本論文分五章探討，第一章為緒論。 第二章為中國大陸企業所得稅法的立法沿革介紹及發展史。在此，介紹了中國從1950年開始至今50多年來中國稅制的演變。 第三章開始探討企業所得稅制的發展歷程，由於過去中國急於發展，稅制主要目的在於吸引資金，對外資企業設立許多租稅優惠，但在這樣的大環境之下，卻產生了許多不公的情況。內外資企業所得稅分立並行，兩套稅制在稅基、稅率、稅收優惠等方面都不統一，且外資企業享有大量租稅優惠，相較之下，內資企業成為弱勢，不利市場公平競爭，為納稅人避稅和偷稅提供相當大的誘因。另外，在第四節的部分，談的是新企業所得稅法的改革重點及內容介紹，並對新舊制度做出比較。 第四章談的是新企業所得稅法施行的問題點。本章將新法規定較模糊或是較晚公布細則的地方做出釐清，並談論在新法之下，有哪些合法的避稅管道可供使用。在第二節的部分藉由數據證明，新企業所得稅法雖然取消了許多外資企業的租稅優惠，但在2008年一整年的稅收比2007年來得要多，這說明了，修法只是一個國家制度的完善與健全，資金流向中國的原因並不全然是租稅優惠的關係，而是由於中國擁有資源及良好的投資環境等因素。 第五章為結論與建議。

自中國大陸改革開放以來，中國大陸吸引外來直接投資的政策就不斷提出，到了2009年，中國實際吸收的外商直接投資金額已達900.33億美元，超越美國而成為全球吸收外商直接投資最多的國家。2007年3月16日，中國大陸通過歷時數年研擬的「中華人民共和國企業所得稅法」，相關的實施條例於2007年12月16日公布，並於2008年1月1日實施，過去諸多租稅優惠均改適用新規定。根據我國經濟部的統計資料顯示，目前中國是我國對外投資最多的地區，且在2008年時，台商赴中國投資占我國對外總投資之比重達58%，根據過去的研究發現租稅優惠確實是多數台商赴中國投資的誘因之一，因此，大陸新企業所得稅法通過後，對於台商將失去廣泛享有的稅收減免及低稅率的優惠政策，大陸新企業所得稅法對台商之影響層面甚大。 因此，本研究欲探討之主題為大陸新企業所得稅法之規定是否會對台商產生影響，本研究實證結果發現：第一、大陸新企業所得稅法之規定會使得台商對大陸投資意願降低，且台商對大陸之投資比例自2007年大陸新企所稅法公布日之後會減少；第二、大陸新企所稅法之施行對台商電子業不會造成影響。整體而言，本研究結果與過去大陸企業所得法文獻所探討的一致，即中國大陸相關租稅優惠措施是影響台商投資意願因素之一，大陸新企業所得稅法之規定會使得台商赴大陸投資意願降低。 / Since the reform and opening-up in China began, more and more policy to attract foreign direct investment has been continually proposed in China. By 2009, the amount of the foreign direct investment in China has reached 90.033 billion U.S. dollars, surpassing the U.S. and any other countries in the world. Nowadays, China attracts the largest amount of the foreign direct investment in the world. On March 16, 2007, a new law— “Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China”– was eventually approved in China. Later, implementation clauses of this law were announced on December 16, 2007, and then implemented on January 1, 2008. As a result, numerous tax incentives, which were applied in the past, now need to be changed to fulfill these new requirements. The statistics provided by Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs shows that, Taiwan’s foreign investment was mainly invested into China; moreover, in Taiwan’s total foreign investment in 2008, the percentage of Taiwanese investment in China is up to 58 percent. According to the previous finding, it shows that tax preferences is one of the major incentives to motivate Taiwanese businessmen to invest in China. Therefore, after the new Enterprise Income Tax Law is issued, a wide range of Taiwan companies will lose their advantages in tax breaks and low tax rates. It is obvious that the new Enterprise Income Tax Law of China greatly influences Taiwanese businessmen. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether the new China Enterprise Income Tax Act has an impact on Taiwanese businessmen. The empirical study of this survey shows two findings: first, China’s provisions of the new enterprise income tax law will diminish Taiwan businessmen's investment in China, and the proportion of Taiwanese investment in China has been decreased since China announced new enterprise income tax law in 2007; second, the implementation of China new tax law does not affect Taiwanese electronics industry. To sum up, the results of this study have agreement with the view of previous literature about China new enterprise tax law. That is, China tax-related incentives is one of the factors to affect the motivation of Taiwan investment in China. Provisions of the new enterprise income tax law will discourage Taiwan businessmen’s will to invest in China.

