Turbulent jet flows issuing from rectangular nozzles are used in many technological and practical applications. Understanding their development and mechanics is important to the design and performance improvement of these applications. Therefore, rectangular jets have been studied extensively over the past decades. Previous investigations have extensively studied the effects of various initial and boundary conditions such as nozzle type, nozzle aspect ratio, nozzle exit turbulence intensity, jet exit Reynolds number. Nozzle type (e.g. smooth contraction nozzle, channel, radially contoured nozzle) has been found to affect the development of these jets. While varying Reynolds number affects the mixing of the jet with its ambient either in the near field or in the far field. Nozzle aspect ratio is also an important boundary condition. It has been experimentally shown that aspect ratio influences the dimensionality of flow field, and hence entrainment between the jet and its ambient. Some of these investigations have used sidewalls (two parallel plates attached to the nozzle short sides) to improve the two-dimensionality of the flow fields, and/or endplate (a wall flush at the nozzle exit) to prevent mixing upstream of the nozzle. Despite this fact very few investigators have specifically considered the effect of endplate or sidewalls on jet development. In the present investigation, the effects of endplates and/or sidewalls on turbulent jets issuing from a rectangular of aspect ratio, AR= 15 have been studied. The mean streamwise and lateral velocity and turbulent characteristics of four different rectangular jets, namely, 1. jet with no endplate and no sidewalls, NENS, 2. jet with endplate and no endplate, WENS, 3. jet without endplate and with sidewalls, NEWS and 4. jet with endplate and with sidewalls, WEWS, have been measured, with x-sensor hot wire anemometry, up to an axial distance of 35 D under identical inlet conditions. Centreline measurements for the four configurations have been collected for three Reynolds number, ReD=10,000, 20,000 and 30,000. For ReD=20,000 measurements in the transverse direction were collected at 13 different downstream locations in the range of x= (0, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35) nozzle widths. The jet with no endplate and no sidewalls (NENS) and the jet with endplate and no sidewalls (WENS) produce nearly similar mean and turbulent velocity profiles indicating insignificant effect of the endplates on their development in the absence of the sidewalls. At Re=20,000, larger mean streamwise velocity values were observed at the edges of the jets (NEWS or WEWS) at distances from nozzle in the range of x/D=3-30 whereas the presence of the endplate has an insignificant effect. The presence or absence of sidewalls is also key factor determining the distributions of the lateral mean velocity component. The presence of sidewalls is associated with lower outward velocities within the edges of the jets and higher inward ones outside the edges. The absence of sidewalls makes the presence of the endplate insignificant and the lateral velocity attains outside the edges low negative values of almost the same level in both cases (NENS, WENS) The presence of an endplate has again some significance only when the sidewalls are present alleviating their effect. Absence of the endplate in jet with sidewalls, leads to lowest spread rate compared to the case with endplates (comparing jet with no endplate and with sidewalls, NEWS and jet with endplate and with sidewalls, WEWS). The presence of an endplate in the absence of sidewalls has again insignificant effect on the jet’s spread rate (comparing jet with no endplate and no sidewalls, NENS and jet with endplate and no sidewalls, WENS). The effects of endplates and/or sidewalls on the decay rates have been investigated for ReD=10,000, 20,000 and 30,000. The presence of the endplate in jets with no sidewalls has insignificant effect on decay rate as was observed for all Reynolds numbers. The presence of the endplate in jet with sidewalls, leads to higher decay rates for all Re tested compared to all cases. The decay rates of the jets with no sidewalls in the presence and absence of the endplate (NENS, WENS) seem to reach their asymptotic values at around ReD=20,000. But the jets with sidewalls have not reached an asymptotic behaviour