This thesis analyzes the redistributive impact of the individual income tax over the time. The aim is to analyze and compare the tax burden on taxpayers and the degree of progressivity from 2000 to 2010. During those ten years, several significant changes, regarding the components of individual income tax, had occurred. In particular, there was transition from the standard deduction from the tax base to the tax credits in 2005 and 2005, and then in 2008 a change in the tax base as so-called super-gross wage, the introduction of linear 15% tax rate and in the case of the social insurance to the introduction of the maximum assessment base for employees. In this thesis the requirements for personal income tax are described at first, with focus on equity and related redistribution and measurements of the tax progressivity. The second part of this thesis describes the various structural elements of the personal income tax and their changes in individual years. The final section contains both analysis of the impact of these changes on the average tax rate for individual taxpayers and the degree of progressivity and then comparison of the average tax rate and the degree of progressivity in these ten years.

The diploma thesis is focused on the comparison of effective taxation of consumption and structure of tax revenues between new and old member states of the European Union. Two predetermined hypotheses were tested in the comparison analysis. Hypothesis I.: New Member States have less effective taxation of consumption than the old ones Hypothesis II.: Revenues from taxes on consumption in the New Member states is different from the yields in the old Member States.Three indicators were tested gradually: implicit tax rate, share of taxes on consumption to gross domestic product and share of taxes on consumption to total taxation. The aim of the thesis was to confirm or to refute predetermined hypotheses and to discuss results of the analysis. In this analysis was used the method Comparison of two means.

影響公司資本結構的理論大體可區分為由租稅、稅盾和破產成本間的互抵關係（trade-off）、由經理人、債權人、以及股東間因利益衝突所引發的代理成本（agency cost）、以及融資順位理論（pecking order theory）等觀點來討論。其中，租稅因素包括有效稅率、以及投資抵減、租稅損失遞延等非負債性稅盾因素。而另一方面，影響有效稅率的因素則包含了公司的資本結構、公司規模、盈餘變動、各項租稅優惠等因素。很明顯的，資本結構與有效稅率兩者間有互為因果、以及聯立的關係存在。但在過去的研究中卻均未考慮到此點，目前的文獻或只論及有效稅率對資本結構之影響，或是資本結構對有效稅率之影響，均為單一方向的考慮，忽略了兩者之間相互影響的關係，因此所得之實證結果也必然有所偏誤。 因此，本文以一全新、與以往不同的聯立方程系統，而非尋舊有兩條分立之模型的方式，就實證結果來分析效稅率與資本結構之間真正的關係，並同時以橫斷面、及Panel Data之固定效果模型來進行迴歸分析。其主要結論為：我國公司之有效稅率與資本結構只存在負相關之結果，當有效稅率愈高（低），公司之舉債愈低（高），也就是說，利息費用所帶來的租稅節餘利益並不影響我國上市上櫃公司之資本結構。此結果不僅與理論不符，也與國內之前之實證研究結果相異。本文推論，這可能與投資抵減所帶來的所得效果、以及股票市場之之蓬勃發展有關。 另外，本文亦針對台灣資本市場以及稅制環境之特色，納入台灣目前停徵證券交易所得稅及土地交易所得稅之因素。實證結果顯示，免稅之證券交易所得與資本結構為負相關，反映出了台灣近幾年股票市場交易熱絡，以及公司以此作為其財務融資來源的特色，租稅因素對於公司融資行為之影響由此可見。這對於租稅中立的追求來說，並不是一個令人樂見之結果。