新企業所得稅法實施後，內外資企業所得稅法被統一，不一致的情形被消弭，稅收優惠的政策也從對外資企業的普遍優惠制轉變成以產業為導向。凡此種種改變，皆對中國大陸上市企業之有效稅率產生影響。本文以2003年-2010年中國大陸上市企業的財務資料做實證研究。 本文主要研究的課題有三：一、探討新企業所得稅法實施前後稅前扣除規定對有效稅率的影響；二、新企業所得稅法中規定的反資本弱化條款對企業有效稅率是否有影響？；三、內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，各地區是否仍有顯著的稅境差異？ 第一個課題用兩個變數來捕捉，一個是薪資費用，一個是營運費用。薪資費用在內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一前與有效稅率為負相關。本文推論該情形因為高階管理人員的薪資沒有正常列報，而可能的原因有三：一、租稅規劃原因，二、避免薪酬過高引起社會各界關注，故分配在各個關係企業，三、國家對國有企業的高階管理人薪資有限制。 營運費用在內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一前與有效稅率為正相關，與假說預計情況相同。這部分可用財稅差異的觀點來解釋。而內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，應納稅所得額的計算規則更為公平合理，故營運費用對有效稅率的影響為負相關。第二個課題是討論資本弱化條款的問題。內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，該變數之係數呈現顯著正相關，代表中國大陸在內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，反避稅措施的實施已然有些成效。 第三個課題是稅境差異的問題。本文地區性虛擬變數的設置以西部地區為對照組。內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之前，較明顯享受稅收優惠政策的地區是西部地區與經濟特區，故東部地區與中部地區的係數顯著為正，而經濟地區呈現不顯著的狀態。內外資企業所得稅兩稅合一之後，地區別的稅收優惠政策只剩下西部地區中的鼓勵類產業才能享受，而實證結果也明確顯示中國大陸政府預期的結果。 / After new enterprise income tax law enacted , income tax law applicable to both domestic and foreign-owned enterprise are unified,the difference between those income tax law are gone. The new law scraps the original emphasis on regional incentives in favor of industry-oriented incentives supplemented by regional ones . All of these changes affect corporate effective tax rates of China Listed companies . This study used the sample of china listed companies spanning from 2003-2010. This study have three main topics : First, to discuss how the pre-tax deduction rules affect corporate effective tax rates before and after implementation of the new law. Second, does the anti-thin capitalization rule in the new law have some effect to corporate effective tax rates? Third, after implementation of the new law,are there still big difference between regions? This study used two variables to examine first topic-salary expense and operating expense. Salary expense had a negative correlation with corporate effective tax rates before implementation of the new law. I consider it came from salary information disclosure of senior executives which could be explained in three ways. First, tax planning purpose. Second, in case of drawing attention from publics, part of salary were paid by affiliated companys. Third,the country imposed caps on senior executive pay in state-owned enterprises. Operating expense had a positive relation with corporate effective tax rates before implementation of the new law which is the same as hypothesis. It could be explained in terms of book-tax differences. After implementation of the new law, rules for computation taxable income are more fair and reasonable. As a result, operating expense has a negative relation with corporate effective tax rates. The second topic discuss about anti-thin capitalization rule.After implementation of the new law, the variable standing for anti-thin capitalization rule is significantly positively correlated with corporate effective tax rates.It represents that, after implementation of the new law, China authorities make progress in anti-tax avoidance. The third topic is about tax burden between regions. This study used western region as a control group. Before implementation of the new law, preferential tax policies were subject to western region and Special Economic Zones. For this reason, the region dummy variables—central China and east China were significantly positively correlated with corporate effective tax rates, but the coefficient of western region dummy variable did not reach statistical significance. After implemention of the new law, preferential tax policies is subject only to domestic enterprises belonging to the category encouraged by the State in western region. The empirical results conform to the anticipation of China authorities.