even at the highest Re tested. The implementation of sidewalls has been found to lead to a decrease of the streamwise turbulent velocity, u′, at the exit shear layer. Current results indicate that the presence of an endplate has an insignificant effect and the estimates for the root mean square of the streamwise velocity fluctuation u′, at the exit shear layer can be grouped according to the absence or presence of sidewalls (3.8% of the mean centreline velocity for NENS and WENS, and 3.1% for NEWS and WEWS). For all turbulent terms, the presence of the endplate has an effect in the presence of sidewalls and the nondimensional streamwise turbulent velocity attains always higher values in its presence (comparing WEWS with NEWS). The profiles of the streamwise turbulent velocity, u′ profiles for the jet with no endplate and no sidewalls, (NENS) and the jet with endplate and no sidewalls, (WENS) are almost indistinguishable in the range x/D=15-35 but the profiles of the jet with no endplate and with sidewalls, (NESWS) and jet with endplate and with sidewalls, (WEWS) indicate a monotonic increase of the values in the central area of the jets. This indicates that the observed trends are mainly due to the presence of the sidewalls and presence or absence endplate has insignificant effect. / Οι επίπεδες τυρβώδεις δέσμες εκροής ανήκουν στην κατηγορία των απλών ροών που παρουσιάζουν μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον για τη ρευστομηχανική και για το λόγο αυτό αποτέλεσαν θέμα μελέτης και έρευνας εδώ και πολλά χρόνια με θεωρητικά, πειραματικά και υπολογιστικά εργαλεία. Οι αρχικές διερευνήσεις επικεντρώθηκαν στη μελέτη του μέσου και τυρβώδους πεδίου της ταχύτητας ή κάποιου παθητικού ρυπαντή προσπαθώντας να αναδείξουν κυρίως τα κοινά χαρακτηριστικά αυτοομοιότητας που αναπτύσσουν οι δέσμες εκροής κυρίως στο απομακρυσμένο πεδίο. Κατά τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες και με δεδομένη τη σημασία που έχουν οι τυρβώδεις ορθογωνικές δέσμες εκροής σε πολλές πρακτικές εφαρμογές (συστήματα καύσης, ψύξη επιφανειών, έλεγχος άντωσης, έλεγχος θορύβου κλπ) η έρευνα προσανατολίστηκε στην επίδραση των αρχικών και συνοριακών συνθηκών (γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά και διαμόρφωση του ακροφυσίου εκροής, αριθμό Reynolds, ένταση τύρβης στην έξοδο) στη διαμόρφωση του εγγύς και του μέσου πεδίου. Σε αρκετές από τις προηγούμενες διερευνήσεις έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί πλευρικά τοιχώματα (sidewalls) που επεκτείνουν τις στενές πλευρές του ακροφυσίου στη διεύθυνση της ροής ή/και τοίχωμα εκροής (endplate) με στόχο την επίτευξη διδιάστατης ροής. Η σημασία της παρουσίας αυτών των τοιχωμάτων, η οποία έχει μελετηθεί ελάχιστα στο παρελθόν, αποτελεί το στόχο διερεύνησης της παρούσας διατριβής. Η επίδραση των πλευρικών τοιχωμάτων και του τοιχώματος εκροής μελετήθηκαν πειραματικά με τη χρήση ενός ακροφυσίου ομαλής σύγκλισης με λόγο πλευρών 15 με τη χρήση διατάξεων που υλοποιούσαν τέσσερεις τύπους συνοριακών συνθηκών και συγκεκριμένα: 1. Ελεύθερη δέσμη εκροής χωρίς τοίχωμα εκροής - χωρίς πλευρικά τοιχώματα (No endplate - no sidewalls, NENS), 2. Δέσμη εκροής με τοίχωμα εκροής - χωρίς πλευρικά τοιχώματα (With endplate - no sidewalls, WENS), 3. Δέσμη εκροής χωρίς τοίχωμα εκροής - με πλευρικά τοιχώματα (No endplate - with sidewalls, NEWS), 4. Δέσμη εκροής με τοίχωμα εκροής - με πλευρικά τοιχώματα (With endplate - with sidewalls, WEWS). Η πειραματική διερεύνηση έγινε με την χρήση ανεμομετρίας θερμού σύρματος (Hot wire anemometry, HWA) με αισθητήρα τύπου Χ για τη μέτρηση της διαμήκους και της εγκάρσιας συνιστώσας της ταχύτητας. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις και για τις τέσσερεις διατάξεις επάνω στον άξονα εκροής για τρείς διαφορετικούς αριθμούς Reynolds, ReD = 10,000, 20,000 και 30,000 σε αποστάσεις μέχρι 35 πλάτη ακροφυσίου, D, από το σημείο εκροής. Για ReD = 20000 καταγράφηκαν επίσης οι εγκάρσιες κατανομές των δύο συνιστωσών της ταχύτητας σε δεκατρείς σταθμούς σε αποστάσεις από την έξοδο x/D = 0, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 και 35. Τα αποτελέσματα του μέσου όσο και του τυρβώδους πεδίου καταδεικνύουν ότι η παρουσία των πλευρικών τοιχωμάτων έχει σημαντική επίδραση στην ανάπτυξη του ροϊκού πεδίου. Αντίθετα η παρουσία του τοιχώματος εκροής διαφοροποιεί τα αποτελέσματα μόνο στην περίπτωση που υπάρχουν ήδη τα πλευρικά τοιχώματα.

