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Ur ett marknads- och kulturperspektiv, utforska vilken exportstrategi företaget Ultra Tan bör använda sig av för att öka sin försäljning på marknaden i Förenade Arabemiraten. Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ fallstudie där vi utfört intervjuer med ett huvudföretag och andra svenska företag inom den aktuella sektorn som agerar på marknaden i Förenade Arabemiraten.  I arbetet ingår huvudföretaget Ultra Tan och andra svenska hälso och kosmetikföretag som agerar på marknaden i Förenade Arabemiraten. De teoriområden vår uppsats utgår ifrån är huvudsakligen tillvägagångssätt vid utlandsetableringar, kulturella skillnader mellan västerländska och muslimska länder. Empirin utgör en sammanställning av svaren från de intervjuade företagen i fråga, samt sekundär data. Vi rekommenderar Ultra Tan att ta upp kontakten med Madi international och inleda direkt försäljning genom denna externa distributör.

The purpose of the research is to study the solutions for the difficulties encountered in the water resources development in southern Taiwan. In the recent years, Owing to the phenomenon of global warming, many countries in the world experienced more powerful flood and longer drought then before. The water resources development of southern Taiwan is very difficult not only because the limitation of the weather and geographical condition, but also the hinder of the inner and outside factors of government organizations. The inner factors majorly include : The opinions of central government and local government cannot be integrated effectively like the old province government and results in the suspension of the engineering land acquisition. The authority¡¦s policy of water resource development is unstable, which also make the situation worse. The outside factors majorly includes: The intention of the local government authority can be affected easily by the effect of NIMBY and the pressure of environmental protection group,which causes the problem of land acquisition becoming more complicated and harder to resolve. This paper trys to study the cases of Ma-Tan Reservoir and Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin Water diversion project, based on the efficiency of the land acquisition of the province government, to analyse the inner and outside factors and the dealing mechanism of government to provide some suggestions for the government.

An Inertial Navigation System (INS) can individually produce the navigation data, i.e.position, velocity, of the aircraft without any help or aid. However, a large number of errors are ntroduced by sensors causing to an unacceptable drift in the output. Because of this reason, external aids are used to correct INS. Using these aids an integrated navigation structure is developed. In an integrated navigation system, INS output is used to alculate current navigation states / aid is used to supply external measurements and dierent algorithms are used to provide the most probable corrections to the state estimate using all data. One of the integrated navigation approaches is Terrain Aided Navigation (TAN). Terrain Aided Navigation is a technique to estimate the position of a moving vehicle by comparing the measured terrain profile under the vehicle to a stored map, DTED. This thesis describes the theoretical aspects implementation of a simulation environment, simulations of the implemented Kalman Filtering TAN algorithms with developed INS model. In order to perform the study, first a thorough survey of the literature on TAN navigation algorithms is performed. Then, we have developed a dynamics simulation environment. A flight profile generator is designed. Since, the main issue of this work is to correct INS, an Strapdown INS model developed using Matlab INS Toolbox. Therefore, to model a Strapdown INS, mathematical equations of INS system are derived and they are linearized to form linear error model. In addition, a radar altimeter simulator is also developed that provides measurement to the error dynamics. Then, a Kalman filter structure is designed and implemented using Matlab. The simulations are done with dierent linearization approaches using Kalman filter structure. Finally, the performance of the implemented algorithms are evaluated.

Integrated with the study of Chinese Classics, the Ch¡¦en-wei thoughts posed as the mainstream of East Han¡¦s philosophy studies but the thoughts also aroused different opinions. As early as in the beginning of West Han Dynasty, Liu Shin tried to oppose the studies of Modern Scripts with the studies of Ancient Scripts. Yang Xiong, a great thinker in late West Han Dynasty, tried to suppress the popularity of superstition with the concept of Dao Fa Zi Ran (meaning that Daoism lies in the Nature). In the beginning of East Han Dynasty, Heng Tan is the first thinker who openly criticized the official philosophy. He wrote ¡§Xing Lun¡¨ to declare his opposition against the dominant Ch¡¦en-wei thoughts and also offered suggestions about contemporary politics in the hope of attracting attention from the Emperor and serving the country. However, his suggestions irritated the Emperor instead and he was never promoted to an important position. After Heng Tan, Wang Chong, a thinker not in any official post, carried forward Heng¡¦s thoughts and, based on the principle of Ji Xu Wang (meaning to criticize the untrue), lashed even more strongly against the Ch¡¦en-wei thoughts. This thesis is an attempt to analyze Heng¡¦s and Wang¡¦s thoughts based on their books, ¡§Xing Lun¡¨ and ¡§Lun Heng.¡¨ It is found that both of them, enlightened by rationalism and spurred by the sense of mission as orthodox scholars, tried to fight against the contemporary Boshi system on the basis of Bo Tong (meaning comprehensive studies), to criticize the ridiculousness of the Ch¡¦en-wei thoughts by manifesting the principle of Ji Xu Wang and finally to achieve the ideal of Xing Zhi (meaning to criticize the untrue and to serve the country with one¡¦s thoughts). Both Heng and Wang cast a deep influence on the Ming-Fa thoughts at the end of East Han Dynasty and gave birth to the following Naturalism. Their importance to the development of Chinese philosophy can be clearly seen hereby.

