feed intake and exposure to foreign antigens result in increased morbidity and possibly death losses. Four backgrounding trials were conducted to examine the effects of protein and energy supplements to stressed calves consuming different forages. Body weights, rectal temperatures and blood samples were taken on d 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42. Supplements consisted of corn or mixtures of corn and soybean meal. In trial 1, 48 heifers (average BW = 219 kg) fed fescue hay in drylot, were allotted to four treatments: no supplement, 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW), 15% CP supplement (1.0% BW) and 30% CP supplement (0.5% BW). Supplemented heifers had higher (P<0.05) ADG than unsupplemented heifers by 42 d. Heifers fed the 30% CP supplement had higher (P<0.05) plasma urea-N by d 42. In trial 2 (pasture study 1), 36 steers (average BW = 217 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue and were allotted to three treatments: no supplement, a 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW), and a 15% CP supplement (1.0% BW). After wk 1, ADG was lower (P<0.05) for supplemented calves. At the end of the trial, steers supplemented at 0.5% BW had higher (P<0.05) ADG than steers supplemented at 1.0% BW. Glutathione peroxidase levels were lower (P<0.05) for supplemented steers on d 28. For trial 3 (pasture study 2), 48 steers (average BW = 202 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue and were allotted to three treatments: no supplement, corn (1% BW), and 15% CP supplement (1% BW). After wk 1, ADG was higher (P<0.05) for steers supplemented with corn. Steers supplemented with 15% CP supplement had the lowest (P<0.05) ADG after 7 d. At d 42, supplemented steers gained faster (P<0.05) than unsupplemented steers. For trial 4 (pasture study 3), 48 steers (average BW = 202 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue or fescue-alfalfa and were allotted to two treatments: no supplement and a 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW). During wk 1, steers grazing fescue had higher (P<0.05) ADG than steers grazing fescue-alfalfa. During wk 1, supplemented steers had a higher (P<0.05) morbidity scores. At d 42, ADG was higher (P<0.05) for supplemented steers. No consistent differences were detected in forage and blood serum mineral concentrations in all trials. Glutathione peroxidase activity increased (P<0.05) for all trials on d 14, regardless of supplementation. Supplementation improved ADG by d 42 but did not affect overall health status of calves in all trials. / Master of Science