This research extends the capabilities of Non-oscillatory Forward-in-Time (NFT) solvers operating on unstructured meshes to allow for accurate simulation of incompressible turbulent flows. This is achieved by the development of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) turbulent flow methodologies and the development of parallel option of the flow solver. The effective use of LES and DES requires a development of a subgrid-scale model. Several subgrid-scale models are implemented and studied, and their efficacy is assessed. The NFT solvers employed in this work are based on the Multidimensional Positive Definite Advection Transport Algorithm (MPDATA) that facilitates novel implicit Large Eddy Simulation (ILES) approach to treating turbulence. The flexibility and robustness of the new NFT MPDATA solver are studied and successfully validated using well established benchmarks and concentrate on a flow past a sphere. The flow statistics from the solutions are compared against the existing experimental and numerical data and fully confirm the validity of the approach. The parallel implementation of the flow solver is also documented and verified showing a substantial speedup of computations. The proposed method lays foundations for further studies and developments, especially for exploring the potential of MPDATA in the context of ILES and associated treatments of boundary conditions at solid boundaries.

Droplet growth processes in a cumulus cloud, beginning from its inception at sub-micron scale up to drizzle drop size of few hundred microns, in an average duration of about half hour, has been a topic of intense research. In particular role of turbulence in aiding droplet growth in clouds has been of immense interest. Motivated by this question, we have performed experiments in which turbulent natural convection coupled with phase change is set up inside a tall vertical insulated tube, by heating water located at tube bottom and circulating cold air at tube top. The resulting moist turbulent natural convection flow in the tube is expected to be axially homogeneous. Mixing of air masses of differing temperature and moisture content leads to condensation of water vapor into droplets, on aerosols available inside the tube. We there-fore have droplets in a turbulent flow, in which phase change is coupled to turbulence dynamics, just as in clouds. We obtain a linear mean-temperature pro le in the tube away from its ends. Because there is net flux of water vapor through the tube, there is a weak mean axial flow, but which is small compared to turbulent velocity fluctuations. We have experimented with two setups, the major difference between them being that in one setup, called AC setup, tube is open to atmosphere at its top and hence has higher aerosol concentration inside the tube, while the other setup, called RINAC setup, is closed to atmosphere and due to presence of aerosol filters has lower aerosol concentration inside the tube. Also in the latter setup, cold air temperature at tube top can be reduced to sub-zero levels. In both setups, turbulence attains a stationary state and is characterized by Rayleigh number based on temperature gradient inside the tube away from its ends, which is 107. A significant result from our experiments is that in RINAC setup, we obtain a broadened droplet size distribution at mid-height of tube which includes a few droplets of size 36 m, which in real clouds marks the beginning of rapid growth of droplets due to collisions among them by virtue of their interaction with turbulence. This shows that for broadening of droplet size distribution, high turbulence levels prevalent in clouds is not strictly necessary. Second part of our study comprises two pieces of theoretical work. First, we deal with the problem of a large collector drop settling amidst a population of smaller droplets whose spatial distribution is homogeneous in the direction of fall. This problem is relevant to the last stage of droplet growth in clouds, when the droplets have grown large enough that they interact weakly with turbulence and begin to settle under gravity. We propose a new method to solve this problem in which collision process is treated as a discrete stochastic process, and reproduce Telford's solution in which collision is treated as a homogeneous Poisson process. We then show how our method may be easily generalized to non-Poisson collision process. Second, we propose a new method to detect droplet clusters in images. This method is based on nearest neighbor relationship between droplets and does not employ arbitrary numerical criteria. Also this method has desirable invariance properties, in particular under the operation of uniform scaling of all distances and addition/deletion of empty space in an image, which therefore renders the proposed method robust. This method has advantage in dealing with highly clustered distributions, where cluster properties vary over the image and therefore average of properties computed over the entire image could be misleading.

