O titânio é amplamente empregado em indústrias químicas, geração de energia, aeroespaciais e biomédicas, pois além de suas boas propriedades mecânicas e resistência à corrosão, apresenta também boa biocompatibilidade. Porém, quando usado, por exemplo, em turbinas a vapor é necessário aumentar ainda mais sua resistência à corrosão em altas temperaturas. Ou quando usado em odontologia a cor acinzentada do metal compromete as reabilitações orais. Sendo assim, torna-se interessante o recobrimento do titânio com uma camada cerâmica, sendo a 3YTZP (zircônia tetragonal policristalina) adequada a tal aplicação, pois além de apresentar resistência mecânica, boa resistência a ciclos térmicos, apresenta boa biocompatibilidade. Neste trabalho foi feito o estudo do recobrimento do titânio com 3YTZP utilizando a técnica da deposição eletroforética além de realizar a irradiação do filme cerâmico utilizando o laser contínuo Nd:YAG com a finalidade de sinterização. O pó de 3YTZP foi obtido pela rota de coprecipitação de óxidos em meio amoniacal e caracterizada por DRX e MEV-FEG. Os resultados de DRX do pó mostraram a presença das fases tetragonal e monoclínica, e pelas micrografias observa-se que as partículas têm estruturas alongadas em formas de bastonetes. Por meio da densificação dos corpos cerâmicos foi possível observar boa sinterabilidade do pó. Como substrato para EPD foram utilizadas chapas de titânio (15 mm x 15 mm) e foram caracterizadas por DRX, que confirmou apenas a presença da fase α do Ti, indicando assim que são de titânio comercialmente puro. As chapas foram atacadas quimicamente com ácido sulfúrico 50% em volume por 10s. A deposição eletroforética foi realizada com as suspensões de 75%vol.acetona:25%.vol.etanol a 30 V por 20, 45 e 60 segundos; 50%vol.acetona:50%vol.etanol a 20 V por 30, 45 e 60 segundos; 25%vol.acetilacetona:75%vol.etanol a 60 V por 20, 40 e 60 segundos e a 40 V por 20 segundos; e com acetilacetona pura a 60 V por 20, 40 e 60 segundos e a 40 V por 20 e 40 segundos. Por meio das microscopias ópticas dos filmes depositados pode-se observar que a melhor condição de deposição foi utilizando a suspensão de acetilacetona a 40 V por 20 segundos, gerando filmes homogêneos e sem trincas. Foram realizados cinco ensaios de irradiação com lazer a fim de alcançar uma condição ideal de sinterização. As condições fixas para todos os ensaios foram energia de 0,5 J, coeficiente de duração de pulso (Tp) de 10 ms e coeficiente de repetição de pulso de 10 Hz. No decorrer dos ensaios foi variada a fluência do laser e o número de incidência. As amostras irradiadas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica, DRX e Scratch, e verificou-se que a melhor condição de irradiação foi utilizando a fluência de 120 J/cm2 para o número de incidência do laser de igual a 27. / Titanium is widely used in chemical, power generatin, aerospace and biomedical industries because of you good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. However, when is used, for example, in steam turbines is necessary increase the corrosion resistance at high temperature. Or when is used in dentistry, when the gray color compromisse the aesthetics rehab. In this case, it becomes interesting to coat the titanium with a ceramic layers, and 3YTZP (Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia) is suitable for this application, because it has good mechanical properties, good resistance to thermal cycles and good biocompatibility. In this work it was studied the coating of titanium with 3YTZP using electrophoretic deposition technique in addition irradiation of films using the Nd:YAG continuous laser. The 3YTZP powder was obtained by hydroxide coprecipitation route in ammoniacal medium and characterized by XDR and SEM. The XDR results shower presence os monoclinic and tetragonal phases, and micrographs it can be observed the the particles agglomerates. These particles have elongated structure. Through the densification of the ceramic bodies it was possible to observe good sinterability of the powder. Was used as the substrate to EPD titanium