Repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) by the homologous recombination (HR) pathway results in crossovers (COs) required for a successful first meiotic division. DSB resection is the nucleic degradation of DSB ends to expose 3’ single strand DNA (ssDNA), an intermediate required for HR. To investigate genes involved in meiosis, a forward genetic screen was performed to search for novel genes or informative new mutant alleles of known genes. Mre11 is one member of the MRX/N (Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2/Nbs1) complex required for meiotic DSB formation and for resection in budding yeast. In Caenorhabditis elegans, evidence for the MRX/N’s role in DSB resection is limited. We isolated the first separation of function allele in C. elegans , mre 11(iow1), isolated from our forward genetic screen. The mre-11(iow1) mutants are specifically defective in meiotic DSB resection but not in DSB formation. The mre 11(iow1) mutants display chromosomal fragmentation and aggregation in late prophase I. Recombination intermediates and crossover formation is greatly reduced in mre 11(iow1) mutants. Irradiation induced DSBs during meiosis fail to be repaired from the early to middle prophase I in mre 11(iow1) mutants. Our data suggest that some DSBs in mre 11(iow1) mutants are repaired by the non homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway because removing NHEJ partially suppresses some meiotic defects conferred by mre 11(iow1). In the absence of NHEJ and a functional MRX/N, meiotic DSBs are channeled to an EXO 1 dependent form of recombination repair. Overall, our analysis supports a role for MRE-11 in the resection of DSBs in early to middle meiotic prophase I and in blocking NHEJ. A reverse genetic screen and a yeast two hybrid screen were performed to search for genes with genetic and/or physical interactions with mre-11. The reverse genetic screen isolated a novel meiotic gene, nhr-2, as a partial suppressor of the meiotic defects conferred by mre-11(iow1). The yeast two hybrid screen identified kin-18 interacting with mre-11. KIN-18 is the C. elegans homolog of mammalian Thousand And One kinase (TAO) kinase. KIN-18/TAO is MAPK kinase kinase whose meiotic role was unknown. We have found that KIN-18 is essential for normal meiotic progression as kin-18 mutants exhibit accelerated meiotic recombination, ectopic germ cell differentiation, and enhanced levels of germline apoptosis. In C.elegans MPK-1 activation in late pachytene is required for physiological apoptosis (nuclei removed by apoptosis serve as nursing cells for oocytes) and oocyte differentiation. The kin-18 mutants also showed absence of MPK-1 activation and aberrant MPK-1 activation that includes ectopic activation in the wrong regions in the germline or more than one time of activation. The progression defects in kin-18 mutants are suppressed by inhibiting an upstream activator, KSR-2, of the canonical MPK-1 signaling. Our data suggest KIN-18 affects meiotic progression by modulating the timing of MPK-1 activation. This regulation ensures the proper timing of recombination and normal apoptosis, which is required for the formation of functional oocytes. Meiosis is a conserved process; revealing that KIN-18 is a novel regulator of meiotic progression in C. elegans will motivate hypothesis for TAO kinase’s role in the germline development in higher eukaryotes. Meiosis is a crucial for sexually reproducing organisms to maintain ploidy level from one generation to the next. Accurate chromosome segregation in the meiosis requires meiotic recombination between homologous chromosomes. Failure in recombination can lead to abnormal segregation of chromosomes in meiosis, which leads to aneuploidy. Anueploidy is a leading cause of miscarriages and attributes to chromosomal related birth defects. Meiotic recombination starts with programmed DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), followed by repair of these DSBs by homologous recombination (HR) pathway. One key step in HR is resection, a process to covert DSB ends into single strand DNA (ssDNA). To broaden our understanding of meiotic DSB resection, we used a nematode, C. elegans, as a model to investigate genes in DSB resection. We have isolated a specific mutant allele of a meiotic gene, mre-11. Our data suggest meiotic DSB resection in C. elegans requires collaboration of mre-11 and another gene exo-1; efficient resection of DSB ends is important to safeguard repair of DSB by HR against other illegitimate repair pathway. In addition, we identified a gene kin-18 by looking for genes interacting with mre-11. Characterization of kin-18 show meiotic recombination is tightly coordinated with germ cell progression. Our analysis provides significant improvement in the understanding of meiotic recombination in C. elegans. Given the high conservation of the two genes, mre-11 and kin-18, our finding may be applied to other organisms.