本文探討中國2008年企業所得稅改革對上市企業權益資金成本與融資政策的影響。實證結果顯示，從權益資金成本來看，此項稅改不僅降低上市公司的權益資金成本，且其降低幅度與其有效稅率為正相關。就融資決策的影響而言，雖然所得稅改革降低企業的負債比率，但是這個現象則與企業的有效稅率無關。 / This paper investigates how China’s Enterprise Income Tax Law reform in 2008 influences listed companies’ cost of capital and financing policy. The empirical results show that: for the cost of capital, the reform declines the listed companies’ cost of capital, and the degree of decline is positively correlated with their effective tax rate. For the financing policy, although the reform declines the listed companies’ debt ratio, this condition is unrelated with their effective tax rate.

本研究以1999年至2005年中國上市公司財務資料，探討影響中國上市公司有效稅率之決定因素。本文的實證結果發現中國全體上市公司樣本的平均有效稅率僅達14.14%，遠低於中國稅法規定33%的名目稅率，顯示上市公司普遍享有區域及行業優渥的租稅優惠，實際所得稅負並不高。其中以海南市、上海市的有效稅率最低，而西部偏遠地區的有效稅率為最高，顯示區域間租稅負擔不均之現象。採掘業公司平均有效稅率高達25%，農林牧漁業及信息技術業的平均有效稅率在10%以下，也反映產業間的稅負分配受到政府產業發展的租稅獎勵政策之影響。此外，近年中國會計制度積極與國際會計準則趨同，企業依財會準則所計提之資產減損準備在稅務上不能列報扣除，使公司須繳納較高之有效稅率。 本研究也發現中國上市公司的股權結構與其有效稅率間具有顯著的相關性，國家持股比率較高者，租稅規劃意願低，有效稅率較高；而外資持股比率較高者及有發行B股或H股的公司，享有較多的租稅優惠及有較積極的租稅規劃傾向，有效稅率則較低。最後，本文也發現一些重要的中國企業特性、財稅差異項目與公司有效稅率關聯性之實證證據，中國上市公司的企業規模與有效稅率間，呈現正向關係，符合政治成本假說。獲利愈高的公司，其有效稅率也亦高。公司資本資產密度與財務槓桿的稅盾效果並不顯著，研究支出之投入與有效稅率呈負相關。營業費用比率較高之企業，受到稅法對於多項費用列報限額標準之影響，如罰款支出、贊助費、非公益、救濟性捐贈支出、廣告費、宣傳費、業務招待費以及職工薪金等，也有較高之有效稅率。企業獲配股利所得及依權益法認列的投資收益較多者，在稅法上毋須列入課稅所得之金額較高，故其有效稅率較低。上述中國上市公司的企業特性與有效稅率之關聯性，提供了中國企業經營的租稅成本深受中國會計、租稅制度、公司特性以及商業環境影響之實證證據。 / This study investigates the effects of Chinese accounting standards and tax system on the corporate effective tax rates (ETRs) of china listed companies. Despite that the statutory tax rate of China income tax law is 33%, we found the average ETR of China listed companies is only about 14.14% during our sample period spanning from 1999 to 2005, suggesting that most listed companies across various areas and industries may enjoy substantial tax incentives. The empirical results show that the companies in Shanghai and Hainan have lower average ETRs then those in other areas. Especially, the agriculture, forestry, herding, fishery industries and the information technology industries have the lowest average ETRs of below 10%, possibly due to that Chinese government provides substantial tax incentives for both industries. Further, to converge with the international accounting standards, China gradually phased-in the accounting for asset impairments in 1998 and 2001, requiring listed companies to recognize the impairment losses when the fair values of assets are below their book values. However, the unrealized asset impairment losses are not deductible in filing income tax returns, resulting in that firms reporting greater asset impairment losses in financial statements are more likely to bear higher ETRs, ceteris paribus. In addition, we also found there is a significant relationship between China companies’ ownership structure and corporate ETRs. Ceteris paribus, companies having greater state-shares are more likely to have greater ETRs while companies having greater foreign institute-shares and companies issuing B-shares or H-shares are more likely to have lower ETRs. Finally, we also documented evidence on the relationship between Chinese firms’ characteristics and corporate ETRs. Chinese large firms are more likely to have greater ETRs, supporing the political cost hypothesis. Due to several limitations on claiming operating expenses to be tax-deductible items, firms with greater operating expenses are more likely to have greater non-tax-deductible expenditures and hence tend to have higher ETRs. Finally, to alleviate double taxation on dividend income, dividend income received by the investment companies is tax-exempt to the extent that the invested companies have paid corporate income tax on the dividends distributed to the investment companies, and unrealized investment income accrued by the equity method is not taxable income to the investment companies until distributed to them. Consequently, firms having greater dividend income and investment income accrued by the equity method are more likely to have lower ETRs. Moreover we also find that the tax reform in 2002 make average ETRs increasing. The companies listing in Shenzhen Stock Exchange have lower average ETRs then those in Shanghai Stock Exchange. The results of this study provide empirical evidence on that the Chinese accounting standards and tax systems have a significant impact on the tax costs and distribution of tax burdens of Chinese listed companies.

