The Conservation Authorities Act was passed by the Ontario Provincial legislature in 1946 to further the “conservation, restoration, development and development of natural resources other than gas, oil, coal and minerals.” On 8 May 1958, Ontario’s 25th conservation authority was established on the watershed of Spencer Creek near Hamilton. The Spencer Creek Conservation Authority (SCCA) recognized that in order to acquire the necessary lands for conservation it was in a race with developers and urban sprawl. An aggressive land acquisition programme was initiated by the SCCA (1958-1966) and continued by its successor, the Hamilton Region Conservation Authority. The success of this programme from 1958-1971 created a green framework for the region, with many of our most popular and ecological important conservation areas acquired during this period, including: Dundas Valley, Christie Lake, Valens, Spencer Gorge, Beverly Swamp, and Summit Bog. However, acquisition of such a vast acreage of conservation land doesn't just happen by desire, it involves many operational factors. Available funding, administrative policies, land owner engagement, knowledge of the property market, and public and political support were all central aspects of this land acquisition program. This research paper examines these inter-related factors and outlines the many challenges and initiatives that led to the acquisition of over 3,300 acres of land for conservation. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

To maintain high levels of proficiency and readiness the U.S. Army trains its soldiers on military bases across the country. However, the Army currently possesses an insufficient amount of land with which to train on, necessitating an expansion of current bases. This paper explores the Army's land acquisition policies, using as case studies the ongoing expansions at Fort Carson in Colorado and Fort Polk in Louisiana. Fort Carson, which announced expansion plans in 2006, faced strong opposition and the project has ground to a halt. In early 2009 Fort Polk announced a 100,000-acre expansion. They have utilized a broad public outreach program and promised on numerous occasions not to use eminent domain to acquire privately-held land. As a result, the Polk expansion has proceeded much more smoothly. Using lessons learned from the pair of case studies, this paper then presents a list of best practices the Army can use for future land acquisition projects. / text

Lantbruket har sedan länge haft stor betydelse för Sverige. För att kunna kontrollera vem som förvärvar mark taxerad som lantbruksegendom har lagar sedan 1900-talet satts i kraft. Lagen har sedan början vilat på ett syfte vilket består i att bevara ägarbalansen mellan olika ägarkategorier, speciellt juridiska och fysiska personer. Sedan första lagen stiftades har lagstiftningen har juridiska personers möjligheter till förvärv varit mycket begränsad. Syftet med denna uppsats är att redogöra under vilka förutsättningar och villkor juridiska personer kan lämnas förvärvstillstånd vid förvärv av lantbruksegendom. För att kunna genomföra arbetet har en rättsdogmatisk metod använts i kombination med en rättsanalytisk metod. Materialet som använts är gällande och tidigare lagstiftning, praxis från Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen och Högsta domstolen, underrättspraxis från kammarrätten samt förarbeten tillhörande Jordförvärvslagen (SFS 1979:230). Uppsatsen kan konstatera att det i gällande lagstiftning föreligger fyra villkor då juridisk person kan lämnas förvärvstillstånd när lantbruksegendom förvärvats från fysisk person. Det sker under två förutsättningar, antingen lämnas kompensationsmark eller så sker förvärvet kompensationsfritt. Lämnas kompensationsmark till fysisk person eller staten för naturvårdsändamål inom fem år eller kan komma att lämnas inom fem år kan juridisk person lämnas förvärvstillstånd. Sker förvärvet kompensationsfritt kan tillstånd lämnas om den förvärvade egendomen skall ändra ändamål. Detta måste vara fastställt innan förvärvet sker genom t.ex detaljplan. Ett tredje fall där juridisk person kan lämnas förvärvstillstånd är om förvärvet avser skogsmark och förvärven bedriver sådan industriell verksamhet i vilken egendomens virkesavkastning behövs, som appliceras på mindre träförädlande företag med koppling till orten förvärvet sker från. Sista villkoret som förvärvstillstånd kan lämnas juridisk person är om det föreligger särskilda skäl. En bedömning görs i varje enskilt fall utifrån intresset att bevara ägarbalansen och de skäl som förvärvet innebär. Det allmänna intresset kan även komma att beaktas. I förarbeten tas som exempel att sådana skäl kan vara om den förvärvade egendomen är kapitalkrävande. Lagstiftningen gällande juridiska personers förvärv av lantbruksmark är fortsatt väldigt strikt men vissa undantag görs. Utgångspunkten är dock att förvärvstillstånd inte ska lämnas och bedömning blir därav väldigt restriktiv. / Agriculture has been of great importance to Sweden. To be able to control who acquires land taxed as agricultural property, laws have been enacted since the 20th century. From the beginning, the law has rested on one purpose, which is to preserve the balance of ownership between different categories of owners, especially legal and natural persons. Since the first law was enacted, legislation regarding the acquisition of legal entities has been very limited.  The purpose of this thesis is to explain the conditions under which legal persons can be granted an acquisition permit when acquiring agricultural property. To be able to carry out the work, a legal dogmatic method has been used in combination with a legal analytical method. This essay is based on current and previous legislation, case law from the Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court, lower court case law from the Court of Appeal and preparatory work and SOU belonging to the Land Acquisition Act (SFS 1979: 230).  What can be stated with the thesis is that there are four conditions in current legislation when a legal person can be granted an acquisition permit when agricultural property has been acquired from a natural person. This takes place under two conditions, either compensation land is provided, or the acquisition takes place without compensation. If compensation land is provided to a natural person or the state for nature conservation purposes within five years or may be provided within five years, a legal person may be granted an acquisition permit. If the acquisition takes place without compensation, permission can be granted if the acquired property is to change purpose, this must be determined before the acquisition takes place through, for example, a detailed plan. A third case where a legal person can be granted an acquisition permit is if the acquisition relates to forest land and the acquisitions conduct such industrial activities in which the property's timber yield is needed, which is applied to smaller wood processing companies in connection with the locality from which the acquisition takes place. The last condition on which an acquisition permit can be granted to a legal entity is if there are special circumstances. An assessment is made in each individual case based on the interest in maintaining the ownership balance and the reasons that the acquisition entails. The public interest may also be considered.  The legislation regarding legal persons acquisition of agricultural land remains very strict, but certain exceptions are made. The starting point, however, is that an acquisition permit should not be issued and that the assessment of this will be very restrictive.