This thesis reaches across multiple disciplines, including music psychology, performing arts, and philosophy, to propose using Lao Tzu’s philosophical thoughts in his book Tao Te Ching (also Dao De Jing, daodejing) to cultivate a classical performing musician’s “professional mindset.” “Professional mindset” is defined as the performer’s attitude in dealing with people including himself, and philosophical perspectives in making music. Part I evaluates the recurring traits of classical performing musicians (CPMs) as key for later arguing that Tao Te Ching helps enhance and transform the associated behaviors of a CPM’s recurring traits. These traits include being aloof, intelligent, emotionally unstable, dominant, sensitive, imaginative, self-sufficient, having high ergic tension, along with the associated second-order factors introversion, anxiety, independence, and being unrestrained. Part II introduces Tao Te Ching by building its thinking system map, with each of the book’s components explained and the underlying concepts hidden in the map uncovered via my English translations of the text as found in Chen Guying’s commentary. Part III presents three perspectives that collectively argue how Tao Te Ching cultivates a CPM’s professional mindset. The first analyzes anecdotes from the biographies of flutist Marcel Moyse using the recurring traits of CPMs in order to show how Lao Tzu’s thoughts can enhance or transform the associated behaviors of the recurring traits of CPMs. The second philosophically applies the duality of Lao Tzu to a CPM’s main musical activities and defines his daily performing cycle. The third explains how Tao Te Ching creatively deals with musical matters.

La thèse porte sur les problèmes posés par la conception et la réalisation de la partie logicielle des systèmes de traduction automatisée (TAO) hétérogènes, intégrant des systèmes de TA multiples et/ou à composants hétérogènes, ainsi qu'une partie THAM (traduction humaine aidée par la machine), reposant sur des mémoires de traductions. Ces systèmes se développent à côté des systèmes de TA homogènes et de THAM, et les supplanteront peut-être à moyen terme. Leurs différents composants de TA seront construits par des équipes différentes, distribuées autour de la planète, avec des méthodes algorithmiques et des outils différents (langages spécialisés ou LSPL), ainsi que des ressources et composants linguiciels différents (dictionnaires et corpus de divers types, grammaires et transducteurs basés sur des règles), à l'aide d'EDL (environnements de développement linguiciel) eux aussi différents. Les contributions de la thèse concernent en particulier : • l'amélioration des « méta-EDL de TAO », permettant d'effectuer une transition incrémentale entre les EDL natifs des systèmes de TA utilisés pour construire un systèmes de TAO à composants hétérogènes, et un futur EDL intégrateur universel, dans lequel on pourra « rapatrier » la compilation et l'exécution des LSPL ; • la conception et la réalisation d'une base lexicale partageant un même pivot lexical, PIVAX, réalisée au-dessus de la plate-forme Jibiki (G. Sérasset, GETALP) ; • la réingénierie de langages spécialisés « externes » (non supportés par l'EDL Ariane-G5), avec application aux « systèmes-Q » (A. Colmerauer, 1967), qui servit de base pendant 15 ans au système de TA TAUM-météo destiné aux bulletins météorologiques canadiens ; • la conception et la réalisation d'un « moniteur » adapté à la partie « production » d'un système de TAO hétérogène, EMEU_w.1.0, qui a été développé et utilisé dans le cadre d'un projet de grande ampleur.