plates (dimension 15 mm x 15 mm), and was characterized by XRD, that show presence of α-fase, thus indicating that they are commercially pure titanium. The plates were chemically etched with 50% vol. Sulfuric acid for 10 s. Electrophoretic deposition was performed with suspensions of 75%vol.acetone: 25%.vol.ethanol at 30 V for 20, 45 e 60 seconds; 50%vol.acetone:50%vol.ethanol at 20 V for 30, 45 e 60 seconds; 25%vol.acetylacetone:75%vol.ethanol at 60 V for 20, 40 e 60 seconds and at 40 V for 20 seconds; and with pure acetylacetone at 60 V for 20, 40 e 60 seconds and at 40 V for 20 e 40 seconds. From observation in an optical microscope of the deposited films, we concluded that the best deposition condition was the acetylacetone suspension at 40 V for 20 seconds, being homogeneous films and free of cracks. Five laser irradiation tests were performed in order to achieve an optimum sintering condition. The fixed conditions for all the tests were energy of 0.5 J, pulse duration coefficient (Tp) of 10 ms and pulse repetition coefficient of 10 Hz. In the course of the tests, the laser fluency and the laser incidence number were varied. The irradiated samples were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, XRD and Scratch, and it was found that the best irradiation condition was using fluency of 120 J/cm2 and laser incidence number of 27.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:12:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5521.pdf: 7055778 bytes, checksum: 6885cc0446b2a77d5ccf72b5a9ed1352 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The BICUVOX is a potential candidate for devices that require materials with high ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures. However, deficiencies such as low mechanical resistance and thermodynamic stability in reducing atmospheres have been introducing unsolved obstacles for technological appliance of this material. Unlike BICUVOX, the Y-TZP phase presents high mechanical resistance and high stability under reducing atmospheres. However, it does not display high ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures. In this work we studied the compatibility between the BICUVOX and Y-TZP for the development of composites oxygen ion conductors. The composites were prepared by liquid phase and solid-state sintering. All characteristics were determined by XRD, SEM, DSC, diametral compression, impedance spectroscopy and treatments in H2 atmosphere. Using the BICUVOX as liquid phase additive, destabilization of tetragonal zirconia and formation of YVO4 take place. However, the solid state sintering enables the development of dense composite with up to 26% of Y-TZP. The composite with 26% of Y-TZP exhibited α = 10.10-6 ºC-1, which is a lower value than the one found for the BICUVOX, in addition to 144% higher mechanical resistance than for the BICUVOX. Also, for this composite a deleterious order-disorder transformation, γ ↔γ, was inhibited. All these improvements are attributed to the effect of Y-TZP both in the inhibition of grain growth, as well as in the preferential location among the grain boundaries of the BICUVOX matrix. However, the increase of grain boundaries and the Y-TZP as an additional phase, reduced the total electrical conductivity in composites. No resistance to γ-Bi4V1,8Cu0,2O10,7 phase decomposition was observed after exposure to H2. A general assessment indicates that the best properties are found in composite with 13 and 26% of Y-TZP, showing some improved properties in relation to each isolated materials. / O BICUVOX é um potencial candidato para dispositivos que requerem materiais com elevada condutividade iônica em temperaturas intermediárias. No entanto, deficiências como baixas resistência mecânica e estabilidade termodinâmica em atmosferas redutoras têm introduzido obstáculos não resolvidos para aplicação tecnológica deste material. Diferentemente do BICUVOX, a Y-TZP apresenta elevada resistência mecânica e alta estabilidade em atmosferas redutoras, mas, não exibe suficiente condutividade iônica em temperaturas intermediárias. Neste