Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-84).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Duquesne University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-90).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1992. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

The tobacco trade formed the basis of the Chesapeake economy during the Eighteenth Century. Tobacco was shipped to Britain during the -colonial period, in accordance with the Navigation Acts, and then sold in European markets. The French market increased rapidly during the first half of the century, and the Glasgow tobacco companies took the lead in supplying the French monopoly administered by the Farmers General. The Scots gained the advantage over other British merchants by setting up networks of stores to facilitate the collection of tobacco and the sale of goods, and by devising an extensive credit system to cater for the needs of the smaller planters in the Piedmont. The Scottish merchants were in fierce competition with each other, and with English merchants. This competition ensured that the planters were not, to any significant degree, exploited by the merchants. In many cases, the planters were able to combine in order to extract very favourable prices and credit facilities. The Scots were a closely-knit community, and although many left the Glasgow companies to become independent traders they were seen as outsiders. Radical propagandists encouraged this feeling in order to arouse anti-British sentiment. The allegations levelled against the Scots, however, were largely groundless. When war broke out a large proportion of the Scots left the Chesapeake, and the assets of the Glasgow companies were seized. Nevertheless, the Scots set up a system of agents in New York and the West Indies, both to supply the rebelling colonies with goods in exchange for tobacco wherever this was practicable, and to have channels available for a speedy return to the Chesapeake whenever peace was declared. After the war significant numbers of Scots returned to the Chesapeake, in order to collect debts and to trade in goods and tobacco. Many planters returned to their pre-war Scots companies, and trade once again fell into the colonial pattern. Britain dominated the carrying trade, the only major difference being that it was now not necessary to call at a British port before proceeding to Europe, other than to collect orders. The readiness of planters to return to the old pattern of trade suggests that it was advantageous to the Americans, and not a mere product of the Navigation Acts. The Scots were not successful in using trade after the war as a means of recovering debt; and with the outbreak of war in Europe, most companies closed their stores and relied on the assistance of the British government to recovery debts. Yet many of the Scots factors remained in the Chesapeake, and continued to trade and benefit the area.

This thesis is an account of the response of the cigarette manufacturers to threats to their interests arising from the smoking and health issue. The purpose of the paper is to provide a case study of a Canadian interest group, and specifically, of a Canadian business group. The tobacco industry offers advantages as a subject because of the availability of published material on numerous facets of the smoking and health controversy, including a year of legislative hearings. As a case study, the paper is essentially descriptive rather than theoretical. It is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the characteristics and strategic position of the industry, including the nature of the forces in opposition. The second chapter describes the government institutions concerned with the smoking and health issue and the access of the industry to these institutions. The third chapter describes the evolution of governmental policy and evaluates the effectiveness of the pressures, direct and indirect, brought to bear by the industry. The concluding chapter places the pattern of interaction between the industry and the government in a comparative perspective and suggests a categorization of the Canadian experience. It is hoped by this approach, rather than a chronological description, to describe with some thoroughness the forms of pressure or influence exerted by the industry on the policy-makers concerned with the issue in question. Three conclusions derive from the account. First, the main focus of activity was at the departmental level, though the Commons played a substantial role. Second, the industry operated from a position of strength by virtue of its economic position and the dependence of other groups on its welfare. Pressures from this position were a major force in preventing abrupt governmental interference with its commercial activities, despite the seriousness of the health issue. Third, the success and setbacks of the American tobacco industry influenced the course of events in Canada. It is suggested that these conclusions may have some general application to Canadian interest group theory, though their main reference is to the case study conducted. The study draws heavily on the hearings of the Standing Committee on Health, Welfare and Social Affairs, publications of the Department of National Health and Welfare, publications of the industry, and Hansard. Officials in Ottawa provided information on a number of developments. Reports in the Globe and Mail and the Financial Post also proved valuable. Where appropriate, reference is made to studies of other Canadian interest groups and observations from interest group theory in general. The structure of the paper is to be a large extent inspired by the introductory chapter in Harry Eckstein's Pressure Group Politics, which emphasizes the manifold nature of pressure and the variety of factors determining its form and direction. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African tobacco industry forms an integral part of the South African economy and has developed over the years to an industry that contributed a lot to the wealth of this country. This is evident from the industries' contribution to exports,job creation, state income, the upliftment of people, advertising, sponsorship, and the representation of capital investment in South Africa as a developing country. With the 1994 elections democracy as well as a new government was established in South Africa. Prior to this event, tobacco control was just a fantasy. The Apartheid government prior to 1994 was too involved and dependant on the tobacco industry that it avoids doing anything that may influence state income or the lost of job opportunities. In developed countries like the USA, Canada and Australia, anti-tobacco activities to reduce smoking existed a long time already and had a major influence on the different countries' tobacco industries. This anti-tobacco activities are the result of health studies published during the 1960's to show the correlation between smoking and health care. The main driving force behind these anti-tobacco activities are international anti-tobacco organisations, the World Health Organisation and the World Bank. The Wold Health Organisation and the World Bank have put a lot of pressure on the South African government to introduce restrictive measures to reduce tobacco consumption, which raised the question of what impact it will have on the tobacco industry of South Africa. This study attempts to analyse the impact of restrictive measurements on the South African tobacco industry and it's strategy. This study starts off with investigating the development of the opposition against smoking by focussing on case studies of the USA, Canada and Australia. The impact of tobacco control on the different countries tobacco consumption is analysed, which is followed by an investigation into the income of the different countries tobacco companies and their strategies that they followed to be still successful. The development of anti-smoking in South Africa and the effect of tobacco control on the tobacco industry has been analysed by focussing on agricultural, the advertising industry, the hospitality industry and the manufacturing sector. The conclusion has been reached that the effect of governments maintaining of its tobacco control policy has resulted in a considerable decline in tobacco consumption in South Africa. This made tobacco companies realise that, in order to survive, it is important to either join forces. Some industries were severally affected by the enforcement of the new tobacco laws, especially in the field of income and job opportunities. Tobacco farmers were less affected, but it does not imply that they have stop farming. Job opportunity in the manufacturing sector has improved, but its future trends will be determined by the effectiveness of tobacco control on the reduction of tobacco consumption. The researcher's recommendation is that, there must be a closer co-operation between the government and the tobacco industry of South Africa. The tobacco industries have to focus more on the immerging markets abroad. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse tabakindustrie is integraal 'n deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie en het oor die jare ontwikkel tot 'n industrie wat baie tot welvaart van hierdie land bygedra het. Dit word weerspieël in die industrie se aandeel in uitvoere, werkverskaffing, staatsinkomste, ophef van mense, reklame, borgskappe en verteenwoordiging van kapitaalbeleggings in Suid-Afrika as ontwikkelende land. Met die 1994-verkiesing is demokrasie tesame met 'n nuwe regering in Suid-Afrika gevestig. Tot voor hierdie gebeurtenis was tabakbeheer net 'n verbeeldingsvlug. Die Apartheidsregering van voor 1994 was te betrokke by en afhanklik van die tabakindustrie dat dit enigiets wou doen wat moontlik staatsinkomste kon beinvloed of wat tot die verlies aan werksgeleenthede kon lei. In ontwikkelde lande soos die VSA, Kanada en Australië is anti-rookaktiwiteite en maatreëls om rook te beperk, allankreeds 'n bekende verskynsel wattaamlike invloed op die verskillende lande se tabakindustrieë het. Hierdie anti-rookaktiwiteite is die gevolg van gepubliseerde gesondheidstudies wat gedurende die sestigerjare oor die korrelasie tussen rook en gesondheidsorg gedoen is. Die hoof dryfvere van hierdie maatreëls is internasionale anti-tabakgroepe, die Wêreld Gesondheid Organisasie en die Wêreldbank. Die Wêreld Gesondheid Organisasie en die Wêreldbank het druk op die Suid- Afrikaanse regering geplaas om beperkende wetgewing ter verlaging van tabakverbruik in te voer, wat die vraag laat ontstaan het, in welke mate die Suid- Afrikaanse tabakindustrie daardeur geraak sou word. Hierdie studie poog om die impak van beperkende wetgewing op die Suid-Afrikaanse tabakindustrie en hul strategie te ontleed. Die studie neem aanvang deur eers ondersoek in te stel na die ontwikkeling van teenkanting teen rook deur op gevallestudies van die VSA, Kanada en Australië te fokus. Die impak van tabakbeheer op die verskillende lande se tabakverbruik is ontleed, waarna ondersoek in gestel is na die inkomste van die verskillende lande se tabakmaatskappye en die strategieë wat hulle gevolg het om nogtans suksesvol te wees. Die ontwikkeling van teenkanting in Suid-Afrika en die rol wat tabakbeheer op tabakverbruik en die tabakindustrie speel is ontleed deur op vier sektore, naamlik die landbou; die advertensiewese en borgskappe; die gasvryheidindustrie en die vervaardigingsektor te fokus. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat die Regering se volgehoue tabakbeheerbeleid 'n duidelike afname in die verbruik van tabakprodukte in Suid- Afrika tot gevolg het. Dit het tabakmaatskappye laat besef dat, ten einde te oorleef, dit belangrik is om eerder kragte saam te snoer. Sommige sektore is erg geraak deur die toepassing van die nuwe tabakmaatreëls, veral met betrekking tot werksgeleenthede en inkomste. Tabakboere is minder geraak, maar dit beteken nie hulle het noodwendig ophou boer nie. Werksgeleenthede in die vervaardigingsektor het verbeter, maar die toekomstige tendens op die terrein is afhanklik van die effektiwiteit van tabakbeheer op die vermindering van tabakverbruik. Die navorser beveel aan dat daar 'n nouer samewerking tussen die regering en die tabakindustrie moet wees en dat die tabakindustrie meer op die ontluikende buitelandsemarkte moet fokus.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Also available in print.

Plain packaging first appeared on the UK policy agenda in the Department of Health’s 2008 ‘Consultation on the Future of Tobacco Control’. Since then, plain (or standardised) packaging has been framed through the potential benefit to young people. Within the period of this thesis, plain packaging has been actively debated and draft plain packaging regulations were published in June 2014. An extended literature review of academic and practitioner marketing literature, internal tobacco company documents and public health packaging research, establishes that the research informing the policy debate, while consistent in its approach and findings, fails to recognise the strategic nature of pack design, the full extent of the influence that branded design can have on consumer responses, and the importance of product design as a marketing tool. This thesis attempts to address these gaps in the plain packaging evidence base. It explores if, and how, adolescents engage with different styles of packaging and product design, whether or not an association between tobacco packaging and adolescent smoking exists, and whether it is possible to observe cognitive, affective and behavioural responses to packaging. The study uses a sequential exploratory mixed methodology design with two stages of research. First, focus groups were conducted with 15 year olds (n=48) to explore adolescent responses to tobacco packaging and product design. The findings show that adolescents are most appreciative of ‘novelty’ pack designs. These ‘novelty’ packs, for instance with innovative structures or distinctive designs and colours, generated positive user imagery and influenced affective feelings among participants. Cigarettes with slim diameters, white tips and decorative designs increased appeal and communicated a weaker tasting and less harmful product. Conversely, a plain pack eliminated positive perceptions and feelings, and exposed tobacco as harmful, dirty and not for young people. The qualitative findings were used to develop measures and hypotheses which were tested in a quantitative survey. The second stage of research utilised a cross-sectional in-home survey (n=1373) with 11 to 16 year olds. Respondents were asked to rate three different pack styles - ‘novelty’, ‘regular’ and ‘plain’ - on 11 pack ratings items and four pack feelings items. The findings show adolescents hold ‘novelty’ packaging in higher regard than ‘regular’ packaging across pack ratings items. There were fewer differences between ‘novelty’ and ‘regular’ packaging for the pack feelings items. Plain packaging was consistently rated most negatively across all survey items. Logistic regressions, controlling for factors known to influence youth smoking, showed that susceptibility to smoke was associated with positive appraisal and also receptivity for ‘novelty’ packaging. There was no association with pack appraisal or receptivity for the plain pack. While susceptibility is not a direct behavioural response it is a reasonable predictor of future tobacco use. Collectively the findings show that ‘novelty’ packaging and product design holds greatest appeal for adolescents. Plain packaging limits the opportunity for tobacco companies to communicate with, mislead and influence consumers. Based upon the role of packaging for consumer goods in general, and tobacco in particular, plain packaging would effectively reduce the promotional role of packaging.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Marian L. Palley, Dept. of Political Science & International Relations. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.