As discussões sobre as relações entre o Acordo TRIPS e a Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CDB) encontram-se na agenda internacional desde a realização da IV Conferência Ministerial da Organização Mundial do Comércio, ocorrida em novembro de 2001, em Doha no Catar. Apesar da considerável atenção que o tema tem recebido nos fóruns internacionais, o debate sobre o tratamento adequado da questão persiste sem solução. A presente tese apresenta uma abrangente análise das conexões que existem entre a proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a conservação da diversidade biológica. Além disso, a partir de uma análise de conceitos de propriedade intelectual como patentes, indicações geográficas, transferência de tecnologia e propriedade comunitária de conhecimentos tradicionais, destacam-se elementos necessários para o uso sustentável e conservação dos recursos biológicos. / The goal of establishing a positive relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity has been on the international agenda since the fourth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001. Despite a considerable amount of attention in the international forums, the debate about the appropriate parameter of this relationship persists without resolution. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the protection of intellectual property rights and the conservation of biological diversity. Furthermore, that upon analysis of concepts of intellectual property such as patents, geographical indications, technology transfer and communal property over traditional knowledge, issues are identified to support the conservation and sustainable use of the biological resources.

As discussões sobre as relações entre o Acordo TRIPS e a Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CDB) encontram-se na agenda internacional desde a realização da IV Conferência Ministerial da Organização Mundial do Comércio, ocorrida em novembro de 2001, em Doha no Catar. Apesar da considerável atenção que o tema tem recebido nos fóruns internacionais, o debate sobre o tratamento adequado da questão persiste sem solução. A presente tese apresenta uma abrangente análise das conexões que existem entre a proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a conservação da diversidade biológica. Além disso, a partir de uma análise de conceitos de propriedade intelectual como patentes, indicações geográficas, transferência de tecnologia e propriedade comunitária de conhecimentos tradicionais, destacam-se elementos necessários para o uso sustentável e conservação dos recursos biológicos. / The goal of establishing a positive relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity has been on the international agenda since the fourth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001. Despite a considerable amount of attention in the international forums, the debate about the appropriate parameter of this relationship persists without resolution. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the protection of intellectual property rights and the conservation of biological diversity. Furthermore, that upon analysis of concepts of intellectual property such as patents, geographical indications, technology transfer and communal property over traditional knowledge, issues are identified to support the conservation and sustainable use of the biological resources.

Palabras clave: Aplicación digital, Turismo, Indicadores turísticos, Viajes de negocios, Compras por internet para viajes locales. Keywords: Digital application, Tourism, Tourist indicators, Business trips, Internet shopping for local trips. / El presente trabajo de investigación realiza el análisis de la necesidad de los consumidores de paquetes turísticos de integrar bajo una sola plataforma o aplicación toda su experiencia de viaje, desde mostrar alternativas de destinos, restaurantes, y tours donde incluya todo el proceso de elección y compra final sin tener que usar otra aplicación o página web. Por otro lado, se propone una aplicación digital llamada TUMI (Tu Modo Inteligente de Viajar) que cubra esta necesidad basado en los requerimientos de los viajeros de la ciudad de Lima. Se realiza una breve descripción de la evolución de las aplicaciones en el tiempo, para luego incidir en la Idea y oportunidad del negocio; luego se describe el estado del arte y las aplicaciones con las que cuenta actualmente nuestro país para fines turísticos, se detallan algunas definiciones teóricas básicas y se muestra finalmente el propósito y se define la metodología para desarrollar el trabajo. Se realiza el análisis del mercado bajo el enfoque PESTEL y las cinco fuerzas de Porter, para luego cuantificar el volumen de mercado y segmentar el mismo basado en datos estadísticos de PROMPERU. Se muestran los resultados del sondeo de mercado basado en un cuestionario de 9 preguntas acerca de las necesidades de los viajeros al momento de realizar la compra y durante su experiencia de viaje. Se desarrolla el Plan de negocios basado en la metodología Business Model Canvas y finalmente se desarrolla el Análisis Financiero del negocio, se muestran los principales indicadores, los cuales presentan los siguientes valores: VAN=$104,390, TIR=38.63%. / The present work analyzes the requirements of tourists to integrate all their travel experience under a single platform or application, from showing alternatives destinations, restaurants, and tours that include the entire process of choose and end purchase without having to use another application or web page. In addition, we propose a digital application called TUMI (Your Smart Mode to travel) to covers these requirements based on the needs of travelers in the city of Lima. We development a brief description of the evolution of applications over time, to later influence the Idea and business opportunity; then the state of the art and the applications that our country currently has for tourist purposes are described, some basic theoretical definitions are detailed, and finally the purpose is shown and the methodology to carry out the work is defined. We analyze the market under two methodologies PESTEL analysis and Porter's five forces, to later quantify the market volume and segment it based on PROMPERU statistical data. We show the results of the market survey based on a 9-question questionnaire about travelers' needs at the time of purchase and during their travel experience. We develop the Business Plan based on the Business Model Canvas methodology and finally, we develop the Financial Analysis of the business, shows the main indicators NPV=$104,390, IRR=38.63%. / Trabajo de investigación