Este Trabalho apresenta novas soluções exatas para as equações de Navier – Stokes transientes tridimensionais para escoamentos viscosos incompressíveis. Estas soluções são obtidas por meio de Split e Transformações Auto-Bäcklund. O procedimento de Split desacopla as equações de Navier – Stokes em dois sistemas de equações diferenciais parciais, um linear e outro não-linear, ambos não-homogêneos. O sistema linear, que contém somente termos viscosos e derivadas temporais, é resolvido via Transformações Auto-Bäcklund induzidas por relações de comutação, fornecendo o campo de velocidades. Os componentes do vetor velocidade são então substituídos no sistema não-linear a fim de obter o correspondente campo de pressões. A resolução do sistema não-linear para a pressão pode ser obtida tanto numericamente (via integração direta) quanto analiticamente, empregando a equação de Helmholtz. O objetivo do presente trabalho é encontrar expressões analíticas para o campo de velocidades e obter resultados numéricos para o campo de pressão associado. O caráter híbrido das soluções proporciona uma redução significativa do tempo de processamento requerido para a simulação de escoamentos viscosos, o qual praticamente se reduz ao tempo demandado para a tarefa de pós-processamento. Com esse objetivo em mente, foi desenvolvida uma formulação tridimensional escalar para a função corrente, a fim de reduzir o tempo requerido na tarefa mais dispendiosa de pós-processamento, a saber, o traçado das linhas de corrente em torno de corpos submersos de formato arbitrário. Neste estágio de desenvolvimento, esta formulação é empregada para produzir mapas de linhas de corrente para escoamentos viscosos em torno de uma esfera para números de Reynolds elevados. / This work presents new exact solutions to the unsteady three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous flows. These solutions are obtained by means of split and auto-Bäcklund transformations. The splitting procedure decouples the Navier-Stokes equations into a linear and a nonlinear inhomogeneous system of partial differential equations. The linear system, which contains only viscous terms and time derivatives, is solved via auto-Bäcklund transformations induced by commutation relations, furnishing the velocity field. The components of the velocity vector are then replaced into the nonlinear system to obtain the corresponding pressure field. The solution of the nonlinear system for the pressure variable can be carried out either numerically (by direct integration) or analytically, using the Helmholtz equation . The aim of the proposed work is to find analytical expressions for the velocity field and to obtain numerical results to the associated pressure field. The hybrid character of the solutions provides a significant reduction on the time processing required to simulate viscous flows, which virtually reduces to the time demanded to execute post-processing tasks. Taking this fact in mind, a three dimensional scalar formulation for the streamfunction was developed in order to simplify the most time-consuming post-processing task required, e.g., plotting the streamlines around arbitrary shaped bodies. At this stage of development, this formulation is employed to produce streamline maps for viscous flows around a sphere for high Reynolds numbers.

Este Trabalho apresenta novas soluções exatas para as equações de Navier – Stokes transientes tridimensionais para escoamentos viscosos incompressíveis. Estas soluções são obtidas por meio de Split e Transformações Auto-Bäcklund. O procedimento de Split desacopla as equações de Navier – Stokes em dois sistemas de equações diferenciais parciais, um linear e outro não-linear, ambos não-homogêneos. O sistema linear, que contém somente termos viscosos e derivadas temporais, é resolvido via Transformações Auto-Bäcklund induzidas por relações de comutação, fornecendo o campo de velocidades. Os componentes do vetor velocidade são então substituídos no sistema não-linear a fim de obter o correspondente campo de pressões. A resolução do sistema não-linear para a pressão pode ser obtida tanto numericamente (via integração direta) quanto analiticamente, empregando a equação de Helmholtz. O objetivo do presente trabalho é encontrar expressões analíticas para o campo de velocidades e obter resultados numéricos para o campo de pressão associado. O caráter híbrido das soluções proporciona uma redução significativa do tempo de processamento requerido para a simulação de escoamentos viscosos, o qual praticamente se reduz ao tempo demandado para a tarefa de pós-processamento. Com esse objetivo em mente, foi desenvolvida uma formulação tridimensional escalar para a função corrente, a fim de reduzir o tempo requerido na tarefa mais dispendiosa de pós-processamento, a saber, o traçado das linhas de corrente em torno de corpos submersos de formato arbitrário. Neste estágio de desenvolvimento, esta formulação é empregada para produzir mapas de linhas de corrente para escoamentos viscosos em torno de uma esfera para números de Reynolds elevados. / This work presents new exact solutions to the unsteady three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous flows. These solutions are obtained by means of split and auto-Bäcklund transformations. The splitting procedure decouples the Navier-Stokes equations into a linear and a nonlinear inhomogeneous