trabalho foi estudada a compatibilidade entre o BICUVOX e a Y-TZP para o desenvolvimento de compósitos condutores de íons de oxigênio. Os compósitos foram preparados por sinterização na presença de fase líquida e no estado sólido. As características foram determinadas por DRX, MEV, DSC, compressão diametral, espectroscopia de impedância e tratamentos em atmosfera de H2. Quando o BICUVOX é utilizado como formador de fase líquida, ocorre desestabilização da zircônia tetragonal e formação de YVO4. No entanto, a sinterização no estado sólido permite o desenvolvimento de compósitos densos com até 26% de Y-TZP. O compósito com 26% de Y-TZP exibiu α = 10.10-6 ºC-1, valor inferior ao encontrado para o BICUVOX, além de resistência mecânica 144% maior que para o BICUVOX. Também, para este compósito uma deletéria transformação de ordem-desordem, γ ↔γ, foi inibida. Todas estas melhorias são atribuídas ao dual efeito da Y-TZP tanto na inibição de crescimento de grão como na localização preferencial entre os contornos da matriz de BICUVOX. No entanto, o aumento da quantidade de contornos de grão e a Y-TZP como uma fase adicional nos contornos reduziu a condutividade elétrica total dos compósitos. Outro fato, é que no compósito, não foi evitado a decomposição da fase γ-Bi4V1,8Cu0,2O10,7 após exposição em atmosfera de H2. Uma avaliação geral indica que as melhores propriedades são encontradas nos compósitos com 13 e 26% de Y-TZP, mostrando propriedades em parte melhoradas relativamente aos componentes isolados.

Ziel der Studie Das Ziel dieser in-vitro-Studie war die Untersuchung des Einflusses einer künstlichen Alterungsphase von 10.000 Füge- und Trennzyklen unter Speichelschmierung auf das Haftkraft- und Verschleißverhaltens von konventionell gusstechnisch, galvanisch und im CAD/CAM-Verfahren hergestellten Parallelteleskopen. Material und Methode: Sechs verschiedene Prüfgruppen unterschiedlicher Materialkombinationen und Fertigungsweisen wurden ausgehend von einem gemeinsamen Primär- und Sekundärkronendesign zu je zehn Parallelteleskopen (n = 10) angefertigt: Gruppe 1 (GG): Gruppe 2 (NN): Gruppe 3 (ZG): Gruppe 4 (CC NN): Gruppe 5 (CC ZN): Gruppe 6 (CC ZP): Hochgoldhaltige Legierung (Gussverfahren) Edelmetallfreie Legierung (Gussverfahren) Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik/Galvanogold (Galvanotechnik) Edelmetallfreie Legierung (CAD/CAM) Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik/Edelmetallfreie Legierung (CAD/CAM) Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik/Polyetheretherketon (CAD/CAM) Unter Verwendung einer Vorlast von 50 N wurden die Haftkraftwerte in der Universalprüfmaschine (Zwick/Roell, Ulm, Deutschland) kontinuierlich aufgezeichnet und zu den Zeitpunkten t0 (= Ausgangszustand), t1 (= 50 Zyklen), t2, (= 5.000 Zyklen) und t3 (= 10.000 Zyklen) miteinander verglichen. Die Daten wurden unter Anwendung eines Kolmogorov- Smirnov-, Friedman-, Wilcoxon-Vorzeichen-Rang-, Kruskal-Wallis- und Mann-Whitney-U-Test bei einem Signifikanzniveau von p ≤ 0,05 ausgewertet (SPSS, V25). Zusätzlich wurden lichtmikroskopische Aufnahmen der Primärkronenoberflächen und Sekundärkroneninnenseiten zum Nachweis von Verschleißphänomenen durchgeführt. Zur Bestimmung der Linien- und Oberflächenrauheit dienten konfokalmikroskopische Aufnahmen der Patrizen. 135 Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse Bei allen Prüfgruppen wurde eine Abnahme der mittleren Haftkraftwerte registriert. Die geringsten Haftkraftverluste wiesen die gegossenen hochgoldhaltigen Teleskopkronen mit 1,58 % (GG), die größten Haftkraftverluste mit 36,17 % die gegossen edelmetallfreien Doppelkronen (NN) auf. Signifikante Haftkraftverluste präsentierten nach Durchlaufen der Belastungsphase ausschließlich die galvanischen und gefrästen ZrO2/PEEK Probekörper, die zugleich die höchsten und niedrigsten mittleren Haftkräfte demonstrierten (ZG: t0= 8,30N, t3= 6,20N; CC ZP: t0= 1,36N, t3= 1,25N; Wilcoxon-Vorzeichen-Rang-Test; pZG= 0,010, pCC ZP= 0,049). Die Retentionskräfte der gegossenen hochgoldhaltigen und edelmetallfreien Gruppen sowie