The accumulated importance of the patent law morality exclusion over the recent decades has been prompted by the increased protection sought for biotechnological inventions. This raises specific ethical concerns such as the respect for human dignity. The morality exclusion is regarded as an indispensable safeguard in the patent system of the 21st century, but its application and scope remains unclear, not least due to a division of competence between the European Union (EU), the European Patent Organisation and national Member States. In addition, the international Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) sets minimum standards for the operation of the morality exclusion. In this study the scope, interpretation and application of the morality exclusion in European and international patent law is described and analysed by applying the legal dogmatic method. The object of study is the European patent law morality exclusion in terms of Article 53(a) and Rule 28 of the European Patent Convention and Article 6 of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. A connected purpose of this study is to describe, problematize and analyse the compliance by the regional rules (EU, European Patent Organisation) with the international framework provided by Article 27.2 of the TRIPS Agreement. Although this study is not limited to specific technologies, the majority of issues raised are done so in relation to the morality exclusion concerning biotechnological inventions, which is reflected in this work. Furthermore, the theoretical framework is dependent on the functioning of the morality exclusion in the respective systems, both regional (EU, European Patent Organisation) and international (WTO). This approach necessitates a consideration of the characteristics of each legal system. This thesis uncovers the differences in the interpretation of the morality exclusion (both within as well as between the legal systems), which causes legal uncertainty in this particularly complex field where patent law and ethics interact. The effects of such variations on the scope and application of the morality exclusion are clarified and critically reviewed. According to the wording of the morality exclusion, the commercial exploitation of an invention with regard to morality or ordre public is a central prerequisite in the assessment of excluded subject matter. Consequently, the interpretation of this particular requirement is subject to critical review, since its implications are decisive for the scope of application of the morality exclusion. It is furthermore questioned whether the European morality exclusions are TRIPS-compliant, and the possible effects (and available remedies) of non-compliance for the EU legal order are analysed. This in turn involves issues of norm conflicts in international and EU law. The author presents a critical analysis, investigates the interaction between legal systems and suggests clarifications in order to attain the optimal functioning of the morality exclusion.

This museum thesis project will provide an overview of kindergarten through 12th-grade (K-12) educational programs at six non-collecting art institutions within the United States, contextualized within a selected historiography of art museum education. This project is designed to aid the Virginia Commonwealth University Institute for Contemporary Art (ICA). The ICA is a non-collecting institution that will be located on VCU’s Monroe Park campus. As the ICA staff sets out to articulate a vision and scope for its K-12 education programs, it will benefit from the information offered in this thesis project, especially given that there is no existing literature specifically about K-12 programs at non-collecting museums of contemporary art.

