Resistance exercise training (RET) is a well-known stimulus for muscle protein synthesis. Protein supplementation, in conjunction with RET, has been shown to yield greater accretion of lean body mass than RET alone. Few studies have compared two multi-ingredient, isonitrogenous supplements of differing quality protein. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether there was an augmented effect of a high-quality whey protein multi-ingredient nutritional supplement on hypertrophy in young adults following a RET program. We hypothesized that the multi-ingredient supplement would induce hypertrophy to a greater extent than the control supplement in young adults. Twenty-six (13 male, 13 female) healthy young adults (22 ± 2 years [mean ± SD]) were randomly assigned to either the multi-ingredient nutritional supplement (SUPP, n=12: 20g whey protein, 2g leucine, 2.5g creatine monohydrate, 300mg calcium citrate, 1000IU vitamin D) or control beverage (CON, n=12: 20g collagen protein, 1.4g alanine, 0.6g glycine) groups, ingesting their respective supplements twice daily. Measurements were obtained prior to and after a 10-week linear RET program. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), ultrasound, one-rep maximum (1RM), and biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were performed. A 2-way ANOVA (time by supplement) revealed significantly larger increases in lean body mass (LBM), as assessed via DXA, from the active supplement compared to the control (SUPP: +4.1 ± 1.3kg CON: +2.8 ± 1.7kg, p=0.004). We conclude that the consumption of a multi-ingredient nutritional supplement increased lean body mass to a greater extent than to that observed in the CON group in healthy young adults. / Thesis / Master of Science in Kinesiology / Resistance exercise training (RET) is known to augment muscle size, a process known as hypertrophy. Several factors may affect hypertrophy, such as supplementation with protein and amino acids, increasing an individual’s potential to maximize muscle hypertrophy beyond RET-induced gains. However, little is known regarding the effectiveness of multi-ingredient supplements and the synergistic effects they may exhibit on hypertrophy and strength gains. The present thesis shows the effect of a specific multi-ingredient supplement that contained: whey protein, creatine, calcium, vitamin D, and leucine, compared to a low-quality collagen-based supplement, on measures of hypertrophy and strength in young adults. Interestingly, the active supplement (SUPP) induced greater gains in lean body mass (LBM), type II muscle fibre CSA, and bicep CSA and thickness compared to the control (CON), but not strength. These findings provide insight into a novel formulation of ingredients on exercise-induced increases in hypertrophy in young adults.

Newly received or weaned calves are highly susceptible to the incidence of bovine respiratory disease. In addition to high levels of stress, decreased feed intake and exposure to foreign antigens result in increased morbidity and possibly death losses. Four backgrounding trials were conducted to examine the effects of protein and energy supplements to stressed calves consuming different forages. Body weights, rectal temperatures and blood samples were taken on d 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42. Supplements consisted of corn or mixtures of corn and soybean meal. In trial 1, 48 heifers (average BW = 219 kg) fed fescue hay in drylot, were allotted to four treatments: no supplement, 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW), 15% CP supplement (1.0% BW) and 30% CP supplement (0.5% BW). Supplemented heifers had higher (P<0.05) ADG than unsupplemented heifers by 42 d. Heifers fed the 30% CP supplement had higher (P<0.05) plasma urea-N by d 42. In trial 2 (pasture study 1), 36 steers (average BW = 217 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue and were allotted to three treatments: no supplement, a 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW), and a 15% CP supplement (1.0% BW). After wk 1, ADG was lower (P<0.05) for supplemented calves. At the end of the trial, steers supplemented at 0.5% BW had higher (P<0.05) ADG than steers supplemented at 1.0% BW. Glutathione peroxidase levels were lower (P<0.05) for supplemented steers on d 28. For trial 3 (pasture study 2), 48 steers (average BW = 202 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue and were allotted to three treatments: no supplement, corn (1% BW), and 15% CP supplement (1% BW). After wk 1, ADG was higher (P<0.05) for steers supplemented with corn. Steers supplemented with 15% CP supplement had the lowest (P<0.05) ADG after 7 d. At d 42, supplemented steers gained faster (P<0.05) than unsupplemented steers. For trial 4 (pasture study 3), 48 steers (average BW = 202 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue or fescue-alfalfa and were allotted to two treatments: no supplement and a 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW). During wk 1, steers grazing fescue had higher (P<0.05) ADG than steers grazing fescue-alfalfa. During wk 1, supplemented steers had a higher (P<0.05) morbidity scores. At d 42, ADG was higher (P<0.05) for supplemented steers. No consistent differences were detected in forage and blood serum mineral concentrations in all trials. Glutathione peroxidase activity increased (P<0.05) for all trials on d 14, regardless of supplementation. Supplementation improved ADG by d 42 but did not affect overall health status of calves in all trials. / Master of Science

Circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites are associated with risk for a variety of diseases, including colorectal cancer. It is not known what level of circulating 25(OH)D is optimal for health; however, over-the-counter (OTC) vitamin D supplements are commonly used to improve status, though their effectiveness is unknown. It is also not known if polymorphic variation in genes associated with the vitamin D endocrine system is associated with differences in vitamin D metabolite levels or colorectal neoplasia.METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial examined the effect of 400 IU OTC cholecalciferol on circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D. Associations between polymorphic variation in VDR, RXRA, GC, and CASR and circulating vitamin D metabolites or colorectal neoplasia were examined through analysis of the Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) and Wheat Bran Fiber (WBF) clinical trial data. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tagging approach was employed and a total of 42 VDR, 32 RXRA, 35 CASR and 25 GC tagSNPs were analyzed.RESULTS: The net change in serum 25(OH)D in the supplement versus placebo group was 2.3 ng/ml (8.5% change, P = 0.06). Principal components analyses revealed gene-level associations between RXRA and serum 1,25(OH)2D concentrations (p = 0.01) as well as GC and 25(OH)D concentrations (p < 0.01). Seven individual GC polymorphisms were significantly associated with circulating measures of 25(OH)D in addition to CASR polymorphism rs1042636 and proximal colorectal neoplasia (p-value =0.02), following a multiple comparisons adjustment. The CART analysis identified rs17467825 as predictive of continuous measures of 25(OH)D. GC polymorphisms rs1555563, rs7041, and rs222029 were identified as significantly predictive of the 25 ng/ml threshold for insufficiency.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that daily 400 IU OTC cholecalciferol is sufficient to maintain baseline concentrations of 25(OH)D in healthy adults, but not to significantly increase levels in all individuals. The results also identified polymorphisms in RXRA, GC, and CASR associated with or that predict vitamin D metabolite levels or colorectal neoplasia risk. The results justify further investigation on the optimal vitamin D supplementation dose for the general population and genetic variation that may be related to circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites or colorectal neoplasia.

The Reporting of Supplement Use by Dental Patients on Their Medical History Questionnaire Objectives: The goals of the study were three fold. Estimate the prevalence of supplement use by dental patients. Determine if the design of a medical history form influences the prevalence of supplement use reported. Determine whether or not patients are aware of supplement side effects and interactions with medications. Methods: Patients were randomly allocated to either a standard medical history form or the same form with additional questions about supplement use. After completing the initial forms, a survey containing questions about supplements was filled out by both groups. For investigating differences between groups, logistic regression and analysis of variance were used depending on the type of outcome variable. Results: Two hundred and nine patients participated in the study. The mean number of supplements reported by patients was influenced by the type of health history questionnaire given to the patient. Specifically asking about supplements versus not asking at all resulted in nearly double the number of supplements reported by the patient (mean of 1.53 when asked, 0.76 when not asked, p< 0.0001). Patient age and income were related to number of supplements used per patient. The two oldest age categories (50–65 and >65) reported a mean number of supplements used of 2.82 and 2.72, respectively versus the youngest age group (<30 years old) which reported a mean of 1.05 (p<0.05). The highest income level (>$75,000 per year) reported the lowest number of supplements per patient of 0.56 versus the other income levels (p<0.02), which reported mean supplemental use ranging from 2.28 to 2.71. Additionally, the majority of the subjects (69 %) were not aware of the side effects and interactions of supplements with medications. Conclusion: Patients tend not to report supplement use on the medical history questionnaire unless they are directly asked and the majority of patients are not aware of interactions with medications. Patient income and age have an effect on the frequency of supplement use.

