No abstract / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Taxation / MCom (Taxation) / Unrestricted

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T21:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kerg.pdf: 559651 bytes, checksum: 16dbc6bf7bf63787553b8330addf07f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-02 / Standards of tax transparency (Law 101/00, LC131/09, Decree 7185/10) provide that all federal entities of the three spheres of power make available on the Internet, in real time, detailed information on the budgetary and financial execution. The federal entity closest to the citizen is the county where your living space is made. The transparency of county information enables better monitoring of public accounts. Thus, the citizen may exercise more effectively their right to accountability. The research objective is to assess the level of transparency of the budget of ABC Paulista´s county, based on compliance with legal standards of fiscal transparency. The research´s nature is exploratory and descriptive, with a quantitative approach. Scores were constructed according to municipalities, allowing classifying them into four categories of transparency: transparent, translucent, transparent and opaque. Data collection was conducted in the period from February to June of 2013 by observing the transparency homepages of each county. Empirical evidence suggests that portals are not in full compliance with legal requirements. Regarding accountability advances are still modest, informational asymmetry persists and published content is very technical. / As normas da transparência fiscal (LC 101/00, LC131/09, Decreto 7185/10) determinam que todos os entes da federação das três esferas de poder disponibilizem na internet, em tempo real, informações pormenorizadas sobre a execução orçamentária e financeira. O ente federativo mais próximo do cidadão é o município, onde o seu espaço de vida é constituído. A transparência das informações municipais possibilita um melhor acompanhamento das contas públicas. Dessa forma, o cidadão poderá exercer de forma mais eficaz o seu direito de accountability. O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar o nível de transparência do orçamento público dos municípios do ABC Paulista, com base na conformidade com as normas legais da transparência fiscal. A pesquisa é exploratória e de natureza descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa. Foram construídos escores de conformidade para os municípios, permitindo classificá-los em quatro categorias de transparência: transparente, translúcido, diáfano e opaco. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de fevereiro a junho de 2013 por meio da observação nos portais eletrônicos da transparência de cada município. As evidências empíricas apontam que os portais não estão em total conformidade com as exigências legais. No que tange a accountability os avanços ainda são modestos, a assimetria informacional ainda persiste e o conteúdo divulgado é muito técnico.

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Die vorliegende Dissertation besteht aus vier Kapiteln zum Thema Steuerfehlwahrnehmung. Kapitel 1 gibt einen Überblick über die bisherige Literatur und systematisiert sie durch die Entwicklung des Behavioral Taxpayer Response Model. Das Ausmaß der Steuerfehlwahrnehmung wird u.a. durch die Verfügbarkeit von Informationen und persönliche Merkmale beeinflusst. Auch wenn Steuerinformationen verfügbar sind, schätzen die Steuerpflichtigen die Steuerlast falsch ein, weil sie sich in einem begrenzten Maße rational verhalten. Die umfangreiche Literatur zeigt auch, dass es nur wenig Literatur in Bezug auf Unternehmen gibt. Wir schließen diese Forschungslücke in Kapitel 2, indem wir die Fehlwahrnehmung durch Unternehmen in Deutschland analysieren. Um Datenbeschränkungen zu überwinden, verwenden wir einen innovativen Ansatz, der robuste Schätzungen liefert. Im Allgemeinen nehmen die Unternehmen ihre durchschnittlichen Steuersätze und Grenzsteuersätze deutlich verzerrt wahr und haben Probleme mit dem Konzept des Grenzsteuersatzes. Fehlwahrnehmungen werden tendenziell von der Komplexität, dem Steuerwissen und der Unzufriedenheit mit dem Steuersystem beeinflusst. Im Zusammenhang mit der Vermögensbesteuerung zeigen wir in Kapitel 3 anhand eines Umfrageexperiments, dass die Fehlwahrnehmung der jährlichen Vermögensteuer aufgrund ihrer mathematischen Komplexität zu einer verzerrten Präferenz führt. Die Information über die tatsächliche Steuerbelastung führt zu deutlich niedrigeren präferierten Steuersätzen. In dem abschließenden Kapitel 4 überprüfen wir die Ergebnisse einer Studie zur Steuervermeidung, die von den Grünen/EFA im Europäischen Parlament in Auftrag gegeben wurde. Diese Studie erregte große Aufmerksamkeit, weil sie behauptete, dass Unternehmen in Deutschland weit weniger Steuern zahlen, als der gesetzliche Steuersatz vermuten ließe. Wir zeigen, dass die Ergebnisse falsch sind und tragen damit zur Steuertransparenz in Deutschland bei. / This dissertation consists of four chapters on tax misperception. Chapter 1 reviews the previous literature on tax misperceptions and systematizes it through the development of the Behavioral Taxpayer Response Model. The extent of tax misperception is determined by information availability and personal characteristics. Under the assumption that tax information is available, taxpayers may even misperceive the tax burden because they behave in a rational bounded manner. The extensive literature also shows that there is little literature on corporations. We address this research gap in Chapter 2, which analyzes the misperception of tax rates by firms in Germany. To overcome data limitations, we use an innovative approach to measure tax misperception that provides robust estimates. In general, firms significantly misperceive their average (ATR) and marginal tax rates (MTR) and have problems with the concept MTR. Misperceptions tend to be influenced by the complexity of the tax system, tax knowledge, and satisfaction with the current tax system. In the context of wealth taxation, we use a survey experiment in Chapter 3 to show that misperception of a yearly wealth tax, due to its mathematical complexity, leads to a biased preference for wealth taxation. Informing respondents about the actual tax burden leads to significantly lower preferred tax parameters. In the final Chapter 4, we question the findings of a study on tax avoidance commissioned by the Greens/EFA in the European Parliament. This study attracted media attention because it claimed that companies in Germany pay far less tax than the statutory tax rate would suggest. We demonstrate that their findings are wrong and help to increase tax transparency in Germany.

La coopération internationale par l’échange de renseignements fiscaux, question classique si bien que marginale, s’est renouvelé dans l’acuité pour devenir l’une des matières les plus sensibles du droit fiscal international contemporain. Malgré tous les efforts politiques et juridiques déployés ces dernières années, et leurs véritables avancées sur le plan de la technique juridique et de l’efficience administrative, il y a raisons de craindre qu’elle rencontre encore des différents limites pour fonctionner efficacement au niveau planétaire. Cette thèse s’occupe d’identifier l’existence d’un régime juridique général des échanges de renseignements fiscaux, assez homogène en matière de contenu et d’application, en contemplation des principaux modèles normatifs non communautaires disponibles à l’actualité, y compris ceux automatiques. Ensuite, la thèse examine la portée de ce régime général, afin d’encadrer les limites à l’échange de renseignements fiscaux et de proposer solutions juridiques pour les dépasser. / International co-operation through the exchange of tax information, a classical but marginal issue, has been renewed to become one of the most sensitive subjects of international tax law. Despite all the political and legal efforts made in recent years, and despite the fact that these efforts are real advances in legal technology and administrative efficiency, there are reasons to believe that international tax co-operation still faces different limitations to operate in a worldwide level. This thesis aims to identify the existence of a general legal regime for the exchange of tax information, fairly homogenous in terms of content and application, in view of the main non-EU normative models available nowadays, including those of automatic exchange. Afterwards, the thesis examines the scope of this general regime in order to frame limits to the exchange of tax information and to propose legal solutions to overcome them.