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No / The usefulness of technical analysis, or charting, has been questioned because it flies in the face of the ‘random walk’ and tests present conflicting results. We examine chartists’ decision-making techniques and derive a taxonomy of charting strategies based on investors’ market ontologies and calculative strategies. This distinguishes between trend-seekers and pattern-seekers, and trading as a system or an art. We argue that interpretative activity plays a more important role than previously thought and suggest that charting’s main appeal for users lies in its power as a heuristic device regardless of its effectiveness at generating returns.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a estrutura genética populacional e os efeitos do programa de melhoramento genético em um rebanho Nelore comercial, que visa a venda de reprodutores avaliados geneticamente. O banco de dados era composto pelos registros de produção de 417.552 animais, nascidos entre 1984 e 2007, e o de pedigree de 483.748 animais. Com o intuito de estudar a estrutura populacional, foram utilizados os softwares ENDOG v. 4.6 e POPREPORT para se calcular o coeficiente de endogamia (F), o coeficiente médio de parentesco individual (AR), numero efetivo de ancestrais e de fundadores, numero de ancestrais que contribuem com 50% da variabilidade genética da população e intervalo de gerações. O coeficiente de endogamia calculado para a população em estudo foi igual a 0,12% e o AR a 0,18%. Os números efetivos de ancestrais (fa) e de fundadores (fe) foram iguais a 64 e 147, respectivamente. Para a população estudada, 70 indivíduos explicam sua variabilidade genética. O intervalo de geração calculado para os quatro passos gaméticos pai-filho, pai-filha, mãe-filho, mãe-filha foram de 9,26, 7,30, 9,29 e 5,83 anos, respectivamente, quando se considera somente as progênies que se tornaram reprodutores no programa de melhoramento, e de 7,45, 7,40, 6,02, 5,93 anos, respectivamente, quando se considera todas as progênies nascidas. O progresso genético esperado para as características peso a desmama (PD), ganho de peso da desmama ao sobreano (GP345), perímetro escrotal (PE) e musculatura era de 1,10 kg/ano, 1,05 kg/ano, 0,28 cm/ano e 0,04 un/ano, respectivamente. Entretanto, o progresso genético observado para as mesmas características foram iguais a 0,51 kg/ano, 1,03 kg/ano, 0,11 cm/ano e 0,03 un/ano, respectivamente. / The objective of the present research was to analyze the population genetic structure and the effects of breeding program in a Nellore commercial herd, aimed at the sale of breeders genetically evaluated. The database was composed by production records by 417552 animals, born between 1984 and 2007, and the pedigree records by 483748. For describe the population structure, to ENDOG v. 4.6 and POPREPORT were used to calculate inbreeding coefficient (F), average relatedness coefficients (AR), effective number of ancestors and founders, number of ancestors that contribute with 50% of genetic variability of population and generation intervals. The inbreeding coefficient calculated to the population in study is 0.12% and AR is 0.18%. The effective number of ancestors (fa) and founders (fe) was 64 and 147, respectively. For the population in study, 70 individuals explain 50% of genetic variability. The generation\'s intervals for the four paths genetic, sire-son, siredaughter, dam-son, dam-daughter, was 9,26, 7,30, 9,29 e 5,83 years, respectively, when considered only progenies kept reproduction, and was 7,45, 7,40, 6,02, 5,93 years, respectively, when all born progenies are considered. The genetic progress waited to the characteristics weaning weight (WW), weight gain from weaning to 18 months (WG345), scrotal circumference (CE) and muscle were 1.10 kg.year-1, 1.05 kg.year-1, 0.28 cm.year-1 and 0.04 unit.year-1, respectively. However, the genetic progress observed to the same characteristics was 0.51 kg.year-1, 1.03 kg.year-1, 0.11 cm.year-1 and 0.03 unit.year-1, respectively.