Mainland China has implemented two sets of income taxes systems for many years. One is for the foreign enterprise “1991 Promulgated Foreign Invested Enterprise and the Foreign Enterprise Income Tax Law” and another one to the domestic enterprise, “1993 promulgated Enterprise Income Tax Temporary Regulation”. The coexisted of two taxes not only resulted in unfair taxation but also created fake foreign enterprise phenomenon. It is especially difficult for people to accept this situation after China joined the World Trade Organization. The legislation conditions matured after speedy growth of Chinese economy. The Chinese government considered the current financial situation can withstand the impact on decrease in tax revenue after new tax law implemented and it met one of the current economic development targets of “nurture domestic enterprise”. On March 16, 2007, the “Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China” (here in after referred it as the New Law) was eventually approved after many years of research. It surely will have profound influence on foreign enterprise including the Taiwanese businessmen. The purpose of the study is how the major changes of the New Law impacts the China investment of the Taiwanese businessmen. The structure of the study, other than abstract and conclusion, firstly, the author will discuss of the content of system and policy changes. Next, based on the major changes of the New Law, how they affect designed research method. Analyze and forecast its possible impact and influence on Taiwanese businessmen in the following categories: (1) tax incentive; (2) organization structure organization, and (3) tax risk. Finally, the author will propose the related action taken and suggestions on the impact.

本研究分成兩部分，研究對象為中國大陸之上市公司，第一部分以2004至2009年之財務資料，探討2008年中國大陸企業所得稅法之實施對中國大陸上市公司平均有效稅率之影響；第二部分以1998至2009年之財務資料，探討中國大陸上市公司是否為了因應企業所得稅法實施對有效稅率的影響，而從事租稅誘因盈餘管理之行為。 第一部分之實證結果發現，中國大陸上市公司之平均有效稅率在2008年企業所得稅法實施後有顯著的下降，表示中國大陸上市公司之有效稅率隨著名目稅率降低而下降。外資持股比例超過20%之上市公司（定義為外資企業），其2008年後之有效稅率上升，且內外資企業之其平均有效稅率之差異有縮小之趨勢。屬於高科技產業之上市公司在2008年企業所得稅法實施後，其有效稅率並未下降；但與除了農林牧漁業外之其他產業相比，高科技產業之上市公司其有效稅率較低。第二部分之實證結果發現，在2008年有效稅率下降之上市公司，其於2008年後的裁決性應計項目較大，有將盈餘遞延認列之傾向。 / This study consists of two research issues. The first part uses the financial statement and capital structure data of China listed companies from 2004 to 2009, to investigate the effects of the implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Enterprise Income Tax in 2008(hereafter 2008 Income Tax Law). And the second part which uses the financial and capital structure data of China listed companies from 1998 to 2009 investigates if China listed companies take the action of earnings management in response to the implementation of the 2008 Income Tax Law. The empirical findings of the first part show that the average ETRs of China listed companies declined after the implementation of the 2008 Income Tax Law. The listed companies whose proportion of foreign ownership is above 20% (defined as foreign enterprises) increased ETRs after 2008 and the differences in ETRs between domestic enterprises and foreign enterprises are reduced gradually. Further, the average ETRs of China listed companies of information technology industry do not appear to be decreased after the implementation of the 2008 Income Tax Law. However, besides the agriculture, forestry, herding, fishery industries, listed companies of information technology industries remain to have lower average ETRs after implementation of the 2008 Income Tax Law. The empirical findings of the second part show that China listed companies whose average ETRs decreased in 2008 appeared to have greater discretionary accruals after 2008, suggesting those companies shifting earnings to 2008.