新企業所得稅法實施後，內外資企業所得稅法被統一，不一致的情形被消弭，稅收優惠的政策也從對外資企業的普遍優惠制轉變成以產業為導向。凡此種種改變，皆對中國大陸上市企業之有效稅率產生影響。本文以2003年-2010年中國大陸上市企業的財務資料做實證研究。 本文主要研究的課題有三：一、探討新企業所得稅法實施前後稅前扣除規定對有效稅率的影響；二、新企業所得稅法中規定的反資本弱化條款對企業有效稅率是否有影響？；三、內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，各地區是否仍有顯著的稅境差異？ 第一個課題用兩個變數來捕捉，一個是薪資費用，一個是營運費用。薪資費用在內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一前與有效稅率為負相關。本文推論該情形因為高階管理人員的薪資沒有正常列報，而可能的原因有三：一、租稅規劃原因，二、避免薪酬過高引起社會各界關注，故分配在各個關係企業，三、國家對國有企業的高階管理人薪資有限制。 營運費用在內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一前與有效稅率為正相關，與假說預計情況相同。這部分可用財稅差異的觀點來解釋。而內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，應納稅所得額的計算規則更為公平合理，故營運費用對有效稅率的影響為負相關。第二個課題是討論資本弱化條款的問題。內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，該變數之係數呈現顯著正相關，代表中國大陸在內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，反避稅措施的實施已然有些成效。 第三個課題是稅境差異的問題。本文地區性虛擬變數的設置以西部地區為對照組。內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之前，較明顯享受稅收優惠政策的地區是西部地區與經濟特區，故東部地區與中部地區的係數顯著為正，而經濟地區呈現不顯著的狀態。內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，地區別的稅收優惠政策只剩下西部地區中的鼓勵類產業才能享受，而實證結果也明確顯示中國大陸政府預期的結果。 / After new enterprise income tax law enacted , income tax law applicable to both domestic and foreign-owned enterprise are unified,the difference between those income tax law are gone. The new law scraps the original emphasis on regional incentives in favor of industry-oriented incentives supplemented by regional ones . All of these changes affect corporate effective tax rates of China Listed companies . This study used the sample of china listed companies spanning from 2003-2010. This study have three main topics : First, to discuss how the pre-tax deduction rules affect corporate effective tax rates before and after implementation of the new law. Second, does the anti-thin capitalization rule in the new law have some effect to corporate effective tax rates? Third, after implementation of the new law,are there still big difference between regions? This study used two variables to examine first topic-salary expense and operating expense. Salary expense had a negative correlation with corporate effective tax rates before implementation of the new law. I consider it came from salary information disclosure of senior executives which could be explained in three ways. First, tax planning purpose. Second, in case of drawing attention from publics, part of salary were paid by affiliated companys. Third,the country imposed caps on senior executive pay in state-owned enterprises. Operating expense had a positive relation with corporate effective tax rates before implementation of the new law which is the same as hypothesis. It could be explained in terms of book-tax differences. After implementation of the new law, rules for computation taxable income are more fair and reasonable. As a result, operating expense has a negative relation with corporate effective tax rates. The second topic discuss about anti-thin capitalization rule.After implementation of the new law, the variable standing for anti-thin capitalization rule is significantly positively correlated with corporate effective tax rates.It represents that, after implementation of the new law, China authorities make progress in anti-tax avoidance. The third topic is about tax burden between regions. This study used western region as a control group. Before implementation of the new law, preferential tax policies were subject to western region and Special Economic Zones. For this reason, the region dummy variables—central China and east China were significantly positively correlated with corporate effective tax rates, but the coefficient of western region dummy variable did not reach statistical significance. After implemention of the new law, preferential tax policies is subject only to domestic enterprises belonging to the category encouraged by the State in western region. The empirical results conform to the anticipation of China authorities.

