Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-12T13:15:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Emerson Barão Rodrigues Soldado.pdf: 1847336 bytes, checksum: 3359e905956b8dca118c628a500862ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T13:15:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emerson Barão Rodrigues Soldado.pdf: 1847336 bytes, checksum: 3359e905956b8dca118c628a500862ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), English naturalist well-known for his studies on natural selection, chose Amazon as his first long range expedition. Between the years of 1848 to 1852, he observed and described the fauna, flora, geology and human groups that inhabited the surroundings. In these studies, Wallace also thoroughly addressed the subject of animal distribution, including figuring out the range limits of the species and their relations to the physical environment. Nevertheless, the maturation of these ideas as well as others just as important to the naturalist work only happened during a future expedition to the Malay Archipelago. An expedition of great notoriety that has become an object of analysis of many studies in present days. The present dissertation, however, specifically addresses the origins of ideas, such as the range limit of species, which remain linked to Wallace's Amazonian journey / Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), naturalista inglês bem conhecido por seus estudos sobre a seleção natural, escolheria como lugar para sua primeira expedição de longo alcance a Amazônia. Assim, entre 1848 e1852, observou e descreveu a fauna, a flora, a geologia e os grupos humanos que ali habitavam. Nesses estudos, Wallace também abordaria, detalhadamente, a temática da distribuição dos animais, inclusive, apontando os limites de alcance das espécies e sua relação com o meio físico. Mesmo assim, a maturação tanto dessas ideias, quanto de outras importantes para a obra do naturalista, apenas teria ocorrido em sua futura expedição ao arquipélago Malaio. Uma expedição de grande notoriedade que se transformou em objeto de estudo de muitas pesquisas na atualidade. A presente dissertação, porém, visa especificamente às origens de ideias, como a do limite de alcance das espécies, que permanecem ligadas à viagem pela Amazônia feita por Wallace

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-01-22T11:33:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fátima de Oliveira Lima.pdf: 3795637 bytes, checksum: 4d28c73c7da690bab58bb7a4b9d532e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-22T11:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fátima de Oliveira Lima.pdf: 3795637 bytes, checksum: 4d28c73c7da690bab58bb7a4b9d532e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / The study aims to understand the meaning produced about the State of Piauí as a mark of a place and an integral part of the Brazilian nation. The State contrasts with others from the same region of the country, regarding economic indexes, quality of life and social welfare, although it has attractions that constitute potential natural and cultural assets of tourism exploration. It is hypothesized that, independent of its geopolitical, historical and cultural formation, the image of Piauí results from variants in the scope of communication, since many agents operate on the elements that construct their simulacrum of identity, leading, thus, to a negative perspective on the place. In this process, it is important to know how the state's action was promoted by the last two state governments, by the media focused on the dissemination of local attractions, both interested in promoting tourism. Taking as a basis the approach of communication in the field of brand formation, specifically the one that deals with place branding, by authors such as Kapferer, Kotler, Kavaratiz and Ashworth is intended to construct a critical vision of the strategies of building a brand of place (taken from the analysis of official IBGE data and other sociodemographic research institutes), which result in biases that are detrimental to a positive image of Piauí, or that reveals the erasures of attractive elements to the tourism and the people from Piauí. Among institutional and private discourses, the analysis proposes to understand which values are highlighted according to the interests of each group and how this shows an imbalance in the use of communication techniques to the detriment of inhabitants and the image of that State / O estudo objetiva compreender o significado produzido acerca do Estado do Piauí enquanto marca de um lugar e parte integrante da nação brasileira. O Estado contrasta com outros da mesma região do País quanto aos índices econômicos, de qualidade de vida e de bem-estar social, embora conte com atrativos que constituem ativos naturais e culturais potenciais de exploração turística. Parte-se da hipótese de que, independente de sua formação geopolítica, histórica e cultural, a imagem do Piauí resulta de variantes no âmbito da comunicação, pois muitos agentes operam sobre os elementos que constroem seu simulacro identitário, assim levando a uma perspectiva negativa sobre o local. Neste processo, importa saber como se deu a ação de divulgação do Estado pelos dois últimos governos estaduais e pela mídia, centrada na divulgação dos atrativos locais, ambos interessados no fomento do turismo. Tomando como fundamentação a abordagem da comunicação no campo da formação de marcas, especificamente aquela que trata de place branding, por autores como Kapferer, Kotler, Kavaratiz e Ashworth, pretende-se construir uma visão crítica das estratégias de construção de uma marca de lugar em contraponto à observação da realidade sociopolítica vivida naquele espaço (tomada da análise de dados oficiais do IBGE e demais institutos de pesquisa sociodemográfica) e que resultam em vieses prejudiciais a uma imagem positiva do Piauí, ou ainda que desvelem apagamentos de elementos atrativos ao turismo e aos piauienses. Entre discursos institucionais e privados, a análise propõe compreender quais valores são ressaltados de acordo com os interesses de cada grupo e como isso deixa ver um desequilíbrio no uso das técnicas de comunicação em prejuízo dos residentes e da imagem daquele Estado