The study was initiated to examine magnesium intake, supplementation and their relation to inflammation. Magnesium is the second most abundant extracellular ion following potassium. Outside the cell, magnesium can be found in bone tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, other tissues and in the blood. Magnesium form compounds which operate in several essential metabolic processes in the body. Magnesium deficiency may have an impact on insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, which may result in an increased level of inflammation. Increased inflammation over a longer period has been seen to increase the risk of common lifestyle induced diseases such as diabetes type II and coronary heart diseases. The study of magnesium and its influence on inflammation is thereby becoming important and interesting for all societies and in their effort to find solutions to maintain and increase the well-being of its individuals. The study is a literature study based on searches made in One Search and Pub Med databases. A total of ten studies were included, five for magnesium intake and five for supplementation. The majority of the studies showed a significant correlation between increased magnesium intake, dietary and supplementary, with decreased levels of inflammatory biomarkers and hints that magnesium might have a role in the inflammation process. What needs to be taken into account is that fiber intake in two studies attenuated magnesium’s inverse relation to inflammation. In addition of a decrease in inflammatory biomarker levels the risk for developing diabetes type II seemed to decrease as well with an increased intake of magnesium in one of the studies. Further studies need to be executed in order to establish the role of magnesium in inflammation and optimal dosage for prevention of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. / Studien undersöker magnesiumintag och supplementering med magnesium samt dess inverkan på inflammation. Magnesium är den vanligast förekommande jonen intracellulärt efter kalium.  Extracellulärt magnesium förekommer i benvävnad, hjärtmuskelvävnad och i blodet. Magnesium bildar ämnen som medverkar i flera viktiga metabola processer i kroppen. Magnesiumbrist kan ha en inverkan på insulin resistans och endotel dysfunktion som följaktligen skulle kunna resultera i en ökad nivå av inflammation. Ökad inflammation under en längre tid har visat sig öka risken för vanliga livsstilssjukdomar som diabetes typ II och hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Forskning om magnesium och dess effekt på inflammation blir därmed viktig och intressant för samhällen i deras strävan att hitta lösningar till att bibehålla och öka välmåendet hos populationen. Studien är en litteraturstudie och är grundad på sökningar via databaserna One Search och Pub Med. Totalt tio studier inkluderades i arbetet, fem som undersökte magnesiumintag och inflammation samt fem som undersökte supplementering av magnesium och inflammation. Majoriteten av studierna visade på en signifikant korrelation mellan ett ökat magnesiumintag, via kosten och kosttillskott, och minskade nivåer av biomarkörer för inflammation. Det antyder att magnesium kan ha en roll i inflammationsprocessen. I de två studier som mätte fiberintaget var relationen mellan magnesiumintag och inflammation försvagad. Utöver en minskning av biomarkörer för inflammation sågs en minskad risk för att utveckla diabetes typ II vid ett ökat magnesiumintag i en av studierna. Fler studier krävs för att fastställa magnesiums betydelse vid inflammation samt den optimala doseringen för prevention av metabola och kardiovaskulära sjukdomar.

The transition period for dairy cows is defined as the three weeks pre and postpartum. During the transition period, dairy cows experience a myriad of metabolic, managerial, and nutritional requirement changes. These changes lead to stress and increased susceptibility to diseases which can negatively affect lactational performance in the short and long term. However, dietary amino acid availability can have a dramatic impact on the health and performance of dairy cows around parturition. Thus, the objective of the thesis was to evaluate the effects of supplementing yeast-derived microbial protein, as an alternative protein source for dairy cows during the transition period. This was accomplished by using visual observations and precision dairy monitoring technologies to record disease, feeding behavior, and performance of dairy cows from 21 days prepartum to 150 days postpartum. Yeast-derived microbial protein was found to decrease dry matter intake but not negatively affect milk production or health of the animals. Yeast-derived microbial protein may be used as an alternative protein source for transition dairy cows as it did not negatively affect milk production or health of the animals.