der gefrästen Prüfgruppe der Materialkombination ZrO2/NEM (GG, NN , CC ZN) unterschieden sich zu keinem der Zeitpunkte t0-t3 signifikant und zeigten ebenfalls über die gesamte Versuchsdauer keinen signifikanten Haftkraftrückgang. Hingegen wichen zu allen Zeitpunkten t0-t3 die Retentionskräfte der metallfreien Doppelkronen (CC ZP) signifikant von allen anderen Materialkombinationen ab. Bei nahezu allen Probekörpern waren im Bereich der Kontaktflächen zwischen Primär- und Sekundärkronen Verschleißerscheinungen erkennbar. Lediglich die keramischen Primärkronen der Materialkombination ZrO2/PEEK unterlagen keinen Oberflächenveränderungen. Die geringste Linienrauheit und Oberflächenrauheit zeigten die Primärkronenoberfläche der frästechnisch hergestellten edelmetallfreien Doppelkronen (CC NN; Rat0= 0,0869 μm, Rat3= 0,125 μm, Sat0= 0,109 μm, Sat3= 0,180 μm). Die höchsten Rauheitswerte wurden für die keramischen Primärkronen der Gruppen ZG und CC ZP dokumentiert (ZG: Rat0= 0.454 μm, Sat0= 0.544 μm, Sat3= 0.612 μm; CC ZP: Rat3= 0.462 μm). Schlussfolgerung Unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen erreichten alle getesteten Herstellungsmethoden und Materialkombinationen klinisch suffiziente Haftkraftwerte, obwohl sich zwischen den einzelnen Prüfgruppen ausgeprägte Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Haftkraftverhaltens offenbarten. Während in diesen Untersuchungen die hochgoldhaltigen Legierungen im Bereich Teleskoptechnik den Grund für ihre langjährige Bewährung belegten, zeigte sich bei der ausschließlichen Verwendung edelmetallfreier Legierungen die frästechnische Herstellung der Gusstechnik aufgrund homogenerer und höherer Retentionswerte überlegen. Die Materialkombination aus Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik und Nichtedelmetall stellt eine ästhetische Alternative zur Galvanotechnik dar. In weiteren Untersuchungen sollte die 136 Zusammenfassung Passung und die Haftkraft der Materialkombination Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik/PEEK durch Variation der Fertigungsparameter optimiert werden. Insgesamt vermochte die CAD/CAM- Technologie dennoch ähnlich voraussagbare Ergebnisse wie der sich behauptende Goldstandard zu erzielen. Verschleiß ist elementarer Bestandteil des tribologischen Systems der Doppelkrone und wurde bei allen Prüfgruppen nachgewiesen. Im Allgemeinen erwies sich die Konfokalen Mikroskopie als geeignete Methode zur Bestimmung von Rauheits- und Flächenparametern bei Doppelkronenoberflächen. Ausgehend von den vergleichbaren Untersuchungsergebnissen stellt die CAD/CAM-Technologie für die tägliche Praxis unter Berücksichtigung der leichteren Friktionseinstellung im Herstellungsprozess, einer uneingeschränkten Reproduktion der Doppelkronen aufgrund der digitalen Speichermöglichkeit und der Reduktion von Kosten durch Zeit und Arbeitskraft eine ernstzunehmende Alternative zur konventionellen Guss- und Galvanotechnik dar. Die Eignung von CAD/CAM-gefertigten Doppelkronen sollte jedoch zusätzlich in klinischen Langzeituntersuchungen nachgewiesen werden. / Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term use on the retention force and wear behavior of double crown systems. Methods: Based on a common double crown design sixty pairs of telescopic crowns were fabricated and divided into six groups, each consisting ten samples: “Gold standard” cast gold alloy primary and secondary crown (GG) and cast non-precious alloy (NN), computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)-milled zirconia primary crown and galvanoformed secondary crown (ZG), CAD/CAM-milled non-precious alloy primary and secondary crown (CC NN), CAD/CAM-milled zirconia primary crown and non-precious alloy secondary crown (CC ZN) and CAD/CAM-milled zirconia primary crown and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) secondary crown (CC ZP). In the constant presence of artificial saliva, all samples were subjected to 10,000 joining-separation cycles at a velocity of 120 mm/min. Wear was analyzed by reflected light microscopy and confocal microscopy before and after artificial