<p>The aim of this thesis was to determine whether there has been a trend of increasing or decreasing water colour, absorbance, in Lake Mälaren during the last 35 years and whether it could be correlated with water discharge. The discharge was accounted for using regression analysis. The data material was analyzed for trends using a nonparametric test, the so-called seasonal Mann- Kendall test. The regression model could only account for a small (maximum of 24%) variation due to discharge. Thisindicates that discharge single-handedly can not explain the variation in absorbance. The trend analysis indicated a significant yearly increase in absorbance of 0.93% - 2.43% yr-¹ for three out of four investigated sub-basins, namely, Galten, Ekoln and Skarven. This strongly implies that there has been an increase of absorbance and a change in the amount of organic material in Lake Mälaren during the last 35 years.</p>

Stock market plays an important role in the modern capital market. As a result, the prediction of financial assets attracts people in different areas. Moreover, it is commonly accepted that stock price movement generally follows a major trend. As a result, forecasting the market trend becomes an important mission for a prediction method. Accordingly, we will predict the long term trend rather than the movement of near future or change in a trading day as the target of our predicting approach. Although there are various kinds of analyses for trend prediction, most of them use clear cuts or certain thresholds to classify the trends. Users (or investors) are not informed with the degrees of confidence associated with the recommendation or the trading signal. Therefore, in this research, we would like to study an approach that could offer the confidence of the trend analysis by providing the probabilities of each possible state given its historical data through Dynamic Bayesian Network. We will incorporate the well-known principles of Dow¡¦s Theory to better model the trend of stock movements. Through the results of our experiment, we may say that the financial performance of the proposed model is able to defeat the buy and hold trading strategy when the time scope covers the entire cycle of a trend. It also means that for the long term investors, our approach has high potential to win the excess return. At the same time, the trading frequency and correspondently trading costs can be reduced significantly.

The main aim of this thesis was describe and evaluate the price trend of milk and dairy products in selected countries of European Union during the period (2001 - 2010). In the first part of this thesis are theoretical knowledge from the sphere of price - pricing methods. The practical part describes the development of agriculture (average numbers of dairy cows, the average annual milk yield, average milk deliveries to dairies for processing...). Then is described the evolution of the farm price of milk and the price of industrial producer (butter and skim milk powder) in selected countries. Next is shown the influence of farm milk prices on the variability of butter and skim milk powder prices. There are also calculated elasticity.

The aim of this thesis was to determine whether there has been a trend of increasing or decreasing water colour, absorbance, in Lake Mälaren during the last 35 years and whether it could be correlated with water discharge. The discharge was accounted for using regression analysis. The data material was analyzed for trends using a nonparametric test, the so-called seasonal Mann- Kendall test. The regression model could only account for a small (maximum of 24%) variation due to discharge. Thisindicates that discharge single-handedly can not explain the variation in absorbance. The trend analysis indicated a significant yearly increase in absorbance of 0.93% - 2.43% yr-1 for three out of four investigated sub-basins, namely, Galten, Ekoln and Skarven. This strongly implies that there has been an increase of absorbance and a change in the amount of organic material in Lake Mälaren during the last 35 years.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a estrutura genética populacional e os efeitos do programa de melhoramento genético em um rebanho Nelore comercial, que visa a venda de reprodutores avaliados geneticamente. O banco de dados era composto pelos registros de produção de 417.552 animais, nascidos entre 1984 e 2007, e o de pedigree de 483.748 animais. Com o intuito de estudar a estrutura populacional, foram utilizados os softwares ENDOG v. 4.6 e POPREPORT para se calcular o coeficiente de endogamia (F), o coeficiente médio de parentesco individual (AR), numero efetivo de ancestrais e de fundadores, numero de ancestrais que contribuem com 50% da variabilidade genética da população e intervalo de gerações. O coeficiente de endogamia calculado para a população em estudo foi igual a 0,12% e o AR a 0,18%. Os números efetivos de ancestrais (fa) e de fundadores (fe) foram iguais a 64 e 147, respectivamente. Para a população estudada, 70 indivíduos explicam sua variabilidade genética. O intervalo de geração calculado para os quatro passos gaméticos pai-filho, pai-filha, mãe-filho, mãe-filha foram de 9,26, 7,30, 9,29 e 5,83 anos, respectivamente, quando se considera somente as progênies que se tornaram reprodutores no programa de melhoramento, e de 7,45, 7,40, 6,02, 5,93 anos, respectivamente, quando se considera todas as progênies nascidas. O progresso genético esperado para as características peso a desmama (PD), ganho de peso da desmama ao sobreano (GP345), perímetro escrotal (PE) e musculatura era de 1,10 kg/ano, 1,05 kg/ano, 0,28 cm/ano e 0,04 un/ano, respectivamente. Entretanto, o progresso genético observado para as mesmas características foram iguais a 0,51 kg/ano, 1,03 kg/ano, 0,11 cm/ano e 0,03 un/ano, respectivamente. / The objective of the present research was to analyze the population genetic structure and the effects of breeding program in a Nellore commercial herd, aimed at the sale of breeders genetically evaluated. The database was composed by production records by 417552 animals, born between 1984 and 2007, and the pedigree records by 483748. For describe the population structure, to ENDOG v. 4.6 and POPREPORT were used to calculate inbreeding coefficient (F), average relatedness coefficients (AR), effective number of ancestors and founders, number of ancestors that contribute with 50% of genetic variability of population and generation intervals. The inbreeding coefficient calculated to the population in study is 0.12% and AR is 0.18%. The effective number of ancestors (fa) and founders (fe) was 64 and 147, respectively. For the population in study, 70 individuals explain 50% of genetic variability. The generation\'s intervals for the four paths genetic, sire-son, siredaughter, dam-son, dam-daughter, was 9,26, 7,30, 9,29 e 5,83 years, respectively, when considered only progenies kept reproduction, and was 7,45, 7,40, 6,02, 5,93 years, respectively, when all born progenies are considered. The genetic progress waited to the characteristics weaning weight (WW), weight gain from weaning to 18 months (WG345), scrotal circumference (CE) and muscle were 1.10 kg.year-1, 1.05 kg.year-1, 0.28 cm.year-1 and 0.04 unit.year-1, respectively. However, the genetic progress observed to the same characteristics was 0.51 kg.year-1, 1.03 kg.year-1, 0.11 cm.year-1 and 0.03 unit.year-1, respectively.