中國大陸自1994年採用生產型增值稅後，重複課稅阻礙了產業結構的發展，使企業成長受到抑制，故2009年轉型為消費型增值稅，雖已有學者針對法治層面進行研究，然而尚無文獻針對增值稅轉型對於增值稅實質稅負之影響進行實證研究。本研究初以產業結構、股權結構與地區結構之差異探討對於中國大陸為轉型消費型增值稅後對於實質稅率產生之影響，並輔以企業規模、銷貨毛利率、股東權益報酬率、資本資產密集度……等變數的控制，期以降低對主要測量變數之影響。 實證結果發現: （1）中國大陸上市公司之有效稅率在增值稅體系中享有租稅優惠而使實際繳納之有效稅率降低，2009年後實施消費型增值稅，其實質稅率亦從4.79％降至4.02％，顯見實施後的實質稅率確能降低租稅負擔。（2）資本密集度較高之產業，其實質稅率亦較高，2009增值稅轉型後，無論是資本密集度高之產業抑或資本密集度低之產業，其實質稅率之影響並不顯著，顯見此次轉型因增值稅與營業稅並存而無法真正體現消費型增值稅所帶來稅負公平性。（3）內資持股比例超過50％之上市公司（內資企業）經過此次轉型後其實質稅率並未下降，顯見此次轉型並非全面而使成效有限。（4）中部和西部地區相較於東部地區之實質稅率較高，在2009年轉型為消費型增值稅後有降低之趨勢。 / This study investigates the effect of the effective tax rate after china began the transition from production-type valued-added tax to consumption-type VAT. Some researchers explore the pros and cons from the institutional level, but it is rarely to analyze the impact of the effective tax rate when the authorized implemented the consumption valued-added tax. This paper analyzes the effect of the effective tax rate on the transformation of valued-added tax by means of the empirical study. The empirical findings indicate that: 1) The effective tax rate of china listed companies declined from 4.79% to 4.02% after the transition of the VAT(Valued-added Tax),Therefore, the transition of the valued-added tax can decrease the burden of tax. 2) This study divided industries into capital intensive industries with high and low indicates it is not obvious in the regression. Because valued-added tax and business tax co-exist which results in the lack of fairness in consumption-type VAT. 3) The listed companies whose proportion of domestic ownership is above 50%(defined as domestic enterprises)increase rather than decrease effective tax rate after transition of VAT in 2009. 4) The listed companies which belong to area with middle and western region have decreasing tendency toward effective tax rate after transition of VAT in 2009.

Tyrimo objektas – gyventojų pajamų mokestis. Tyrimo dalykas – gyventojų pajamų mokesčio analizė ir tobulinimas. Darbo tikslas – atskleidus mokesčių teorinius pagrindus ir gyventojų pajamų mokesčio problemas, įvertinti gyventojų pajamų mokestį ir pateikti pasiūlymus šio mokesčio tobulinimui. Darbo uždaviniai: • Atskleisti pagrindines mokesčių teorijas, funkcijas ir apmokestinimo ribą; • Nustatyti gyventojų pajamų mokesčio problemas; • Sukurti metodiką gyventojų pajamų mokesčio vertinimui; • Įvertinti gyventojų pajamų mokestį ir nustatyti kitimo tendencijas; • Pateikti pasiūlymus gyventojų pajamų mokesčio tobulinimui. Tyrimo metodai – literatūros analizė, loginė analizė, duomenų sisteminimo ir dorojimo, statistinės analizės būdai: dinamikos eilučių, mažiausių kvadratų metodas, santykinių dydžių, grafinio vaizdavimo, horizontalioji ir vertikalioji analizė, regresinė analizė. Išanalizavus Lietuvos autorių mokslinius straipsnius, periodinę spaudą, užsienio autorių mokslinius darbus apie gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimą, atlikta Lietuvos gyventojų pajamų mokesčio analizė ir pateikti pasiūlymai šio mokesčio tobulinimui. / The object of this research is the Personas Income Tax. The subject of this research is analysis and improvement of Personal Income Tax. Research aim – by detecting theoretical essential of taxing and problems of Personal income tax, value Personal income tax and subject proposal for a further personal income tax improvement. The purpose of the work: - open main theories, functions of tax, principles of faxing and border; - estimate problems of Personal income tax; - create mythology to value Personal income tax; - to value Personal income tax and set its variation; - subject proposal for a further. Research methods: logical and comparative analysis, methods of logical and graphic modeling, methods of statistical analysis, horizontal and vertical analysis, dynamic line, regression. Researching treatise of Lithuanian author’s, periodical print, scientific task of foreign author’s about Personal income taxing, accomplished analysis of Personal income tax and proposed suggestion for improvement of Personal income tax.