aging. Results: Retention force losses were observed in each group after long-term use, with significant losses in the groups ZG and CC ZP (pZG = 0.01, pCC ZP = 0.049). During artificial aging, no significant differences in pull-off force were recorded for groups GG, NN and CC ZN. Regarding wear, merely the Y-TZP primary crowns of the CC ZP group displayed no surface changes. Significance: All tested production methods and material combinations seem to be suitable for clinical practice. CAD/CAM technology allows similarly predictable results to be achieved as the gold standard. Confocal microscopy is recommended for surface examinations of double crowns.

27 Retrieved Yttria Stabilised Tetragonal Zirconia (Y-TZP) femoral heads were studied for the occurrence of tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation and the effects that such transformation has on the bearing surface. The mean monoclinic percentage found is 53.6% with 25 of the samples having transformed more than 20%. This finding nullifies earlier predictions that it would take 25 to 30 years to transform to a monoclinic content of 30 to 40% inside the human body (Chevalier, Drouin&Calés 1997). It was however shown that Hot Isostatic Pressed (HIP’ed) Y-TZP femoral heads have a better, though still not adequate, resistance to phase transformation in the human body than non-HIP’ed femoral heads. Results of various investigations show that this transformation degrades the surface condition of the femoral heads, which in turn increases wear and subsequently decreases the survival rate of the prosthesis due to a greater risk of aseptic loosening. It is postulated that a great contributing factor to the phase transformation is increased temperatures inside the bearing couple, due to inadequate lubrication between the two bearing surfaces. Tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation and its associated effects renders Y-TZP femoral heads less attractive for hip replacements. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of monolithic FDPs of multi-layered zirconia (YML) with different connector dimensions and placement in the disc. Material and method: Forty 3-unit monolithic anterior FDPs were produced, 212223, and divided in four groups (n=10) based on the different connector dimensions and strategies for placement in KATANATM Zirconia Yttria Multi-Layered (YML)-disc. The groups were as follows: EB12, produced with 12 mm  connector dimension and EB7, with 7 mm  connector dimension which were both placed in Enamel layer and Body layer 1 (flexural strength: 750 and 1000 MPa, respectively) in the disc, BB12, with 12 mm  connector dimension and BB7, produced with 7 mm  connector dimension both placed in Body layer 2 and 3 (both with 1100 MPa) in the disc. The specimens were artificially aged by 10 000 cycles in thermocycling. Then, one random specimen was selected from each group (4 in total) and cemented onto the model, subsequently loaded to fracture using a universal testing machine. The result was compiled and reported descriptively. Result: The FDP in group BB12 remained intact and fracturing only occurred in this model at 893 N. The FDP in group BB7 demonstrated the highest fracture strength (972 N), followed by EB12 (842 N) and EB7 which showed the lowest fracture strength (465 N). All these three FDPs broke mesially on the pontics. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this pilot study, the following conclusions can be drawn: the fracture strength of monolithic FDPs of multi-layered zirconia is affected by the connector dimension. Placement of FDPs with a small connector area should be avoided in the layers with lower strength. The choice of model material affects the result. / Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande pilotstudie var att undersöka brotthållfastheten påmonolitiska broar av flerskiktad zirkonia (YML) med olika konnektordimensioneroch placering i disken. Material och metod: Totalt framställdes 40 stycken 3-leds monolitiska anteriorabroar, 212223. Broarna delades in i 4 grupper (n=10) efter