O presente trabalho aborda o Problema de Coleta Domiciliar Urbana (PCDU) de resíduos sólidos, tratado no nível tático de planejamento, em que zonas de coleta são definidas para cada dia da semana e designadas aos veículos coletores, cuja frota deve ser dimensionada. O problema estudado é baseado em um caso real, o qual possui como particularidades: cada zona de coleta é formada por regiões adjacentes e será representada por um nó-semente; a demanda de cada zona deverá ser atendida dentro do período de uma semana, conforme múltiplos programas possíveis de coleta; em um turno de um dia de trabalho um veículo poderá realizar múltiplas viagens; e há uma garagem para a frota e uma estação de transbordo, a qual possibilita que o veículo seja esvaziado para realizar outras viagens. A literatura apresenta alguns métodos heurísticos para a resolução de variantes deste problema, sendo os métodos exatos utilizados somente na resolução de instâncias pequenas, dado que o problema de VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem) é classificado como NP-hard. A imposição de adjacência é uma característica particular, a qual é justificada pela possível melhoria na utilização dos veículos em posterior planejamento operacional. São propostos um modelo matemático e um método heurístico para resolver o problema, sobre os quais são realizados experimentos computacionais. O método heurístico é aplicado sobre um estudo de caso de um problema de escala real, sendo obtida solução heurística como resultado. / The present work addresses the Urban Household Solid Waste Problem (UHSWP) on a tactical planning level, wherein collection zones are assigned to every week daywork and collection vehicles, which fleet is to be sized. The studied problem is based on a real case, such peculiarities as: each collection zone is a set of adjacent areas and a seed node represents it; the demand each zone must attended within a week, according to the several possible collection schedule; on a work day shift a vehicle can be assigned to multiple trips; and there is a base depot for the fleet and a transfer station, where the vehicles are unloaded, restoring their load capacity for the next trips. Literature presents heuristic methods for the solving of its problem variants, in which exact methos are only applied to small instances, due to the VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem) NP-hard property. The adjacency imposition is a peculiar feature, which is justified by the potential improvement on vehicle usage considering a posterior operational planning. A mathematical model and a heuristic method are proposed for the problem solving and evaluated by computational experiments. A real scale problem case study is solved by the heuristic method and the results are presented.

With the recent adoption of the Next Generation Science Standards in Oregon, there is a great need for teachers to be trained to effectively implement the three dimensions of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) in their teaching. Time and location are the largest constraining factors that affect teacher participation in professional development trainings. To address this constraint, Tryon Creek State Park offered a NGSS professional development training opportunity for teachers that was integrated within a field trip that they took their students on. Before the field trip, teachers were introduced to the NGSS through a set of NGSS pre-field trip materials which informed them about the NGSS and how aspects of it would be integrated into their students' field trip. Teachers accompanied their students on a two-hour long field trip at Tryon Creek State Park where teachers observed nature guides model NGSS-aligned activities for the students. My research aimed to answer the following question: How will an informal science education program at Tryon Creek State Park affect K-2 teachers' awareness of the Next Generation Science Standards? Outcomes were measured through a pre/post retrospective survey and follow-up interviews. On the survey teachers reported little awareness of the three dimensions of the NGSS and very few of the teachers increased their understanding after the treatment. On the other hand, most had a high level of awareness and confidence in teaching factual information supporting the NGSS prior to treatment, resulting in a ceiling effect. Interviews suggested that few teachers read the materials sent in advance of the field trip, but teachers who did read the materials indicated increases in understanding of the NGSS. During the field trip several of the nature guides were effective in modeling science and engineering practices. These findings suggest that this method of professional development is promising, but needs further refinement.

