Esta dissertação enfoca as contradições e conflitos da convivência dos Tukano de Pari- Cachoeira (Brasil) e Tuyuka de Trinidad (Colômbia) e a construção da autodeterminação indígena na fronteira Brasil-Colômbia, pois, mesmo depois da demarcação da Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro em 1998, ficaram entrecortados pela fronteira. Este fato ameaça as relações de diversos matizes entre esses dois grandes povoados, a saber, prejudicam as relações de parentesco e circulação. Pari-Cachoeira é uma comunidade habitada pelo povo Tukano, do subgrupo Pãsi Põã, localizada no alto rio Tiquié, Uaupés, Brasil. Trinidad é habitada pelo povo Tuyuka, alto Tiquié, na Gran Resguardo Indígena Del Vaupés, Departamento Del Vaupés, Colômbia. No cenário da política indígena do rio Negro, Pari-Cachoeira se destaca por ser o lugar onde se originou o Movimento Indígena do rio Negro, no início da década de 70, que culminou na fundação da Federação das Organizações Indígenas do rio Negro (FOIRN), em 1987. E, Trinidad se destaca por estar situada em uma zona de conflito entre Governo colombiano e as Forças Armada Revolucionária da Colômbia (FARC), que ameaça a circulação e a autonomia indígena em território colombiano. A dissertação está constituída por quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo apresenta o contexto histórico dos indígenas do alto rio Negro e o movimento indígena na atualidade. Conjugo informações bibliográficas acadêmicas e as fontes orais dos sujeitos sociais da pesquisa. No segundo capítulo apresentamos uma abordagem teórica dos conceitos selecionados para a pesquisa, baseados em autores da geografia e ciências afins que estudam os povos e comunidades indígenas, soberania e autodeterminação, fronteira e circulação e o paradoxo da política: poder e liberdade, que também constitui o ser indígena. No terceiro capítulo enfatizamos as relações de convivência entre indígenas e não-indígenas e principalmente de Pari-Cachoeira e Trinidad , no qual destacamos os aspectos positivos e negativos da presença de missionários, militares e ONGs. No quarto capitulo apresentamos a fronteira viva, a importância e os desafios das relações de convivência entre indígenas de Pari-Cachoeira e Trinidad, que fortalecem a construção da autodeterminação indígena na faixa de fronteira, onde circulam constantemente para pescar, caçar, trabalhar nas roças, visitar seus parentes, participar de eventos culturais, políticos e esportivos. A análise de convivência e construção da autodeterminação desses povos na faixa de fronteira, tem o objetivo de chamar atenção da política externa brasileira e colombiana, para a necessidade de criar normas de convivência e mobilidade na fronteira entre os dois países em acordo com as lideranças locais , garantindo, então, a segurança desses povos para que se sintam livres e vivam de acordo com seus princípios e tradições sem perder a nacionalidade de ambos os países. A dissertação demonstra que a construção de autodeterminação indígena não significa a luta por um Estado independente, mas constitui a lógica de liberdade de gerir seus próprios interesses, de sustentabilidade das comunidades indígenas e de convivência familiar presente no relacionamento familiar entre os grupos; e que a presença indígena na Amazônia e na fronteira representa uma importância geopolítica para o Brasil e Colômbia. / This work focuses the contradictions and conflicts of the coexistence of Tukano de Pari Cachoeira (Brazil) and Tuyuka of Trinidad (Colombia) and construction of the selfdetermination indigenous in the border Brazil-Colombia, that even with the demarcation of the Indigenous Land Alto Rio Negro in 1998, they were interrupted by the border. This fact threatens the relationships of several shades among those two great towns, to know, the relationship relationships and circulation are harmed. Pari Cachoeira is an inhabited community for the people Tukano, of the subgroup Pãsi Põã, located in the Alto Rio Tiquié, Uaupés, Brazil. Trinidad is inhabited by the people Tuyuka, Alto Tiquié, in Gran Resguardo Indígena