Advancements in the semiconductor industry require new materials with improved performance. With the introduction of copper as the interconnect material for integrated circuits, efficient diffusion barriers are required to prevent the diffusion of copper into silicon, which is primarily through grain boundaries. This dissertation reports the processing of high quality stoichiometric thin films of TiN, TaN and HfN, and studies their Cu diffusion barrier properties. Epitaxial metastable cubic TaN (B1-NaCl) thin films were grown on Si(001) using an ultra-thin TiN (B1-NaCl) seed layer which was as thin as 1 nm. The TiN/TaN stacks were deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), with the TiN thickness systematically reduced from 15 to 1 nm. Microstructural studies included X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM (HRTEM). Preliminary Cu diffusion experiments showed that the TiN seed layer thickness had little or no obvious effect on the overall microstructure and the diffusion barrier properties of the TaN/TiN stacks. Epitaxial and highly textured cubic HfN (B1-NaCl) thin films (~100 nm) were deposited on MgO(001) and Si(001) using PLD. Low resistivities (~40 mu omega-cm) were measured with a four point probe (FPP). Microstructural characterizations included XRD, TEM, and HRTEM. Preliminary Cu diffusion tests demonstrated good diffusion barrier properties, suggesting that HfN is a promising candidate for Cu diffusion barriers. Cubic HfN (B1-NaCl) thin films were grown epitaxially on Si(001) substrates by using a TiN (B1-NaCl) buffer layer as thin as ~10 nm. The HfN/TiN stacks were deposited by PLD with an overall thickness less than 60 nm. Detailed microstructural characterizations included XRD, TEM, and HRTEM. The electrical resistivity measured by FPP was as low as 70 mu omega-cm. Preliminary copper diffusion tests showed good diffusion barrier properties with a diffusion depth of 2~3 nm after vacuum annealing at 500 degrees C for 30 minutes. Additional samples with Cu deposited on top of the cubic HfN/TiN/Si(001) were vacuum annealed at 500 degrees C, 600 degrees C and 650 degrees C for 30 minutes. The diffusivity of copper in the epitaxial stack was investigated using HRTEM. The measured diffusion depths, 2 Dt , were 3, 4 and 5 nm at 500 degrees C, 600 degrees C and 650 degrees C respectively. Finally, the diffusivity of Cu into epitaxial HfN was determined to be D=D0 exp(-Q/kT)cm2s-1 with D0=2.3x10-14cm2s-1 and Q=0.52eV.

Cette thèse a permis le développement et l'optimisation de jonctions Josephson SNS (Supraconducteur–métal Normal–Supraconducteur) à électrodes NbN et barrière TaxN de haute résistivité. On a montré une bonne reproductibilité des propriétés des couches TaxN en fonction des paramètres du dépôt. Les tricouches NbN/TaxN/NbN présentent la température critique élevée attendue (16K). Les jonctions présentent une dépendance claire du produit RnIc (courant Josephson x résistance normale, indicateur de la fréquence Josephson maximale) en fonction de la pression d'azote dans le dépôt. On a ainsi obtenu sur des collections de jonctions des produits RnIc très élevés, jusqu'à 3,74mV à 4,2K pour des densités de courant critique Jc voisines de 15kA/cm2. Les jonctions présentent les comportements Josephson attendus, (diffraction de Fraunhofer et marches de Shapiro) jusqu'à 14K. La dépendance du Jc des jonctions en fonction de la température a été interpolée en utilisant le modèle des jonctions SNS longues dans la limite sale, donnant une longueur de cohérence du métal normal autour de 3,8nm à 4,2K. Nous avons enfin étudié un procédé de fabrication multiniveaux adapté aux circuits RSFQ (Rapid Single Flux Quantum), comprenant un plan de masse commun et des résistances de polarisation. Pour conclure, nous avons montré la supériorité de performances des jonctions NbN/TaxN/NbN sur les jonctions actuelles en niobium et leur intérêt pour réaliser des circuits numériques RSFQ compacts. En effet ces jonctions s'affranchissent des résistances d'amortissement des jonctions Nb, et peuvent fonctionner jusqu'à des fréquences d'horloge supérieures à 150 GHz et jusqu'à 10K (contre 50 GHz en Nb à 4,2K).

This paper explores the practical teachings found in the Dunhuang manuscript of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch and considers the possibility of practice within a doctrine of sudden enlightenment. Part One outlines how the doctrine of sudden enlightenment can be understood to undermine the purpose for practicing meditation. Part Two first makes a case for the position that practice is presupposed by the text regardless of the doctrine of sudden enlightenment. Next the paper argues for what type of meditation practice the Platform Sutra teaches is consistent with sudden enlightenment. The practice the Platform Sutra teaches is an intentionless, continuous, non-passive non-attachment while in the midst of dharmas that takes as its basis the suchness of things inherent in sentient beings.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [192]-208).

The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is the dominant pattern of variability in the tropical stratosphere. Despite a well established theory regarding its generation in the atmosphere, the simulation in global climate models remains difficult. A set of metrics assessing the quality of model simulations is presented in this study. The QBO simulations in models submitted to the CMIP5 and CCMVal-2 intercomparison projects are characterised and compared to radiosonde observations and reanalysis datasets. Common model biases and their potential causes are addressed. As the QBO has a long intrinsic period, knowing its influences on other parts of the climate system can be used to improve long range forecasts. These teleconnections of the QBO in observations are investigated using composite analysis, multilinear regression and a novel approach called causal effect networks (CEN). Findings from these analyses confirm previous results of the QBO modulating the stratospheric polar vortex and subsequently the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). They also suggest that it is important to take the equatorial zonal mean zonal wind vertical profile into account when studying teleconnections, rather than the more traditional method of using just one single level. While QBO influences on the Northern Hemisphere winter polar vortex and the NAO are more clearly established, interactions within the tropics remain inconclusive. Regression analysis does not show a connection between the QBO and the MJO, whereas the CEN analysis does. Further studies are needed to understand the interaction mechanisms near the equator. Finally, following the unprecedented disruption of the QBO cycle in the winter 2015/16, the event is described and a model analogue from the MPI-ESM-MR historical simulation is presented. Future implications are unclear, although model projections indicate more frequent QBO irregularities in a warming climate.