The port of Kaohsiung which was the third largest harbor in the world previously is still the biggest one in Taiwan at present. Because of shipping coming from all over the world persistently and there are several shipyards and fishing ports in harbor, the harbor area is seriously polluted by organotin compound. Nevertheless, it is not understood whether the pollution of organotin affect the marine ecosystem around coastal areas out of harbor. The first goal of this study concerns about organotin contamination and distribution of the sediments and major benthic organisms around coastal areas out of harbor. The second one is to find the adequate indicator organism which fits for organotin contamination. Five major benthic organisms including Distorsio reticularis, Niotha conoidalis, Metapenaeopsis palmensis, Portunus argentatus and Portunus hastatoides were collected and investigated in this study. The organotin concentration of sediments in all stations was not detected totally. The organotin accumulations in Metapenaeopsis palmensis, Portunus argentatus and Portunus hastatoide are not obvious. In Portunus argentatus and Portunus hastatoide, both the contents of tributyltin (TBT) were not detected. In Metapenaeopsis palmensis, the concentration of TBT is between ND¡ã3.4 ng/g as tin. In Distorsio reticularis and Niotha conoidalis, organotin is measured in all station; monobutyltin (MBT) is the main composition of butyltins; TBT is less than 10 ng/g as tin. The concentration of butyltins in Niotha conoidalis decreased with the increased wet weight. There was no significant variation for organotin concentrations in Niotha conoidalis collected from each stations and seasons. According to this study, the content of organotins in sediment around coastal areas out of harbor is obviously less than other coastal areas of large-scale harbors (Lisbon, Sines, Sagres, Huelva, Cadiz and Trafalgar). The organotin contamination around coastal areas out of harbor is not serious. Base on amounts, distributions and contents of organotin in organisms, Distorsio reticularis and Niotha conoidalis are better bethic indicator organisms than Metapenaeopsis palmensis, Portunus argentatus and Portunus hastatoides. Niotha conoidalis distributes over the depth less than 30 m, and therefore is a good indicator organism for this area. The facts that Distorsio reticularis distributes over the depth more than 30 m, suggest that it is a proper indicator organism for this area although lesser in population.

Le domaine côtier Méditerranéen et particulièrement les ports représentent à la fois des zones de fortes pollutions liées à la densité de population et d'activité mais également des zones de refuge pour de nombreuses espèces aquatiques. Des études préliminaires ont démontré que les sédiments de Port Camargue soumis à une obligation de dragage présentent un niveau de contamination au cuivre et aux organoétains (OSn) important. Ces concentrations peuvent avoir des conséquences sur l'écosystème aquatique aussi bien en situation peu perturbée qu'au cours d'opération de dragage. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse consistent à caractériser l'état de la contamination dans les sédiments et la colonne d'eau, l'impact de cette contamination sur des organismes cibles, et identifier les processus contrôlant la dynamique des polluants dans la colonne sédimentaire et à l'interface eau/sédiment. Afin de réaliser les objectifs, l'étude a couplé une approche in-situ (prélèvements de carottes, échantillonnage d'eau interstitielle à l'interface, caging…) ainsi qu'un approche laboratoire in vitro (tests de sorption en microcosmes). Pour cela, l'étude de la contamination du compartiment sédimentaire (phase particulaire et dissoute) a été effectuée dans une première partie. Dans un deuxième temps, la spéciation du Cu, Zn et Mn ainsi que des OSn dans l'eau du port a été étudiée sur une période d'un an avant dragage puis pendant les six mois de dragage du port. Les effets de la contamination ont été étudiés sur des bivalves (Ruditapes et Loripes) immergés dans la colonne d'eau. Enfin, les isotopes du cuivre comme traceur de source de contamination ont été testés dans cet environnement simple, puisque le Cu anthropique provient essentiellement des peintures antifouling. L'ensemble de l'étude a permis de mieux comprendre le devenir, la dynamique et la biodisponibilité des polluants actuels et passés dans un environnement portuaire Méditerranéen fortement contaminé par le Cu et les OSn. / The Mediterranean coastal area, particularly harbors and marinas represent areas of high pollution associated with population density and activity. They are also places of refuge for many aquatic species. Preliminary studies have shown that sediments from Port Camargue subject to mandatory dredging, present an important level of copper and organotins (OTs) contamination which can affect aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are to characterize the state of contamination in sediments and the water column, the impact of this contamination on target organisms, and identify the processes that control the dynamics of pollutants in the sedimentary column and sediment/water interface. To achieve the objectives, the study coupled in situ approach (core samples, sampling of interstitial water at the interface, caging deployment…) and a laboratory in vitro approach (sorption tests in microcosms). For this study the contamination of the sediment (particulate and dissolved phases) was performed in a first part. Secondly, the speciation of Cu, Zn and Mn as well as OSn in the harbor water was studied over a period of one year before dredging and for the six months during the dredging operations. The effects of contamination were also examined on bivalves (Ruditapes and Loripes) immersed in the water column. Finally, the copper isotopes as tracers of source of contamination were tested in this simple environment, since anthropogenic Cu comes mainly from antifouling paints. The entire study has provided insight into the future, the dynamic and bioavailability of pollutants present and past in a Mediterranean port environment heavily contaminated with Cu and OSn.