This diploma thesis is dedicated to teaching botany, and is focused namely on lessons concerning toxic plants. The first part deals with creating of worksheets for secondary school students for field trip into Botanic Garden of Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague. The second part compares effectiveness of classical lesson and the field trip. Students of the first grades from four secondary schools (grammar schools) were divided into two groups.The first group was taught by classic conventional teaching in classroom (control group) and the second group (experimental) was taken for the field trip to the Botanic Garden of Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague. The effectiveness of education was measured by means of a knowledge test before the lesson (pre-test) and after it (post-test). Level of knowledge increased in experimental groups and control groups, however, the difference between individual groups was not significant. Key words: toxic plants, botanical garden, field trips, worksheets, knowledge testing

The aim of the presented master thesis is to prepare, realise and evaluate an efficiency of the alternative method of biology (natural history) teaching at second grade of primary school via excursion into natural areas of the Třebíč region. Four field trips dealing with botanical, zoological, geological and ecological focuses were realised. The theoretical part of the thesis is characterised the Třebíč region focusing on several different natural aspects with an emphasis on an interesting natural sites in this region that are suitable for teaching. Specific teaching methods that are useful for field trips are included in this part of the thesis. The practical part described four field trips including methodical instructions for teachers. Other didactic materials and worksheets are added in the appendices. The empirical part contains questionnaires and didactic tests that are used to monitor specific attitudes of 120 pupils from primary schools to teaching of natural, field trips and worksheets. The questionnaire results definitely proved the following: a) the biology (natural history) classes are among the favourite subjects of the 2nd grade primary school, b) most pupils considered the field trips as interesting and informative, c) worksheets are useful but do not enjoy it. Results of the...

Student Number : 7909638 - MCom dissertation - School of Economics and Business Sciences - Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management / Healthcare, it can be argued, is a commodity that has a social constitution. The reason may be because healthcare is seen to have its foundation in socio-economic principles but has evolved through scientific study and business application into a profitable business. The delivery of healthcare in South Africa and in many parts of the world has come under immense scrutiny from policy-makers, high-volume purchasers, patient-consumers and the healthcare community. Arguments criticizing the high cost of healthcare delivery range from levelling the blame on one component (pharmaceuticals, medical fees, inadequate medical scheme cover to name a few examples) to a condemnation of the entire healthcare delivery system. The healthcare cost deliberation has also shifted to the centre stage in many public-policy debates and certainly caught the imagination of the public and journalists alike. It is an emotional debate. A review of related literature of the past fifty years (such as the Sainsbury Report (1967), the Kefauver Hearings (1963) and the Snyman Report (1962)), reveals that healthcare and the cost of healthcare delivery are some of the most frequently debated areas amongst the citizens and policy makers of both the developed and developing world. Pharmaceutical prices, more often than not, have been cast as the primary reason that the delivery cost of healthcare is so high. The methods used by pharmaceutical companies to promote their products – elaborate conventions, colourful brochures and generous amounts of free samples (certainly in previous years) to physicians may have contributed to this perception. Furthermore, the fact that the absolute cost of manufacturing a single capsule or tablet (including drugs that are no longer under patent) is a small fraction of the actual selling price also tends to raise the public ire. A greater understanding of pricing structures is necessary to appreciate this sector. The writer’s own experience in the area of healthcare that involves insurance for medical risks (medical schemes - the private healthcare funding system) suggests that it is crucial that pharmaceutical pricing structures be understood against this backdrop. Therefore the main reasons for undertaking this study are: i. to appreciate the pricing structures of pharmaceuticals to inform policy debates; ii. the current empirical evidence1 in the South African market has indicated that pharmaceuticals are unfairly priced and has prompted the Department of Health to introduce price regulations2. One goal of the research is to ascertain whether this is accurate; and iii. to obtain a broader knowledge base of the issue of pharmaceutical pricing practices in the South African healthcare market. It was with this approach that the area of pharmaceutical pricing and the topic was decided upon.