Dans de nombreuses mégalopoles, la progression de la part modale du vélo, par ailleurs soutenue grâce à des politiques publiques, crée un intérêt grandissant pour la sécurité des cyclistes qui représente un véritable enjeu de santé publique. La plupart des études sur le sujet utilisent des données officielles issues des forces de police. Cependant ces données sous enregistrent les cyclistes et tout particulièrement les victimes d'accidents seuls. En France, une étude menée sur le Registre médical du Rhône, quasi exhaustif en termes de chutes et de collisions à vélo, a permis d'estimer qu'un cycliste a 8 fois plus de chances d'être victime d'un accident, par heure passée sur la route, qu'un automobiliste. Cette même étude identifie un sur-risque d'accident chez les femmes. Partant de ces constats, ce travail de thèse propose une image complète de l'accidentalité à vélo qui prend en compte les facteurs d'accidents identifiés dans la littérature et propose de comprendre comment le comportement du cycliste interagit avec eux. L'objectif de nos travaux est de décrire les configurations d'accident corporel pour proposer des actions en sécurité primaire ou secondaire. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête auprès de 3337 cyclistes accidentés en 2009-2011 et identifiés dans le Registre des victimes d'accidents de la circulation du Rhône. Sur la base d'un taux important de répondants, les analyses descriptives améliorent la connaissance en accidentalité cycliste, certains facteurs d'accidents étant scrutés pour la première fois par notre enquête. A la suite des différentes analyses, le rôle du sexe du cycliste dans l'accident est apparu incertain, justifiant une étude approfondie des accidents à vélo à travers le prisme du genre. Dans un ultime volet, nous proposons un ensemble de mesures et d'idées visant l'amélioration de la sécurité des déplacements cyclistes ainsi que des perspectives de recherche en accidentalité à vélo qui combleraient les lacunes du travail proposé / In many major cities, the growing modal share of cycling, mainly supported by public policies, raises the issue of cycling safety. Most of the existing work on this topic is based on police data. However, these data underreport cyclists, especially the victims of single accidents. In France, a recent study based on the Rhône road trauma registry, a medical database covering almost all cyclist falls or collisions, considers that a cyclist is 8 times more likely to be injured than a driver by hour spend on a road. The same review also reveals an increased risk of crash for women. Based on these observations, this thesis comes up with a full picture of cycling accidents, taking into account accident factors identified in the literature. The proposed work offers a better understanding on how the cyclist’s behavior interacts with them. It aims to describe accident configurations to propose preventive primary and secondary safety actions. To do so, we surveyed 3337 cyclists injured in 2009-2011 and identified in the Rhône Road Trauma Registry. Based on a significant response rate, descriptive analyses improve existing knowledge in cycling safety, some accident factors being examined for the first time in our survey. Following these analyses, gender roles were unclear, justifying an intensive investigation on cycling accidents through the prism of gender. In order to achieve this goal, we select the 44 accidents on utilitarian trips and built a logistical regression model to explain the likelihood that the victim is a woman. All factors being equal, when a injured cyclist had a load on his bike, did not know the route, fell ascending or descending a curbside, it is more likely that the victim is a woman. Conversely, the probability for the victim to be a men increases if the cyclist’s speed is one of the accident factors. These results are confirmed and illustrated analyzing textual data on accidents stories. The last part is dedicated to a proposal of a set of actions and ideas aiming at improving cycling safety. Some research perspectives are proposed to address the weaknesses of the thesis work

本論文首先闡述ＧＡＴＳ下視聽服務業之內容、特性及視聽服務業中常見之貿易障礙態樣，次則探討視聽服務業之爭議始末，繼而分析ＧＡＴＳ之規範內容與剖析會員之承諾情形，俾供主管機關參考。此外，本論文亦就同受ＷＴＯ監管及規範之ＴＲＩＰｓ中有關著作權之規定予以闡釋，並進一步與我國著作權法比較，以期使本研究周全。最後則檢視我國視聽服務業之相關法規中，有無與ＧＡＴＳ相悖之處，並提出建議，期為主管機關修法時之參考依據。