The upper layer sediments were collected from eight ports (22 sampling points) of Kaohsiung and Pingtung in southwest Taiwan. The organotin contents in sediment are all related to the grain size. The concentration of tributyltin (TBT) is between 0.041~4.843 ppm (as Sn) , the concentration of dibutyltin (DBT) is between 0.001~4.626 ppm (as Sn), and the concentration of monobutyltin (MBT) is between 0.001~4.908 ppm (as Sn). The Chien-chen harbor presents the hightest butyltins concentrations, and the TBT contents is much over 10-d LC50 to bivalve (2.6 ppm) and amphipoda (2.1 ppm). The concentrations of triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT) and monophenyltin (MPT) are between ND~0.298 ppm (as Sn), ND~0.216 ppm (as Sn) and ND~0.143 ppm (as Sn) individually. The highest phenyltin concentrations are shown in the outfall of Love River (the inflow of Love River in Kaohsiung Port). The organic carbon and nitrogen contents show significant the positive correlation (R2=0.757), and the organotin concentrations also show a positive correlation with the contents organic carbon.All the butyltins show a positive correlation with the quantities of boats. According to this study, the port of Kaohsiung presents the most serious content of butyltins and phenyltins in sediment. All the other ports also present a TBT content higher than 0.24 ppm. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor the organotin contents in the ports of this studying area.

Muddringsprojekt är en global företeelse och görs av flera olika anledningar, till exempel för miljömässiga aspekter och för breddning av farleder. För att få en hållbar utveckling är det viktigt att finna bra lösningar på frågan hur förorenade sediment skall hanteras . I Mälaren kommer olika muddringsprojekt att genomföras för att bredda farleden från slussen i Södertälje till hamnarna i Köping och Västerås. Muddringsprojekten skall genomföras av Sjöfartsverket, Köpings kommun och Västerås stad. En metod för att omhänderta muddermassorna är att stabilisera/solidifiera dem genom att blanda i ett bindemedel bestående av en blandning av cement, masugnsslagg och aktivt kol och låta dem härda. Detta görs för att förbättra materialets geotekniska egenskaper samt för att immobilisera föroreningar. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka om det går att använda krossade stabiliserade/solidifierade muddermassor ovan vattenytan till exempel i vägkonstruktioner alternativt som fyllnadsmaterial. Möjligheten för användandet av de stabiliserade/solidifierade materialet utvärderades genom att materialets geotekniska och miljömässiga egenskaper undersöktes. Den miljöpåverkan som de stabiliserade/solidifierade materialet skulle kunna ha på den omgivning där de används har undersökts genom analyser av totala föroreningshalter samtkoncentrationer vid lakning. Detta gjordes dels genom egna skakförsök och dels genom utvärdering av resultat från undersökningar som Statens geotekniska instituts (SGI)miljölaboratorium gjort. När det gäller materialets geotekniska egenskaper utvärderades resultat från undersökningar genomförda av SGIs geotekniska laboratorium. Stabiliseringen/solidifiering gjorde att de undersökta metallerna som förekommer som katjoner immobiliserades, vilket ledde till att lakningen minskade. Däremot fungerade imobiliseringen inte för anjoner; om det skulle ha förekommit höga halter av toxiska anjoner som till exemple arsenik, vanadin och molybden skulle dessa ha lakats ut. Ur ett miljömässigt perspektiv skulle det gå bra att använda det undersökta materialet då koncentrationen i lakvätskan låg under de båda gränsvärden som används; gränsvärden för inert avfall och gränsvärden för mindre än ringa risk vid användning av avfall för anläggningsändamål. När det gäller hållfasthet uppfyllde materialet efter 28 dagars härdning inte kraven som ställs för användning i vägkonstruktion. Däremot hade materialets geotekniska egenskaper förbättrats jämfört med de obehandlade sedimenten. / Dredging is a global phenomenon carried out for several different reasons, e.g. environmental remediation and expansion of shipping lanes. A sustainable solution to the problem of how contaminated sediment should be handled is thus important to achieve a more sustainable development. Several dredging projects will be implemented in the lake Mälaren to widen the shipping lane from the lock in Södertälje to the ports of Köping and Västerås. The dredging will be carried out as a joint effort by the Swedish Maritime Administration, the City of Västerås and Köping municipality. One method used for treating dredged sediments is stabilization/solidification. This is carried out to improve the geotechnical properties of the material and to immobilize contaminants. The method works as follows: Sediments are dragged form the lake, mixed with a binding agent consisting of cement, granulated blastfurnace slag and active carbon and then left to