India has ambitious targets to develop extensive renewable energy infrastructure by 2022. These targets are driven by the country’s pressing environmental and demographic concerns. While the development of such infrastructure can have many benefits, the costs of are often disproportionately borne by some of the most impoverished groups due to land acquisition and displacement. Land acquisition often occurs in rural areas, where the majority of the population are farmers or tribal groups. While there are laws to protect the rights of these groups, the effectiveness of these laws is often undermined by state governments that prioritize investment. Looking at the development of solar, wind, and small hydropower, the various impacts on rural communities are evident. Without adequate compensation for the loss of land and the suffering caused by displacement, these groups can often be left worse off than before. Government support needs to be carried out in a way that encourages maximum deployment, while also enforcing regulations that protect the rights of rural communities.

This essay discusses the impacts and effects on the rural population of the large-scale land acquisitions that are taking place in Africa today, with a focus on Tanzania and the activities of the Swedish biofuel company EcoEnergy in the country. The main objective is to explore the implications on the rural population and the environment created by EcoEnergy’s involvement in land acquisition in Tanzania. Large-scale land acquisitions are often said to have a positive impact on a country’s development process. Critical assessments, however, question this opinion and the method chosen for the essay is a case study analysis. For my exploration, it has been crucial to study the documents of the company, its code of conduct and also how the company adheres to Tanzanian laws while carrying out its activities. These documents, which describe expected environmental and social impacts, have been compared to field studies made in Tanzanian villages by institutes to see if EcoEnergy follow their code of conduct statements and adheres to the laws of the country. What has been found when comparing the impact on the environment and the effects on the social life of the local population is that their lives will not be improved, and that promises made by EcoEnergy have not been kept. The conclusion made in this study is that there are no satisfactory communication and information links between the government, the investors and the population. The population does not have any accountability measures towards the investors if the investors’ promises are not kept. The final conclusion is that the development process of Tanzania, as it seems, is thus not gaining on having biofuels investors in the country.