system of partial differential equations. The linear system, which contains only viscous terms and time derivatives, is solved via auto-Bäcklund transformations induced by commutation relations, furnishing the velocity field. The components of the velocity vector are then replaced into the nonlinear system to obtain the corresponding pressure field. The solution of the nonlinear system for the pressure variable can be carried out either numerically (by direct integration) or analytically, using the Helmholtz equation . The aim of the proposed work is to find analytical expressions for the velocity field and to obtain numerical results to the associated pressure field. The hybrid character of the solutions provides a significant reduction on the time processing required to simulate viscous flows, which virtually reduces to the time demanded to execute post-processing tasks. Taking this fact in mind, a three dimensional scalar formulation for the streamfunction was developed in order to simplify the most time-consuming post-processing task required, e.g., plotting the streamlines around arbitrary shaped bodies. At this stage of development, this formulation is employed to produce streamline maps for viscous flows around a sphere for high Reynolds numbers.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 3576583 bytes, checksum: 2028463a4df5689828411372ce4dd847 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work consists of a hybrid numerical-analytical simulation of the developing and fully developed turbulent flows inside a parallel-plates channel. The Reynolds equations for the mean flow are solved through the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT) in the boundary layer and streamfunction-only formulations. For turbulence closure, the respectively one-equation turbulence models, and some of their variations, developed by Secundov (1972), Baldwin e Barth (1990), Spalart e Allmaras (1992, 1994) and Menter (1997) were employed. Despite of based on the eddy viscosity concept, as the well-known one-equation k-L turbulence model previously adopted in works that made use of the present hybrid solution methodology, such models do not need any explicit length scale, and therefore are more generals, but only one transport equation for the turbulent viscosity or for a variable directly related to the eddy viscosity. In this sense, some simulations for different Reynolds numbers and different turbulent inlet conditions were developed in order to, in function of the obtained results and the convergence studies of the main potentials involved in the simulations, develop a critically and detailed discussion of the main shortcomings and capability predictions of each turbulence model adopted, such as the non-asymptotic development of the longitudinal velocity component and the friction factor fields. As a consequence of the analysis type performed over each turbulence model investigated and, in addition, due to the excellent numerical quality of the obtained results, the present work extends and consolidates the very important role that the integral transform technique may play in the computational fluid dynamics field meanwhile hybrid methodology. / O presente trabalho consiste na simulação numérico-analítica do escoamento turbulento isotérmico, em desenvolvimento e completamente desenvolvido, no interior de um canal de placas planas e paralelas, através da Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada (GITT). As equações médias de Reynolds, escritas segundo as hipótese de camada limite são empregadas na formulação de função corrente. Para o fechamento das equações médias da turbulência foram empregados os modelos de turbulência de uma equação de transporte (e algumas de suas variações) desenvolvidos pelos seguintes autores: Secundov (1972), Baldwin e Barth (1990), Spalart e Allmaras (1992, 1994) e Menter (1997). Apesar de baseados no conceito de viscosidade turbilhonar ( eddy viscosity ), como o tradicional modelo de turbulência de uma equação k-L, anteriormente empregado em trabalhos que fizeram uso da presente metodologia híbrida de solução, tais modelos não necessitam de uma escala explícita de comprimento, e por isso são ditos mais gerais, mas sim, de apenas uma equação de transporte para a própria viscosidade turbulenta (ou uma variável diretamente relacionada à própria viscosidade turbulenta). Nesse sentido, foram simuladas algumas situações de escoamentos (diferentes números de Reynolds e diferentes condições de entrada turbulenta) e buscou-se, em função dos resultados obtidos e de estudos de convergência dos principais potenciais envolvidos nas simulações, uma criteriosa e detalhada discussão das capacidades de previsão de certas características inerentes ao escoamento (o pico da componente longitudinal da velocidade no centro do canal e a depressão do fator de atrito, durante o desenvolvimento do escoamento, ou seja, o comportamento não assintótico dessas variáveis no escoamento) por todos os modelos de turbulência empregados. Em função do tipo de análise oferecida sobre cada modelo de turbulência utilizado, e, em adição, da excelente qualidade dos resultados obtidos com o uso da GITT, o presente trabalho extende e consolida o importante papel que a técnica da transformada integral pode desempenhar no campo da simulação computacional, enquanto metodologia híbrida.