No description available.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Objective: To evaluate the effect of exercise (EXE) alone or exercise combined with dietary supplements (EXE-SUPPL) on body composition and physical performance in subjects 60 years and older with sarcopenic obesity. Methods: A systematic review was carried out of studies identified through five search engines up to April 15, 2018. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating EXE or EXE-SUPPL in elderly individuals with sarcopenic obesity for at least six weeks. Primary outcomes were percentage of body fat mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and hand grip strength. Random effects meta-analyses with the inverse variance method were used to evaluate the effects of interventions on outcomes. Effects were expressed as mean differences (MD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane tool. Results: Nine papers reporting seven RCTs (with a total of 558 participants) were included in the review. EXE alone and EXE-SUPPL increased grip strength (MD 1.30 kg; 95% CI 0.58–2.01), gait speed (MD 0.05 m/s; 95% CI 0.03–0.07) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (MD 0.40 kg; 95% CI 0.18–0.63). EXE alone and EXE-SUPPL reduced waist circumference (MD −1,40 cm; 95% CI −1.99 to −0.81), total fat mass (MD −1,77 kg; 95% CI −2.49 to −1.04), and trunk fat mass (MD −0.82 kg; 95% CI −1.22 to −0.42). Conclusion: EXE alone and EXE-SUPPL improved muscle-related outcomes and reduced fat-related outcomes in subjects with sarcopenic obesity. There is a need for better-designed RCTs with systematic assessment of both different exercise regimes and dietary supplements in sarcopenic obese subjects. / Revisión por pares

Lutein is a principal constituent of the human macular pigment. This study is composed of two projects. The first studies the conformational geometries of lutein and its potential adaptability in biological systems. The second is a study of the response of human subjects to lutein supplements. Using semi-empirical parametric method 3 (PM3) and density functional theory with the B3LYP/6-31G* basis set, the relative energies of s-cis conformers of lutein were determined. All 512 s-cis conformers were calculated with PM3. A smaller, representative group was also studied using density functional theory. PM3 results were correlated systematically to B3LYP values and this enables the results to be calibrated. The relative energies of the conformers range from 1-30 kcal/mole, and many are dynamically accessible at normal temperatures. Four commercial formulations containing lutein were studied. The serum and macular pigment (MP) responses of human subjects to these lutein supplements with doses of 9 or 20 mg/day were measured, relative to a placebo, over a six month period. In each instance, lutein levels in serum increased and correlated with MP increases. The results demonstrate that responses are significantly dependent upon formulation and that components other than lutein have an important influence serum response.

Over the past 100 years, there has been significant progress in limiting the development of iodine deficiency disorders globally. The recognition that congenital cretinism can be eradicated through early iodine supplementation along with the implementation of salt iodination in many countries has substantially decreased the prevalence of severe iodine deficiency. Yet, there are still populations that are mildly iodine deficient, likely due to lack of mandated iodine supplementation programs. While some countries are qualified as iodine sufficient based upon the general population’s median urinary iodine concentration, the sub-population of pregnant women may be mildly to moderately iodine deficient. Thyroid hormone demand increases during gestation to support fetal thyroid function and neurodevelopment. Pregnant women require increased iodine intake during pregnancy to account for this increased demand and to make up for increased renal iodide losses. The American and European Thyroid Associations both recommend that pregnant women in mild to moderately deficient populations take a daily 150mcg iodine supplement while planning a pregnancy, pregnant, and lactating. Studies into the impact of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy on long-term neurocognitive outcomes of offspring have shown varied results. Some have found that iodine sufficiency or supplementation in pregnancy is associated with higher intelligence quotient scores in offspring. Others have found no significant effect of iodine sufficiency and iodine supplementation on developmental outcomes. This proposal is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study evaluating the effect of iodine supplementation in pregnancy on long-term neurocognitive outcomes of offspring. The study will be implemented in the mildly iodine deficient population of Southern England. Results from this study will contribute to and likely expand upon the current body of literature. They will also bolster current recommendations for iodine supplementation in pregnancy. In addition, this study may have important public health consequences including discussions around mandatory salt iodization in mild to moderately deficient populations.