olikakonnektordimensionering och placering i KATANATM Zirconia YttriaMulti-Layered (YML)-disken. Grupperna var enligt följande: EB12 med 12 mm²konnektordimension och EB7 med 7 mm² konnektordimension där broarnaplacerades i både Enamel Layer och Body Layer 1 (med 750 respektive 1000 MPai böjhållfasthet) i disken. Broarna i grupperna BB12 med 12 mm²konnektordimension och BB7 med 7 mm² konnektordimension placerades i BodyLayer 2 och Body Layer 3 (med 1100 MPa böjhållfasthet för respektive lager) idisken. Broarna genomgick termocykling, 10 000 cykler. Därefter valdes fyrabroar slumpmässigt ut, en bro från varje grupp, och cementerades på modell.Slutligen genomfördes ett brotthållfasthetstest med en universaltestmaskin tillsfraktur uppstod. Resultatet sammanställdes och redovisades deskriptivt. Resultat: Bron i grupp BB12 förblev intakt och fraktur skedde enbart i modellen(893N). Bron i grupp BB7 visade högst brotthållfasthet: 972N, följt av bron igrupp EB12 som visade brotthållfasthet på 842N och bron i grupp EB7 påvisadeden lägsta brotthållfastheten: 465N. Dessa tre broar frakturerade mesialt på dethängande ledet. Slutsats: Inom ramen för föreliggande pilotstudies begränsningar kan följandeslutsatser dras: brotthållfastheten på monolitiska broar i flerskiktad zirkoniapåverkas av konnektordimensioneringen. Placering av broar med mindrekonnektorarea än rekommendationen ska undvikas i skikten med lägre hållfasthet.Valet av modellmaterial har betydelse och påverkar resultatet.

Sammanfattning Syfte Syftet med pilotstudien var att utvärdera hur kristallfaserna i högtranslucent zirkoniumdioxid (3Y-TZP) påverkas av åldring i munmiljö (in-vivo-metod) och in-vitro-metoder för artificiellt åldrande: vattenförvaring, termocykling och autoklavering. Material och metod Totalt framställdes 16 provkroppar av högtranslucent zirkoniumdioxid (3Y-TZP) med slutmått på 1 mm i tjocklek och 5 mm i diameter. Provkropparna frästes med hjälp av CAD/CAM-teknik ur en Katana Zircon HTML-disk och sintrades enligt fabrikantens anvisningar. Provkropparna delades in i fyra grupper beroende på åldringsmetod. En grupp åldrades in-vivo under fem veckor i munmiljö med provkropparna cementerade på individuella gomplåtar. Resterande tre grupper åldrades artificiellt: vattenförvaring i fem veckor, termocykling i 959 cyklar och autoklavering i två minuter. Provkropparna analyserades med hjälp av diffraktometer för att undersöka kristallfaserna före och efter åldring. Resultat  kontrollgruppen innan åldringen bestod av tetragonal och kubisk fas. Tetragonala och kubisk fas var kvar efter åldringen utan någon uträknad viktprocent. Resultat från analysen av diffraktometer visade en avsaknad av topparna vid 2θ 30° och 35° för samtliga 16 provkroppar. Efter åldringen hade alla fyra grupper märkbara toppar vid 2θ 22,5°. Slutsats  Oåldrad högtranslucent 3Y-TZP innehåller mestadels tetragonal kristallfas och en mindre del kubisk kristallfas. Varken åldring i munmiljö eller artificiell åldring genom vattenförvaring, termocykling eller autoklavering, motsvarande fem veckor, påverkar kristallfaserna generellt.  Nyckelord: 3Y-TZP, Artificiell åldring, Fasomvandling, In-vivo åldring, lågtemperatur-degradering. / Abstract  Purpose The purpose of the pilot study was to evaluate how the crystal phases of high translucent zirconium dioxide (3Y-TZP) are affected by aging in the oral environment (in-vivo method) and in-vitro methods for artificial aging: autoclaving, thermocycling and water storage. Material and Method Sixteen specimens of high translucent zirconium dioxide (3Y-TZP), 1 mm in thickness and 5 mm in diameter, were milled from a Katana Zircon HTML-disk and sintered. The specimens were divided into four groups depending on the aging method. One group was aged in-vivo for five weeks in oral environment with the specimens cemented on individual palate plates. The remaining three groups were artificially aged: water storage for five weeks, thermocycling for 959 cycles and autoclaving for two minutes. The specimens were analyzed using a diffractometer to examine the crystal phases