This paper thoroughly studied the childhood, education, and job experiences of Hu Jintao, the present leader of Chinese Communist Party, and analyzed his personalities and cultural cultivation to understand his political character, behavior, and the thinking about policy on Taiwan. This paper includes six chapters. Chapter one includes the motive, objective, and the research method. Chapter two talks about the childhood of Hu Jintao. Chapter three describes how Hu became the fourth successive leader of Communist Party of China. Chapter four compares the 4 successive leaders and their policies on Taiwan. Chapter five discusses the consideration of Communist Party of China between its policy on Taiwan and international situation. Chapter six, the conclusion of this paper, brings out some suggestions for future thinking about foreign strategy toward China. After the 1949 civil war in China, the Government reined by Kuomintang withdrew to Taiwan and the Communist Party of China won the political power of China. It has been 60 years since the People¡¦s Republic of China was established on October 1st 1949. All of the 4 successive leaders claimed that there is only on China in the world, and Taiwan is part of China. Therefore, there were Mao Zedong¡¦s force liberation to peaceful liberation, Deng Xiaoping¡¦s peaceful liberation to ¡§one country with two systems,¡¨ Jiang Zemin¡¦s continuous ¡§one country two systems¡¨ based on Hong Kong experience, and Hu Jintao¡¦s two-side strategy ¡X ¡§milder for the milds, and firmer for the firms¡¨ and ¡§One country two systems for peaceful union.¡¨ Based on the above-mentioned background, this study compared the successive 4 leaders¡¦ breeding, learning, personalities, statecraft, leadership, value of life, and the policy on Taiwan collection and analysis of papers, periodicals, dissertations, scholars¡¦ writings, governmental publication, statistics, researches, records issued in China, and foreign periodicals, dissertations, and writings. Hopefully, the results were expected to be helpful to reveal China¡¦s strategies for Taiwan by describing in detail about the origins, historical causes, and possible future development between Taiwan and China. The final goal is helping China and Taiwan to understand each other more deeply and to have more friendly interactions, thus there would be more opportunities for the two parities to cooperate and benefit both sides.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Portuguese

Lie Xian Zhuan is representatives of the early story of Immortals class; Lie Yi Zhuan is Wei-Jin and South & North Dynasties¡¥s early Zhiguai's Novels. This thesis is focused on Research the books's author , Year of publication and table of contents ,discuss about the witchcraft from Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Wei Jin Dynasty. By research Lie Xian Zhuan and Lie Yi Zhuan 's contents, can probe the differences between both's background and witchcraft.

Thesis (M.L.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes special study report entitled: Solar applications to landscape design. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Bonn. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-257).

Thesis (M.L.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes special study report entitled : Solar applications to landscape design. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

abstract: Throughout western clarinet art music, there are not only a large number of great performers and classical works, but also a valuable body of literature that has laid a solid foundation for clarinet development and global dispersion. By contrast, Chinese clarinet literature is lacking in quantity and global distribution. However, this is the first comprehensive study that discloses the mysterious mask of China’s clarinet art. This study does not merely discuss the Chinese clarinet history, but it also introduces important historical events that influenced the development of the Chinese clarinet industry (excluding manufacturing), including Chinese military bands, clarinet music, pedagogy, clarinet figures, and its future direction. In the conclusion of this paper, the author discusses the deficiency of the Chinese clarinet industry and makes suggestions for solving problems with clarinet players practicing more technique rather than focusing on musicianship, educators’ lack of concentration on teaching and academic research, and the shortage of Chinese clarinet works. Additionally, the author appeals to Chinese clarinet players to actively participate in international activities and the Chinese government to increase incentives to introduce high-level Chinese talents overseas to help make China a better country in any field. / Dissertation/Thesis / Theme and Variations_Shuang Zhu / The Song of Grazing Horses_Shuang Zhu / The Sound of Pamir I_Shuang Zhu / The Sound of Pamir II_Shuang Zhu / The Sound of Pamir III_Shuang Zhu / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2017