<p>The transportation cost of logs from forest to customers is a large part of the overall cost for the Swedish forestry industry. Finding good routes from harvesting points to saw and pulp mills is a complex task, where the total number of feasible routes is extremely high. In this thesis we present two methods for log truck scheduling. </p><p>The first is to, from a given set of routes, find the most valuable subset that fulfils the customers demand. We use a model that is similar to the set partitioning problem and a method that is referred to as a composite pricing coupled with Branch and Bound. The composite pricing based method prices the routes (columns) and chooses the most valuable ones that are then added to the LP relaxation. Once an LP optimum is found, the Branch and Bound method is used to find an integer optimum solution. We have tested this on a case of realistic size. </p><p>The second method is a tabu search heuristic. Here, the purpose is to create efficient and qualitative routes from a given number of trips (referred to as predefined trips). From a start solution tabu search systematically generates new solutions. This method was tested on a small problem and on a five times larger problem to study how the size of the problem affected the result. It was also tested and compared on two cases in which the backhauling possibilities (i.e. instead of traveling empty the truck picks up another load on the return trip) had and had not been studied. The composite pricing based method and the tabu search method proved to be very useful for this kind of scheduling.</p>

<p>Computer programs must give a technical effect that goes beyond"normal physical interaction"to be considered to belong to a technical field. The invention shall be be susceptible of industrial application, which means that it should be possible to reproduce or use in any other industrial way. The reqirement that the invention shall be new means that the technique must not be previously known because of patents, published articles, etc. That an invention shall be a contribution to the state of the art in a technical field means that the invention shall not be obvious to invent for a person skilled in the art. Patents do effect the innovation among the inventers, but in most industries most inventions would be invented independent if there was a patent system or not. Only in pharmaceuticals- and chemicals industries, the patent is of a great importance. Patents are probably of lesser importance for the computer industry than for those industries, even though the industry is of great importance for many other industries and therefor, the patent system can be of great importance for some computer-implemented inventions as well. There is a risque the the competition is negatively affected by the patent system, becuase of the monopoly it gives. I believe, though, that the gain of the patent system compensates for the risque of imperfections in the market. The free movement for goods, persons, services and capital will probably not be affected if the proposal of the directive about patentibility of computer-implemented invention will get passed.</p>

Computer programs must give a technical effect that goes beyond"normal physical interaction"to be considered to belong to a technical field. The invention shall be be susceptible of industrial application, which means that it should be possible to reproduce or use in any other industrial way. The reqirement that the invention shall be new means that the technique must not be previously known because of patents, published articles, etc. That an invention shall be a contribution to the state of the art in a technical field means that the invention shall not be obvious to invent for a person skilled in the art. Patents do effect the innovation among the inventers, but in most industries most inventions would be invented independent if there was a patent system or not. Only in pharmaceuticals- and chemicals industries, the patent is of a great importance. Patents are probably of lesser importance for the computer industry than for those industries, even though the industry is of great importance for many other industries and therefor, the patent system can be of great importance for some computer-implemented inventions as well. There is a risque the the competition is negatively affected by the patent system, becuase of the monopoly it gives. I believe, though, that the gain of the patent system compensates for the risque of imperfections in the market. The free movement for goods, persons, services and capital will probably not be affected if the proposal of the directive about patentibility of computer-implemented invention will get passed.

<p>This research work addresses the problem being faced by developing countries in the commercial exploitation of their traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) by third parties without giving due attribution to nor sharing benefits with the communities from which these TCEs originate. This problem stems from the inability of customary law systems which regulates life in such communities to adequately cater for the protection of these TCEs. The legal systems of the developing countries have also proven to be ineffective in the protection of TCEs from such misappropriation and unauthorized commercial exploitation. This mini-thesis examines how TCEs have been protected domestically through national legislation and internationally through treaties and proposes means by which they can be protected in a manner that would preserve them, while promoting the dissemination of those which can be shared without destroying their inherent nature. This mini-thesis thus explores avenues through which the protection of TCEs would contribute to economic and human development in developing countries.</p>