Significant warming of Arctic and northern regions is ongoing and may greatly alter the carbon cycle of these regions. During the International Polar Year, an extensive study was carried out in the Eastern Canadian subarctic and Arctic in order to characterize CO2 and CH4 exchanges from these potentially sensitive ecosystems. The main objectives of this study were to identify the land cover and environmental factors leading to greatest CO2 and CH4 emissions in a highly heterogeneous subarctic landscape, to quantify interannual variability in the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) in subarctic forest tundra and investigate the weather conditions that increase net uptake of CO2, and finally, to evaluate the general trends of mid-summer NEE along a latitudinal gradient spanning from 55° to the 72° north. At the landscape level, CO2 and CH4 exchanges showed large variability. Although CH4 emissions were greatest in wetlands, their areal coverage is small in the Kuujuarapik area and limited the influence of these CH4 sources. At the ecosystem level, large-scale atmospheric processes controlled growing season length and cumulative growing degree days which greatly influenced annual and seasonal NEE trends. The subarctic forest tundra near Kuujuarapik was a net source of CO2 in all 3 study years but the source strength was least with the greatest growing degree days while the length of the snow-free period appeared to be less important. Across a latitudinal gradient covering subarctic forest tundra to Arctic tundra, variations in summer NEE could be linked to surface organic carbon content with higher net CO2 uptake at sites with greater soil organic carbon. Warmer days tended to correlate with smaller daily net CO2 uptake (or greater net CO2 losses) but overall, warmer growing seasons reduced the net losses of CO2 on an annual basis. Carbon fluxes in Eastern Canadian subarctic and Arctic regions are highly variable in space and time but these observations help establish a baseline for future examinations of how these carbon exchanges may change with further warming.

The non-profit sector in the Czech Republic has undergone a significant transformation over the last 120 years. This thesis describes the beginnings of the non-profit sector, its heyday in the First Republic period, as well as the period of decline during the Second World War. Equally, how the civil society developed in the 1970s, on which basis the non-profit sector is built today. The diploma thesis depicts the role of civil society within the non-profit sector, issues and difficulties of the non-profit sector in The Czech Republic and explains to the reader the typology and problems of terminology for the non-profit sector. The last segment of the theoretical part deals with the prospective trends in the non-profit sector, and then in an empirical survey, tries to determine whether we can observe the onset of these promising trends in the Czech Republic. The diploma thesis contains two types of research in this direction: quantitative and qualitative.