Del Vaupés, Department Del Vaupés, Colombia. In the scenery of the indigenous politics of the Rio Negro, Pari Cachoeira stands out for being the place where arose the Indigenous Movement of the Rio Negro, in the beginning of the decade of 70, that it culminated in the foundation of the Federation of the Indigenous Organizations of the Rio Negro (FOIRN), in 1987; and Trinidad stands out for being placed in a conflict area among Colombian Government and the Armed forces Revolutionary of Colombia (FARC), that threatens the circulation and the autonomy indigenous in Colombian territory. The work is constituted of four chapters. The first chapter presents the natives\' of the Alto Rio Negro historical context and the indigenous movement today. I conjugate bibliographical information of the academy and orals of the subject of the research. In the second chapter we turned a theoretical approach of the concepts selected for the research, based on authors of the geography and sciences that study the people and indigenous communities, sovereignty and self-determination, border and circulation and the paradox of the politics: to can and freedom, that also constitutes being indigenous. In the third chapter we emphasized the coexistence relationships among natives and no-indigenous. and mainly of Pari Cachoeira and Trinidad., in which detached the positive and negative aspects of the missionaries\' presence, military and ONGs. In the room I surrender presented the \"alive border\", the importance and the challenges of the coexistence relationships among natives of Pari Cachoeira and Trinidad, that strengthen the construction of the indigenous self-determination in the border strip, where they constantly circulate to fish, to hunt, to work at the countries, to visit their relatives, to participate in events cultural, political and sporting. With the coexistence analysis and construction of the self-determination of those people in the border strip, the objective is to call attention of the Brazilian and Colombian foreign policy, for the need to create coexistence norms and mobility in the border among the two countries In agreement with the local leaderships guaranteeing, then, the safety of those people so that if they feel free and live in agreement with their beginnings and traditions without losing the nationality of both countries. The study demonstrates that the construction of indigenous self-determination doesn\'t mean the fight for an independent State, but it constitutes the logic of freedom of managing their own interests, of the indigenous communities\' sustainability and of present family coexistence in the family relationship among the groups; and that the indigenous presence in the Amazonian and border represents an importance geopolitics for Brazil and Colombia.

The objective of this study is to investigate the technique of the PWS (Post-Weld-Shift) measurement in cylindrical-type laser diode module packaging processes. Including measure the shift in focus plane and the run-out between the axis of laser diode and optical fiber. The objective of this technique is to quantify the PWS in packaging processes. This technique can improve the efficient of the laser hammering technique. The measurement technique developed in this study employs a laser displacement meter (Keyence LC-2430) to measure the profile and position the upper housing of laser diode module. Using the concepts of ellipse and symmetric figure, the Ellipse Fitting Method (EFM) and the Symmetric Center Method (SCM) are developed. A simulation program is coded for discussing the relationship between the measurement error and the roundness of the optical fiber housing. Finally, these measuring technique are applied on the laser diode module packaging system (Newport-LW4000) to measure the PWS. The experimental measuring data of PWS is 3.5£gm, which is reasonable in compare to the estimate alignment offset (2.9£gm to 5.9£gm) by the coupling efficiency method. Therefore it is believed that the technique developed in this study is feasible and practical.