No labirinto dos gotejadores ocorrem diferentes interações entre as partículas de argila e as características do escoamento, sendo que essas interações interferem no potencial de obstrução dos mesmos. Considerando que os principais fatores que interferem no processo de obstrução causado por partículas de argila estão relacionados à natureza das argilas, ao regime de escoamento, à força iônica e ao pH da solução, e à concentração de partículas em suspensão. Esta pesquisa apresentou como objetivo identificar como esses fatores podem influenciar o desempenho dos gotejadores. Além disso, visando a caracterização do processo de obstrução causado por partículas desta natureza, buscou-se: relacionar o potencial de agregação das partículas com o desempenho dos gotejadores; e, analisar o comportamento da deposição de partículas no interior dos labirintos dos gotejadores. Para isso, além da realização dos ensaios em bancada utilizando diferentes dispersões de argila, foram realizadas análises sobre o potencial de agregação das partículas, e, utilizando um dispositivo milifluidico, foi realizada uma análise de deposição de partículas. Durante a pesquisa foram utilizados dois tipos de argilas, caulinita e montmorilonita. A força iônica da solução e a natureza dos materiais de argila apresentaram efeito sobre o desempenho dos gotejadores, enquanto que a caulinita em solução salina de sódio proporcionou incremento máximo de vazão de 5%, a montmorilonita causou redução máxima de vazão de 15%. No geral, as partículas de argila começaram a causar redução de vazão significativas com concentrações iguais ou superiores a 1000 mg L-1. Observou-se que as partículas de argila estão sujeitas ao fenômeno de autolimpeza que ocorre no interior dos labirintos após o acionamento do sistema. Não foi possível encontrar uma relação entre o potencial de agregação das partículas de argila e o desempenho dos gotejadores. Possivelmente, o índice de agregação utilizado pela teoria DLVO clássica não seja o mais adequado para obter esta relação. Em relação a deposição de partículas, as regiões que apresentaram maiores deposições de partículas coincidem com aquelas que apresentam menores valores de intensidade de turbulência e energia cinética turbulenta. A deposição de partícula ocorre principalmente nas regiões de vórtices e estagnação, localizadas nos dois primeiros defletores dos labirintos. Não foi observado acúmulo de partículas na região do fluxo principal. Por isso, sugere-se que partículas de argila, como agente isolado de obstrução, não apresentam potencial para causar obstrução completa dos gotejadores. / In the drippers labyrinth different interactions occur between the clay particles and the flow characteristics, and these interactions interfere in the clogging potential of the particles. Considering the main factors that affect the process of clogging caused by clay particles are related to the type of the clays, the flow regime, the ionic strength and pH of the solution, and the concentration of suspended particles. This research aims to identify how these factors can influence the performance of drippers. In addition, aiming to characterize the clogging process caused by particles of clay, it was sought to relate the potential of particles aggregation with the performance of drippers; and, to analyze the behavior of particles deposition inside the labyrinths of drippers. For this, in addition to performing bench tests using different clay dispersions, analyzes were carried out on the particle aggregation potential, and a particle deposition analysis was performed using a microfluidic device. During the research two types of clays were used, kaolinite and montmorillonite. The ionic strength of the solution and the type of the clay materials had an effect on the drippers performance. Whereas the kaolinite in sodium saline provided a maximum flow rate increase of 5%, the montmorillonite caused a maximum flow rate reduction of 15%. In general, clay particles began to cause significant flow rate reduction with concentrations equal to or greater than 1000 mg L-1. It was observed that clay particles are subject to the phenomenon of self-cleaning which occurs inside the labyrinths after turn on the system. It was not possible to find a relation between the potential of clay particles aggregation and the drippers performance. Possibly, the aggregation index used by the classical DLVO theory is not the most adequate to obtain this relation. In relation to the particles deposition, the regions of greatest deposition coincide with those that present lower values of turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy. Particles deposition occurs mainly in the vortex and stagnation regions, located in the first two baffles of the labyrinths. In addition, no particle accumulation occurs in the main stream region, it suggested that clay particles, as an isolated clogging agent, do not have the potential to cause total clogging of drippers.