before and after aging. Results The control group before aging consisted of tetragonal and cubic phase. Tetragonal and cubic phases remained after aging without any calculated percentage by weight. Results from the diffractometer analysis showed a lack of peaks at 2θ 30 ° and 35 ° for all 16 specimens. After aging, all four groups had noticeable peaks at 2θ 22.5 °. Conclusions Unaged high translucent 3Y-TZP contains mostly tetragonal crystal phase and a small amount of cubic crystal phase. Neither aging in an oral environment nor artificial aging by water storage, thermocycling or autoclaving, corresponding to five weeks, generally affects the crystal phases. Keywords: 3Y-TZP, Artificial aging, Phase transformation, In-vivo aging, Low-temperature degradation

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Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande in-vitro-studie är att utvärdera brotthållfastheten av singelkronor utformade som en central överkäksincisiv framställda av monolitisk högtranslucent Y-TZP, buckalt porslinsskiktad underkonstruktion av translucent Y-TZP eller monolitisk litiumdisilikatbaserad glaskeram. Material och metod: Sexton monolitiska kronor av högtranslucent Y-TZP framställdes med CAD/CAM-teknik, Coprasmile®(HTW) och Prettau® Anterior®(HTZ). Sexton kronor av translucent Y-TZP med buckal porslinspåbränning framställdes med CAD/CAM-teknik och manuell porslinsuppläggning, Copran HT®(LTW) och Prettau® Zircon(LTZ). Åtta monolitiska kronor av litiumdislikatbaserad glaskeram framställdes med pressteknik, IPS e.max® Press(LD). Samtliga kronor genomgick termocykling före cementering till stansar. Därefter genomgick kronorna cyklisk mekanisk förbelastning innan de frakturerades i en universal testmaskin. Resultat: Kronorna av translucent Y-TZP med buckal porslinyta visade högst brotthållfasthetsvärde. Gruppen LTW visade signifikant högre brotthållfasthetsvärde jämfört med de andra grupperna: HTW, HTZ, LTZ och LD. Slutsats: Fortsatt utveckling av testmetod för kronor utformade som incisiver är nödvändigt för att öka förståelsen kopplat till material, utformning av ersättning och testmetod med klinisk relevans. Det finns behov av vidare studier för högtranslucent Y-TZP samt semimonolitiska kronor av translucent Y-TZP. Beroende på materialval och kronutformning visades skillnader, men med studiens begränsningar kan ingen generell slutsats dras gällande brotthållfastheten. / Purpose: The purpose of this in-vitro-study is to evaluate the fracture resistance between high translucent monolithic Y-TZP, translucent Y-TZP with buccal porcelain veneering and monolithic lithium disilicate based glass-ceramic, designed as a single central maxilla crown. Material and method: Sixteen monolithic high translucent Y-TZP crowns were fabricated using CAD/CAM technique, Coprasmile®(HTW) and Prettau® Anterior®(HTZ). Sixteen crowns of translucent Y-TZP and buccal porcelain veneering were fabricated using CAD/CAM technique and manually layered porcelain, Copran HT®(LTW) and Prettau® zircon(LTZ). Eight monolithic crowns of lithium disilicate based glass-ceramic were fabricated using pressing techniques, IPS e.max® Press(LD). All crowns underwent thermo cycling prior to cementation to dies. Subsequently all crowns were subjected to a cyclic mechanical preload before being exposed to load-to-fracture in a universal testing machine. Result: Translucent Y-TZP with buccal veneering showed the highest rupture strength amongst the groups. The group LTW showed significantly higher fracture strength compared to the other groups: HTW, HTZ, LTZ and LD. Conclusion: Further development of testing methods for anterior crowns are necessary to increase the understanding connected to materials, crown designs and test methods for clinical relevance. There is a need in further studies for high-translucent Y-TZP and semi monolithic crowns made of translucent Y-TZP. There showed differences depending on the choice of material and crown form, but within the limitation of this study, no general conclusion can be drawn regarding the fracture strength.

Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande pilotstudie är att undersöka böjhållfastheten hos flerskiktad Y-TZP bestående av lager med olika materialsammansättning, 3Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP och 5Y-TZP före och efter termocykling. Material och metod: Från två flerskiktade Y-TZP-diskar (IPS e.max® ZirCAD MT Multi och CopraSupreme Hyperion) togs totalt trettiotvå provkroppar, innehållandes olika skikt, fram samt totalt åtta provkroppar från en oskiktad 3Y-TZP-disk (IPS e.max® ZirCAD LT). Provkropparna utformades enligt ISO:6872 med måtten 22x4x3 mm och en avfasning på 45 grader på långsidorna. Provkropparna genomgick simulerad glansbränning och hälften av grupperna termocyklades i 10 000 cykler i två bad med avjoniserat vatten med temperatur på 5°C ±2°C respektive 55°C ±2°C. Ett 4-punkts böjhållfasthetstest utfördes och resultaten analyserades med One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test med en signifikansnivå på α= 0,05.Resultat: De oskiktade ZirCAD LT-grupperna hade en signifikant högre böjhållfasthet (800 - 949 MPa) jämfört med de flerskiktade ZirCAD MT Multi-grupperna (510 - 554 MPa) och Hyperion-grupperna (420 - 503 MPa) både före och efter termocykling. Slutsats: Böjhållfastheten hos flerskiktad 3-, 4-, 5Y-TZP och oskiktad 3Y-TZP påverkas inte av termocykling i 10 000 cykler. Flerskiktad Y-TZP har lägre böjhållfasthet än oskiktad 3Y-TZP före och efter termocykling. Flerskiktad Y-TZP har liknande böjhållfasthet före och efter termocykling. / Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the flexural strength of multilayered Y-TZP consisting of layers with different material composition: 3Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP and 5Y-TZP, before and after thermocycling.Material and Method: Thirty-two specimens were made from two multilayered Y-TZP discs (IPS e.max® ZirCAD MT Multi and CopraSupreme Hyperion) and eight specimens were made from a non-layered 3Y-TZP disc (IPS e.max® ZirCAD LT). The specimens were designed according to ISO:6872 with the dimensions 22x4x3 mm and with a 45 degree chamfer. The specimens were thermocycled for 10 000 cycles in two baths (5°C ±2°C and 55°C ±2°C, respectively). A 4-point flexural strength test was performed and the results were analyzed with One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test with a significance level of α= 0.05.Results: The non-layered ZirCAD LT groups had a significant higher flexural strength (800 - 949 MPa) compared to the multilayered groups ZirCAD MT Multi (510 - 554 MPa) and Hyperion groups (420 - 503 MPa) before and after thermocycling.Conclusion: The flexural strength of multilayered 3-, 4-, 5Y-TZP and non-layered 3Y-TZP is not affected by thermocycling for 10 000 cycles. Multilayered Y-TZP has a lower flexural strength than non-layered 3Y-TZP before and after thermocycling. Multilayered Y-TZP have similar flexural strength before and after thermocycling.