Les producteurs de données ont publié des millions de faits RDF sur le Web en suivant les principes des données liées. N’importe qui peut récupérer des informations utiles en interrogeant les données liées avec des requêtes SPARQL. Ces requêtes sont utiles dans plusieurs domaines, comme la santé ou le journalisme des données. Cependant, il y a un compromis entre la performance des requêtes et la disponibilité des données lors de l’exécution des requêtes SPARQL. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions comment la collaboration des consommateurs de données ouvre de nouvelles opportunités concernant ce compromis. Plus précisément, comment la collaboration des consommateurs de données peut : améliorer les performances sans dégrader la disponibilité, ou améliorer la disponibilité sans dégrader les performances. Nous considérons que les données liées permettent à n’importe qui d’exécuter un médiateur compact qui peut interroger des sources de données sur le Web grâce à des requêtes SPARQL. L’idée principale est de connecter ces médiateurs ensemble pour construire une fédération de consommateurs de données liées. Dans cette fédération, chaque médiateur interagit avec un sous-ensemble du réseau. Grâce à cette fédération, nous avons construit : (i) un cache décentralisé hébergé par les médiateurs. Ce cache côté client permet de prendre en charge une part importante des sous-requêtes et d’améliorer la disponibilité des données avec un impact faible sur les performances. (ii) un algorithme de délégation qui permet aux médiateurs de déléguer leurs requêtes à d’autres médiateurs. Nous démontrons que la délégation permet d’exécuter un ensemble de requêtes plus rapidement quand les médiateurs collaborent. Cela améliore les performances sans dégrader la disponibilité des données. / Following the Linked Data principles, data providers have published billions of RDF facts on the web. Anyone can retrieve some relevant information from the Linked Data by executing SPARQL queries. Such queries are useful in many domains including health or data journalism. However, there is a trade-off between performances of the queries and data availability when executing SPARQL queries. In this thesis, we have investigated how the collaboration of data consumers is opening new opportunities in this trade-off. More precisely, how the collaboration of data consumers can improve performances without degrading availability, or can improve availability without degrading performances. We consider that Linked Data can allow anyone to run a compact mediator that executes SPARQL queries over data sources on the web. The main idea is to connect these mediators together to build a federation of Linked Data consumers. In this federation, each mediator interacts with a subset of the network. Thanks to this federation, we have built : (i) a decentralized cache hosted by mediators. This client-side cache is able to handle a significative part of subqueries and then improve data availability without a low impact on performances. (ii) a delegation algorithm that allows mediators to delegate their queries to other mediators. We have demonstrated that delegation allows to run the workloads faster when collaborating. This clearly improves performances without degrading data availability.

Sprouting endothelial cells (ECs) use soluble and insoluble cues to guide migration and expand the existing vascular network to meet changing trophic needs of the tissue during angiogenesis. A noninvasive and non-destructive nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) technique was used to optically image endothelial sprouting morphogenesis in three dimensional (3D) collagen matrices with simultaneously captured signals from collagen fibers and endothelial cells using second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF), respectively. Sprout advancement and lumen expansion companying with ECM alteration were the synergistic results of membrane-associated matrix metalloproteinase and cell traction evidenced by proteinase inhibition and Rho-associated kinase (p160ROCK) inhibition experiments. These physical EC-ECM interactions suggest that ECM mechanical properties may influence angiogenic responses. In a 3D angiogenesis model, we measure angiogenic responses as a function of collagen matrix stiffness by inducing collagen cross-linking with microbial transglutaminase (mTG). Collagen matrices stiffen with both mTG treatment and incubation time as evidenced with biaxial mechanical test results and collagen TPF intensity increases with mTG treatment and that the ratio of TPF/SHG correlates with biaxial tested mechanical stiffness. SHG and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) are further used to show that other physical properties of the matrix do not change with mTG treatment, thus providing the same density but different stiffness with which to measure angiogenic responses. Stiffer matrices promote angiogenesis with more invading sprouts that invade deeper. No differences in lumen size were observed between control and mTG stiffened 3D cultures, but there was evidence of greater matrix remodeling in stiffer gels using NLOM. Results of this study show angiogenic responses are enhanced with increasing stiffness and suggest that these properties may be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications to engineer angiogenesis.

In recent years, international literature and debate has acknowledged the fact that increasingly third party funders, partially or fully, finance a party’s arbitration costs. This essay examines whether a party whom is financed by a third party funder could be seen as having incurred costs and if so, to what extent these costs should be reimbursed by the losing party. This essay also examines if a third party funder in Sweden may be responsible for arbitration costs and if so, on what possible grounds. The essay analyzes the new dilemma of so-called ”hit and run”- arbitration and the relevant principles and interests of its discussion as a way to find a satisfying solution to the complex situation. By examining these matters, the essay uses a traditional dogmatic legal method in order to clarify applicable law and practice. The prevailing consensus amongst practitioners as well as academics, is that how a party chooses to finance its’ arbitral costs should not affect the tribunal’s allocation of costs. The mere existence of a third party funder does not automatically give rise to an exception from chapter 18 of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure. Instead, costs should be allocated based on the parties’ conduct of the arbitral proceedings. Article 8 in chapter 18 of the Swedish Code of Judicial Proceedings provides minimal guidance as to whether a party should be considered to have had costs when a third party funder has paid the costs. Instead, from international case law and doctrine its possible to draw the conclusion that a funder whom has a right to be reimbursed for its investment by the financed party is sufficient for the party to be considered to have had costs. However, the reimbursement for the investment to the funder is not a reimbursable cost for the financed party. In the situation that a funded impecunious party loses the arbitral proceedings, the financed party may have no economic possibility to reimburse the counter party. Neither are there explicit provisions that allows for an arbitral tribunal to issue a costs order against a third party funder since the funder is not a party to the arbitration. However, based on case law (NJA 2014 p 877), a third party funder could be responsible for a non funded counter party’s arbitral costs in a subsequent court proceeding (a claim for compensation from the funder). One of the circumstances needed in order for that subsequent responsibility to kick in is that the main purpose of financing the party must have been to avoid the Swedish Code of Judicial Proceedings’ provisions on allocation of costs. The English equivalent is often referred to as alter ego or veil piercing.