Esta tese examina o relatório produzido pelo professor primário Luiz Augusto dos Reis que, em 1891, partiu do Rio de Janeiro para a Europa com destino a Portugal, Espanha, França e Bélgica, a fim de verificar as condições da instrução pública nas regiões descritas como representantes do mundo civilizado. Na análise do relatório como fonte e como objeto, ressalto as condições de emergência dessas viagens, os aspectos gerais considerados pelo professor, o percurso e representações que construiu a respeito da escola e da cultura escolar estrangeira e brasileira, a partir do que observou, anotou e julgou no roteiro de visitas às escolas públicas. Tal exercício tornou possível construir uma espécie de mapeamento dessa viagem, importante tanto por apresentar os elementos da cultura escolar estrangeira e brasileira, que nos remeteram às questões envolvidas no processo de escolarização da população nos dois mundos, quanto para iluminar as ligações históricas, a fim de afirmar as aproximações e os afastamentos entre os usos dos modelos pedagógicas, com destaque para as mobílias escolares, os projetos educativos e os manuais pedagógicos em Portugal e no Brasil. Com o investimento, esta tese reforçou a ideia da circulação de modelos culturais no extenso movimento de modernização escolar e internacionalização, ocorridos nas últimas décadas do século XIX. / This thesis exams the report that Professor Luiz Augusto dos Reis produced during his trip started in 1891, from the Federal District to Europe, including Portugal, Spain, France, and Belgium. His objective was to investigate the situation of public education in regions described as civilized worlds. Upon the analysis of the report as a source and object, I highlight the precarious conditions of travels such as the one performed by the Professor, the general aspects considered by the Professor, the path and considerations that he built regarding school and school culture, both Brazilian and International, which he observed, analyzed and judged during his routine of visits to public schools. Such undertaking allowed me to build a sort of mapping of the trip, which is important not only for presenting the elements of the school culture in Brazil and abroad, which brings to surface questions related to the schooling process in the two worlds, but also for bringing light to historical connections, approximations and separations of the pedagogical models, particularly the school furnishings, the educational projects and the pedagogical manuals in Portugal and Brazil. With this investment, this thesis reinforced the idea of circulation of cultural models in the large movement of educational modernization and internalization, which took place in the last decades of the XIX century.

<p>For many years pharmaceutical patents and their impact on prices have been at the centre of the international debate over insufficient access to lifesaving HIV/AIDS medicines in developing countries. The conflict has largely revolved around the implementation of an intellectual property system in the developing world, subsequent the adaptation of the TRIPS Agreement, which has made a 20 year pharmaceutical patent protection mandatory for these countries and consequently contributed to high drug prices for patented medicines as well as limited the use of generic drugs.</p><p>Developing countries, where patents are already in place, have sought to reduce high drug prices by making use of compulsory licensing, a safeguarding practice allowing the production or importation of a generic medicine without the consent of the patent holder. Compulsory licences are allowed under the TRIPS Agreement, but disagreements about the conditions, under which compulsory licences are available for ‘essential medicines’, have restricted their use. A definition of the extent to which compulsory licensees can export generic drugs to developing countries unable to manufacture their own has been missing, but on 30 August 2003 the WTO announced that it had resolved this problem by lifting the TRIPS Agreement’s restrictions on exports and permitting exports of drugs produced under a compulsory license as an exception to a patent right. The main question is whether the compulsory licensing system as prescribed in the recent Decision is an ample means of improving access to patented AIDS medicines in the developing world.</p><p>By means of legal and economic reasoning this master thesis argues that the 30 August Decision on lifting TRIPS’ restrictions on exports of patented pharmaceuticals produced under compulsory licences provides complex and uncertain rules, rendering an unreliable employment of compulsory licensing. It is desirable that further recommendations are given on which generic producing companies should be awarded compulsory licences and also on which premises. In reality, the debate about compulsory licensing is part of a much wider structural problem in development policy. The solution to the inaccessibility problem requires a mix of courses of action with a functioning compulsory licensing system included. However, disagreements such as how necessary funding should be divided equitably between developed countries could protract the reaching of a pragmatic solution.</p>