Esta dissertação enfoca as contradições e conflitos da convivência dos Tukano de Pari- Cachoeira (Brasil) e Tuyuka de Trinidad (Colômbia) e a construção da autodeterminação indígena na fronteira Brasil-Colômbia, pois, mesmo depois da demarcação da Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro em 1998, ficaram entrecortados pela fronteira. Este fato ameaça as relações de diversos matizes entre esses dois grandes povoados, a saber, prejudicam as relações de parentesco e circulação. Pari-Cachoeira é uma comunidade habitada pelo povo Tukano, do subgrupo Pãsi Põã, localizada no alto rio Tiquié, Uaupés, Brasil. Trinidad é habitada pelo povo Tuyuka, alto Tiquié, na Gran Resguardo Indígena Del Vaupés, Departamento Del Vaupés, Colômbia. No cenário da política indígena do rio Negro, Pari-Cachoeira se destaca por ser o lugar onde se originou o Movimento Indígena do rio Negro, no início da década de 70, que culminou na fundação da Federação das Organizações Indígenas do rio Negro (FOIRN), em 1987. E, Trinidad se destaca por estar situada em uma zona de conflito entre Governo colombiano e as Forças Armada Revolucionária da Colômbia (FARC), que ameaça a circulação e a autonomia indígena em território colombiano. A dissertação está constituída por quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo apresenta o contexto histórico dos indígenas do alto rio Negro e o movimento indígena na atualidade. Conjugo informações bibliográficas acadêmicas e as fontes orais dos sujeitos sociais da pesquisa. No segundo capítulo apresentamos uma abordagem teórica dos conceitos selecionados para a pesquisa, baseados em autores da geografia e ciências afins que estudam os povos e comunidades indígenas, soberania e autodeterminação, fronteira e circulação e o paradoxo da política: poder e liberdade, que também constitui o ser indígena. No terceiro capítulo enfatizamos as relações de convivência entre indígenas e não-indígenas e principalmente de Pari-Cachoeira e Trinidad , no qual destacamos os aspectos positivos e negativos da presença de missionários, militares e ONGs. No quarto capitulo apresentamos a fronteira viva, a importância e os desafios das relações de convivência entre indígenas de Pari-Cachoeira e Trinidad, que fortalecem a construção da autodeterminação indígena na faixa de fronteira, onde circulam constantemente para pescar, caçar, trabalhar nas roças, visitar seus parentes, participar de eventos culturais, políticos e esportivos. A análise de convivência e construção da autodeterminação desses povos na faixa de fronteira, tem o objetivo de chamar atenção da política externa brasileira e colombiana, para a necessidade de criar normas de convivência e mobilidade na fronteira entre os dois países em acordo com as lideranças locais , garantindo, então, a segurança desses povos para que se sintam livres e vivam de acordo com seus princípios e tradições sem perder a nacionalidade de ambos os países. A dissertação demonstra que a construção de autodeterminação indígena não significa a luta por um Estado independente, mas constitui a lógica de liberdade de gerir seus próprios interesses, de sustentabilidade das comunidades indígenas e de convivência familiar presente no relacionamento familiar entre os grupos; e que a presença indígena na Amazônia e na fronteira representa uma importância geopolítica para o Brasil e Colômbia. / This work focuses the contradictions and conflicts of the coexistence of Tukano de Pari Cachoeira (Brazil) and Tuyuka of Trinidad (Colombia) and construction of the selfdetermination indigenous in the border Brazil-Colombia, that even with the demarcation of the Indigenous Land Alto Rio Negro in 1998, they were interrupted by the border. This fact threatens the relationships of several shades among those two great towns, to know, the relationship relationships and circulation are harmed. Pari Cachoeira is an inhabited community for the people Tukano, of the subgroup Pãsi Põã, located in the Alto Rio Tiquié, Uaupés, Brazil. Trinidad is inhabited by the people Tuyuka, Alto Tiquié, in Gran Resguardo Indígena Del Vaupés, Department Del Vaupés, Colombia. In the scenery of the indigenous politics of the Rio Negro, Pari Cachoeira stands out for being the place where arose the Indigenous Movement of the Rio Negro, in the beginning of the decade of 70, that it culminated in the foundation of the Federation of the Indigenous Organizations of the Rio Negro (FOIRN), in 1987; and Trinidad stands out for being placed in a conflict area among Colombian Government and the Armed forces Revolutionary of Colombia (FARC), that threatens the circulation and the autonomy indigenous in Colombian territory. The work is constituted of four chapters. The first chapter presents the natives\' of the Alto Rio Negro historical context and the indigenous movement today. I conjugate bibliographical information of the academy and orals of the subject of the research. In the second chapter we turned a theoretical approach of the concepts selected for the research, based on authors of the geography and sciences that study the people and indigenous communities, sovereignty and self-determination, border and circulation and the paradox of the politics: to can and freedom, that also constitutes being indigenous. In the third chapter we emphasized the coexistence relationships among natives and no-indigenous. and mainly of Pari Cachoeira and Trinidad., in which detached the positive and negative aspects of the missionaries\' presence, military and ONGs. In the room I surrender presented the \"alive border\", the importance and the challenges of the coexistence relationships among natives of Pari Cachoeira and Trinidad, that strengthen the construction of the indigenous self-determination in the border strip, where they constantly circulate to fish, to hunt, to work at the countries, to visit their relatives, to participate in events cultural, political and sporting. With the coexistence analysis and construction of the self-determination of those people in the border strip, the objective is to call attention of the Brazilian and Colombian foreign policy, for the need to create coexistence norms and mobility in the border among the two countries In agreement with the local leaderships guaranteeing, then, the safety of those people so that if they feel free and live in agreement with their beginnings and traditions without losing the nationality of both countries. The study demonstrates that the construction of indigenous self-determination doesn\'t mean the fight for an independent State, but it constitutes the logic of freedom of managing their own interests, of the indigenous communities\' sustainability and of present family coexistence in the family relationship among the groups; and that the indigenous presence in the Amazonian and border represents an importance geopolitics for Brazil and Colombia.