Antanas NESTECKIS Gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įtaka savivaldybių biudžetų pajamoms Magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas, 53 puslapių, 8 paveikslai, 13 lentelių, literatūros šaltinių, priedai. RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI: gyventojų pajamų mokestis, savivaldybės biudžetas, mokesčio tarifas, gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimas. Tyrimo objektas - gyventojų pajamų mokesčio pajamos Kauno apskrities savivaldybėse. Tyrimo dalykas - gyventojų pajamų mokestis. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įtaką savivaldybių biudžetų pajamoms. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti gyventojų pajamų mokesčio reikšmę savivaldybių pajamoms; 2. Identifikuoti pajamų mokesčio politikos tendencijos Europos šalyse; 3. Nustatyti pagrindines gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimo principų ir uždavinių taikymo problemas. 4. Parengti gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įvertinimo formuojant savivaldybių biudžetų pajamas metodiką; 5. Atlikti pajamų surinkimo iš gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įvertinimą; 6. Pateikti pasiūlymus pajamų surinkimui iš gyventojų pajamų mokesčio tobulinti. Tyrimo metodai: • tiriant teorinius gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimo pagrindus bei mokesčių politikos ES tendencijas naudoti bendramoksliniai tyrimo metodai – mokslinės literatūros bei teisinių dokumentų analizė ir sintezė. • vertinant gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įtaką savivaldybių biudžetų pajamoms – statistiniai duomenų rinkimo bei analizės metodai, teisinių gyventojų pajamų mokesčio Lietuvos dokumentų analizė ir sintezė, loginė analizė ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Antanas Nesteckis The influence of Personal Income Tax on Municipal Budget Revenue Final work Master of Science diploma comprises of 53 pages, 8 pictures, 7 tables, literature sources and appendixes. Keywords: Personal Income Tax, Municipal Budget, tax rate, Personal Income taxation. Research object – revenue of Personal Income Tax in Kaunas district. Research subject - Personal Income Tax. Research aim – to estimate the influence of Personal Income Tax on municipal revenue. Research tasks: 1. To determine the influence of Personal Income Tax on Municipal Revenue; 2. To identify Income Tax policy trends in European countries. 3. To determine the main problems of Personal Income Tax taxation principles and aims use. 4. To prepare a methodology of Personal Income Tax assessment setting Municipal Revenue. 5. To estimate Personal Income Tax collection. 6. To make a suggestions for the improvement of Personal Income Tax collection. Research methods: • Analysing the main reasons of theoretical Personal Income Tax taxation and Tax policy trends there were used scientific research methods - scientific literature, legal document analysis and synthesis. • Evaluating influence of Personal Income Tax on Municipal Revenue there were used statistical data collection and analysis methods, legal Lithuanian documents about Personal Income Tax analysis and synthesis, logical analysis and synthesis. • Processing and systematization statistic information there were used aggregation... [to full text]

The topic of my diploma thesis is tax optimization in a chosen business subject. The thesis aims at finding the most optimum of corporation income tax in order that the selected entity has as low tax liability as possible. Methodology contains description of my suggested variants of optimization: adjusting the value of vouchers, creation of a reserve on repair the company's headquarters, giving free benefits for public benefit purposes, employment of people with disabilities and depreciation that relates to the acquisition of new fixed asset. I have chosen enterprise XYZ, a. s. (company doesn´t want to say name), which carries on in agriculture. The company is one of the most important business corporations operating in the Czech-Moravian Highlands and South Bohemia. Options optimization from methodology are processed in practical part on data enterprise XYZ, a. s. out of year 2016. In the final part of the thesis are calculated the total savings and the optimization options evaluated.

The issue of taxes, especially individual income tax is a very often discussed. This is a demanding and time-consuming issue when it comes to theoretical preparation as well as data processing. Taxpayers' efforts are to optimize tax bases so that they pay as little tax as possible. Taxpayers apply non-taxable parts of the tax base and tax deductibles, such as providing free benefits (donations). The behavior of taxpayers in donating is influenced by their solidarity. In conclusion, behavior of payers of individual income tax is highly unpredictable and very individual. One of the options to achieving a more equitable income taxation would be to reintroduce a progressive tax rate.

The graduation thesis deals with the tax optimalization in a chosen business subject. The aims of this graduation thesis are aplications of alternative procedure in the tax liability calculation and their showing at chosen business subject. The practical part is aimed at present law adjustment of a corporate income tax and at methodology of process of an individual option of the tax optimalization aimed at carryback, tax abatement and other tax types of the tax optimalization. The data, including the calculation of the 2007 income tax range, of the company Dřevooptima s.r.o. are elaborated in the practical part. By means of the aplication of the individual option of the tax optimalization on the company data there generates different tax optimalizations. Based on the comparision of these options and the existing degree of recommendation, which options of the tax optimalization should the company used in the future to legally reduce its tax liability. For purposes of the better orientation the thesis also contains charts.