Abstract There has been an increase in land grabbing in the world over the years and the trend seems to be increasing in the same direction. Whereas, the phenomenon is said to be happening across all continents except Antarctica, in this Africa is the primary target. Uganda too has not been spared and the discovery of oil in 2006 added an insult to an injury. Though, the phenomenon has lived with the world for some good time, it continues to happen with less efforts being made to curb it. As a result, a study was carried out to gain a deeper understanding of the drivers of land grabbing in Uganda’s Albertine Graben. It was a desk study and employed an abductive approach though some primary data was also collected to back it up. The political economy approach was employed to understand the different political and economic dynamics involved in land grabbing. The study found out the issue of absentee land lords and the discovery of oil in 2006 as the main reasons that explain the occurrence of the phenomenon something that is different from the many scholars’ view that agricultural reasons are the main cause. Land grabbing was further seen as mainly negative as it leads to loss of economic livelihoods, lack of cooking energy, displacement of people among others. The study learned that massive sensitization of the people about their rights; strict implementation of the existing laws by the government would help to reduce or solve the problem. Key words, Land grabbing, land acquisition, Albertine Graben, Bunyoro, political economy approach.

The reclaiming of land can provide for heated controversy between communities. The controversy at the outset may seem simple, but is actually quite complex involving hegemonic factors such as social, political, and economic influence. One such factor is the media. This research examines media coverage via framing in a battle between the United States Navy and the Hawaiian people to claim ownership of a Hawaiian island named Kaho'olawe. This research analyzes 519 newspaper articles from two Hawaiian newspapers--The Honolulu Star Bulletin and The Honolulu Advertiser--over a seven-year period. Six framing devices--advocate, economic, environment, Hawaiian, military, and political--are devised and implemented. This analysis shows that media frames change over time, when a frame changes so does the tone of the article, and each level of article showed different frame usage. For example, the headline of an article tended to use the political frame most. In addition, this analysis is one of the first to examine the use of pictures within each article and between newspapers. The findings suggest that the media's coverage of land debates needs to be examined further to include the use of media frames, quotes, and pictures.

Increase demand for biofuel in the world as the means to mitigate global climate change, energy option and reduced fule import expenses have attracted many companies to acquire land in developing countries like Tanzania. To invest on biofuel in Africa is believed to be a means for generating incomes from expert, to employ rural people, enhance infrastructure development.However, in Africa biofuels policy is still weak. This study mainly focuses on people`s expectation during and after the investment.Issue of compensation procedure and promises seems to be a big problem; something brought tension of being cheated among local communities. Futhermore, community involvement and integration of jatropha with smallholder´s agriculture is also low.

The purpose of the research is to study the solutions for the difficulties encountered in the water resources development in southern Taiwan. In the recent years, Owing to the phenomenon of global warming, many countries in the world experienced more powerful flood and longer drought then before. The water resources development of southern Taiwan is very difficult not only because the limitation of the weather and geographical condition, but also the hinder of the inner and outside factors of government organizations. The inner factors majorly include : The opinions of central government and local government cannot be integrated effectively like the old province government and results in the suspension of the engineering land acquisition. The authority¡¦s policy of water resource development is unstable, which also make the situation worse. The outside factors majorly includes: The intention of the local government authority can be affected easily by the effect of NIMBY and the pressure of environmental protection group,which causes the problem of land acquisition becoming more complicated and harder to resolve. This paper trys to study the cases of Ma-Tan Reservoir and Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin Water diversion project, based on the efficiency of the land acquisition of the province government, to analyse the inner and outside factors and the dealing mechanism of government to provide some suggestions for the government.

Der Bodenmarkt hat seit 2005 eine dynamische Entwicklung genommen. Durch die globale Wirtschaftskrise wurden die Investitionen in werthaltige Güter, d.h. auch in Boden befördert. Die Anzahl Verkaufsfälle und die gehandelte Fläche stiegen seit 2005 stetig an. Der Kaufpreis erhöhte sich um 17 Prozent. Während in den Niederlanden mit 444 Euro/ha oder Dänemark mit 551 Euro/ha die höchsten Pachtpreise erzielt werden, liegt Deutschland im Durchschnitt bei 205 Euro/ha. Trotz Steigerung um 51 Euro/ha seit 1991 liegt der sächsische Pachtpreis nur bei 116 Euro/ha. Der deutlichere Anstieg bei Grünland kann Ursache der Entkopplung der Direktzahlungen, d.h. dem Überwälzeffekt der Grünlandprämie geschuldet sein.