Este Trabalho apresenta novas soluções exatas para as equações de Navier – Stokes transientes tridimensionais para escoamentos viscosos incompressíveis. Estas soluções são obtidas por meio de Split e Transformações Auto-Bäcklund. O procedimento de Split desacopla as equações de Navier – Stokes em dois sistemas de equações diferenciais parciais, um linear e outro não-linear, ambos não-homogêneos. O sistema linear, que contém somente termos viscosos e derivadas temporais, é resolvido via Transformações Auto-Bäcklund induzidas por relações de comutação, fornecendo o campo de velocidades. Os componentes do vetor velocidade são então substituídos no sistema não-linear a fim de obter o correspondente campo de pressões. A resolução do sistema não-linear para a pressão pode ser obtida tanto numericamente (via integração direta) quanto analiticamente, empregando a equação de Helmholtz. O objetivo do presente trabalho é encontrar expressões analíticas para o campo de velocidades e obter resultados numéricos para o campo de pressão associado. O caráter híbrido das soluções proporciona uma redução significativa do tempo de processamento requerido para a simulação de escoamentos viscosos, o qual praticamente se reduz ao tempo demandado para a tarefa de pós-processamento. Com esse objetivo em mente, foi desenvolvida uma formulação tridimensional escalar para a função corrente, a fim de reduzir o tempo requerido na tarefa mais dispendiosa de pós-processamento, a saber, o traçado das linhas de corrente em torno de corpos submersos de formato arbitrário. Neste estágio de desenvolvimento, esta formulação é empregada para produzir mapas de linhas de corrente para escoamentos viscosos em torno de uma esfera para números de Reynolds elevados. / This work presents new exact solutions to the unsteady three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous flows. These solutions are obtained by means of split and auto-Bäcklund transformations. The splitting procedure decouples the Navier-Stokes equations into a linear and a nonlinear inhomogeneous system of partial differential equations. The linear system, which contains only viscous terms and time derivatives, is solved via auto-Bäcklund transformations induced by commutation relations, furnishing the velocity field. The components of the velocity vector are then replaced into the nonlinear system to obtain the corresponding pressure field. The solution of the nonlinear system for the pressure variable can be carried out either numerically (by direct integration) or analytically, using the Helmholtz equation . The aim of the proposed work is to find analytical expressions for the velocity field and to obtain numerical results to the associated pressure field. The hybrid character of the solutions provides a significant reduction on the time processing required to simulate viscous flows, which virtually reduces to the time demanded to execute post-processing tasks. Taking this fact in mind, a three dimensional scalar formulation for the streamfunction was developed in order to simplify the most time-consuming post-processing task required, e.g., plotting the streamlines around arbitrary shaped bodies. At this stage of development, this formulation is employed to produce streamline maps for viscous flows around a sphere for high Reynolds numbers.

Orientador: Jose Roberto Nunhez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T05:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galeazzo_FlavioCesarCunha_M.pdf: 7104794 bytes, checksum: 95d360083b713d4c451c26b8e6276361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O trabalho analisou o impacto que alterações nas condições operacionais e na geometria causam no desempenho térmico de um reator de esterificação de porte industrial da empresa M&G. As análises utilizaram um modelo numérico criado com o software FLUENT. A hipótese simplificadora de se considerar somente uma fase líquida, apesar do sistema reacional real ser trifásico, foi competente em mostrar as principais características do escoamento e da transferência de calor no interior do reator, como zonas de estagnação e área de atuação dos impelidores, além da troca de calor a partir dos tubos da serpentina axial. Os resultados levam à conclusão de que o sistema de agitação possui um papel apenas secundário no desempenho térmico do reator, frente o papel preponderante dos discos separadores de fluxo / Abstract: The work analysed the impact of operating conditions and geometric changes in the thermal performance of a esterification industrial reactor of the company M&G. The analyses used a numerical model created with the aid of the software FLUENT. The simplifying hypothesis of considering only one liquid phase instead of the real system three phases was capable of showing the main characteristics of the flow and the heat transfer inside the reactor, like stagnation zones and impellers influence zones, and the heat transfer from the axial coil. The results lead to the conclusion that the agitation system have only a secundary role in the reactor thermal performance, while the role of the flow separation discs is dominant / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química