A cost-effective 25 Gb/s directly-modulated transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) packaging solutions by transistor outline (TO)-Can materials and processes were proposed and demonstrated. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a high bandwidth TO-Can header for high-speed laser module, to verify a method, to propose a three-version of 25 Gb/s TO-Can laser module packaging, and to analyze in the frequency-domain and time-domain, and to experimentally demonstrate a 25 Gb/s TOSA. Usually, the transmission bandwidth of a conventional TO-Can laser module is limited below 10 GHz. To overcome this limitation and figure out the solution, firstly, the geometric structure of a conventional TO-56 header was analyzed by using transmission line models and electrical characteristics of the TO-56 header through a three-dimensional electromagnetism full-wave simulation software. The simulated results were in good agreement with the measured results and verify the applicability. Furthermore, we found that the 3-dB bandwidth of a conventional TO-56 header was limited at 16.7GHz. In this study, the first version of TO-Can header V1 was proposed to overcome the problem of the discontinuous impedance. By applying the TO-Can header V1, a TO-Can laser module package was proposed. The electrical characteristics parameters of the TO-Can header V1 were extracted and combined with small-signal equivalent circuit models of laser diode to simulate the electrical characteristics of the entire TO-Can laser module by the circuit simulation tool. Since bent inside feed-leads and two-step coaxial feed-through holes of the TO-Can header V1 were difficult to achieve in our laboratory equipments, the second version of TO-Can header V2 was proposed and verified experimentally. A 25 Gb/s TO-Can laser module with a matching resistor by adopting the TO-Can header V2 was proposed. The simulated results of this solution by considering with bonding-wires showed that the transmission bandwidth and eye diagram could achieve requirements of 25 Gb/s transmissions. Finally, the third version of 25 Gb/s TO-Can laser module adopted the TO-Can header V2 and an AlN submount of L-shaped microstrip line was proposed, fabricated, and measured. A DFB LD chip with a 3-dB bandwidth of 21.2 GHz was modeled and used in the simulation and the fabrication. Due to the parasitic effect induced by bonding-wires and die-bonding structure, the variation of high frequency performance of the laser module was simulated comprehensively. By referring to the proposed structure, a TOSA was fabricated by a conventional TO-Can and TOSA fabrication equipments and processes. The measured 3-dB bandwidth of the TOSA was 18.7 GHz. A clear eye diagrams of 25 Gb/s and BER testing for BTB and SMF transmission were obtained. This cost-effective solution of the TOSA is compatible with existing automatic TO-Can process lines and can be fabricated massively. Therefore, the results of this study of proposed TOSA can be applied in the next generation networks of 100GBASE-LR4, OTU4, and 32GFC. The presented simulation and verified technique may provide sufficient estimation and step-by-step analysis to assist the high-speed and high-density optical communication applications and various product developments in the future.