harden. The objective of this master thesis was to investigate the feasibility of using the stabilized/solidified material on land above the water surface. Examples of applications for the crushed material are in road construction or as fillers for vegetation surfaces. The stabilized/solidified material was evaluated with respect to environmental factors and geotechnical properties to determine if it was appropriate to use for these applications. To investigate the potential impact of the stabilized/solidified material on the surrounding environment, analysis of total contamination content and leaching tests were evaluated. In this thesis, batch-leaching tests for metals were performed as well as evaluation of lab results from surveys conducted in the environmental laboratory at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute. The geotechnical properties of the material were evaluated based on results from experimentsconducted by the geotechnical laboratory at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute. The results from the treatment with stabilization/solidification showed that most of the studied metals were immobilized, and the leaching of these metals decreased. From an environmental perspective it would be feasible to use the material, as the results of the leaching test were below the limit values used in the assessment; limits for inert waste and limits for less than small risk (‘mindre än ringa risk’) in use of waste for construction purposes. In terms of the geotechnical features, after 28 days of hardening the material did not meet the requirements for use in road construction. However, the material's geotechnical properties such as strength had improved compared to the untreated sediments.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Durante as últimas décadas, observou-se um aumento da preocupação em relação aos ecossistemas marinhos devido à grande entrada de poluentes, resultando em efeitos deletérios em organismos aquáticos e seres humanos. Dentre as atividades humanas que podem introduzir compostos tóxicos persistentes e bioacumulativos (PBTs Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxicants) no ambiente marinho está o uso de tintas antiincrustrantes, aplicadas nos cascos de navios para evitar que algas, mexilhões e outros organismos se fixem às embarcações. Não raramente, compostos organoestânicos (OTs) como o Tributilestanho (TBT) ou o Trifenilestanho (TPT) constituíam o princípio ativo de tal preparado. Devido à alta toxicidade desses compostos, a IMO (Organização Marítima Internacional) baniu totalmente o uso dos mesmos. Como os OTs são prontamente bioacumulados, elevadas concentrações de estanho total (SnT) vêm sendo encontradas em cetáceos (Mammalia, Cetacea). Os botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Beneden, 1864) ocupam elevados níveis tróficos e bioacumulam os PBTs aos quais estão expostos. Alguns autores relataram que o estanho hepático em cetáceos se encontra predominantemente na forma orgânica, visto que, na forma inorgânica tal metal é pobremente absorvido pela mucosa gastrintestinal, de forma que as concentrações hepáticas de SnT refletem o input antrópico de OTs. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo, avaliar a exposição de botos-cinza aos OTs, através determinação das concentrações hepáticas de estanho total (SnT = orgânico + inorgânico), por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com Atomização em Forno de Grafite (GFAAS Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Para tal, amostras de botos-cinza de diferentes áreas do litoral brasileiro, compreendendo a Região da Grande Vitória (GV), Baía de Guanabara (BG), Baía de Sepetiba (B.Sep), a Baía de Paranaguá (PR) e a Baía da Babitonga (SC), foram analisadas, visando comparar ambientes distintamente contaminados com OTs. Sendo assim, as concentrações hepáticas de SnT (em ng/g, peso seco) de botos-cinza variaram de <312 (limite de detecção) a 8.250, para a GV (n=22); de <312 a 14.100, para B.Sep (n = 38); <312 a 5.147, para PR (n= 22), bem como de 626 a 24.780 (ng/g, peso seco) para os botos de SC (n=10). As maiores concentrações foram verificadas nos botos da BG (n=11), variando de 1.265 a 24.882 (ng/g, peso seco). As concentrações encontradas na Baía de Guanabara (BG) estão entre as mais elevadas detectadas em cetáceos. / During the last decades, the large pollutant input has led to an increased concern over marine ecosystems. This environmental contamination results in deleterious effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Among the anthropogenic activities that may introduce persistent bioaccumulative toxicants (PBTs) into the marine environment is the use of antifouling paint. It is applied on ship hulls and other floating structures to prevent algae, mussels and other organisms to fix on these surfaces. Often, organotin compounds (OTs), such as Tributyltin (TBT) or Triphenyltin (TPT), constituted the active ingredient in these mixtures. Due to the high toxicity of these compounds, the IMO (International Maritime Organization), banned their use entirely. As OTs are readily bioaccumulated, high total tin (SnT) concentrations have been found in cetaceans (Mammalia, Cetacea). Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis, Van Beneden, 1864) occupy high trophic levels and bioaccumulate the PBTs they are exposed to. Some authors reported that hepatic tin is predominantly found in its organic form in cetaceans, as inorganic tin is poorly absorbed by gastrointestinal mucosa. Therefore, the hepatic SnT concentration reflect the input of anthropogenic OTs. The present study aimed to evaluate Guiana dolphin exposure to OTs in Brazilian waters through hepatic total tin (SnT = organic + inorganic) concentrations. Analyses were performed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS). Guiana dolphin samples from diferente areas of the Brazilian litoral, comprising the Region of Grande Vitória (GV), Guanabara Bay (BG), Sepetiba Bay (B.Sep), Paranaguá Bay (PR) and Babitonga Bay (SC), have been analyzed for comparison of distinctly OT-contaminated environments. Hepatic SnT concentrations (ng/g dry weight) of Guiana dolphins varied from <312 (detection limit) to 8250, for GV (n = 22); from <312 to 14100, for B.Sep (n = 38); <312 to 5147 for PR (n = 22); as well as from 626 to 24780, for SC (n=10). The highest concentrations were found in dolphins from BG (n = 11), which ranged from 1265 to 24882. The concentrations found in Guanabara Bay (BG) are among the highest detected in cetaceans.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Durante as últimas décadas, observou-se um aumento da preocupação em relação aos ecossistemas marinhos devido à grande entrada de poluentes, resultando em efeitos deletérios em organismos aquáticos e seres humanos. Dentre as atividades humanas que podem introduzir compostos tóxicos persistentes e bioacumulativos (PBTs Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxicants) no ambiente marinho está o uso de tintas antiincrustrantes, aplicadas nos cascos de navios para evitar que algas, mexilhões e outros organismos se fixem às embarcações. Não raramente, compostos organoestânicos (OTs) como o Tributilestanho (TBT) ou o Trifenilestanho (TPT) constituíam o princípio ativo de tal preparado. Devido à alta toxicidade desses compostos, a IMO (Organização Marítima Internacional) baniu totalmente o uso dos mesmos. Como os OTs são prontamente bioacumulados, elevadas concentrações de estanho total (SnT) vêm sendo encontradas em cetáceos (Mammalia, Cetacea). Os botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Beneden, 1864) ocupam elevados níveis tróficos e bioacumulam os PBTs aos quais estão expostos. Alguns autores relataram que o estanho hepático em cetáceos se encontra predominantemente na forma orgânica, visto que, na forma inorgânica tal metal é pobremente absorvido pela mucosa gastrintestinal, de forma que as concentrações hepáticas de SnT refletem o input antrópico de OTs. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo, avaliar a exposição de botos-cinza aos OTs, através determinação das concentrações hepáticas de estanho total (SnT = orgânico + inorgânico), por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com Atomização em Forno de Grafite (GFAAS Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Para tal, amostras de botos-cinza de diferentes áreas do litoral brasileiro, compreendendo a Região da Grande Vitória (GV), Baía de Guanabara (BG), Baía de Sepetiba (B.Sep), a Baía de Paranaguá (PR) e a Baía da Babitonga (SC), foram analisadas, visando comparar ambientes distintamente contaminados com OTs. Sendo assim, as concentrações hepáticas de SnT (em ng/g, peso seco) de botos-cinza variaram de <312 (limite de detecção) a 8.250, para a GV (n=22); de <312 a 14.100, para B.Sep (n = 38); <312 a 5.147, para PR (n= 22), bem como de 626 a 24.780 (ng/g, peso seco) para os botos de SC (n=10). As maiores concentrações foram verificadas nos botos da BG (n=11), variando de 1.265 a 24.882 (ng/g, peso seco). As concentrações encontradas na Baía de Guanabara (BG) estão entre as mais elevadas detectadas em cetáceos. / During the last decades, the large pollutant input has led to an increased concern over marine ecosystems. This environmental contamination results in deleterious effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Among the anthropogenic activities that may introduce persistent bioaccumulative toxicants (PBTs) into the marine environment is the use of antifouling paint. It is applied on ship hulls and other floating structures to prevent algae, mussels and other organisms to fix on these surfaces. Often, organotin compounds (OTs), such as Tributyltin (TBT) or Triphenyltin (TPT), constituted the active ingredient in these mixtures. Due to the high toxicity of these compounds, the IMO (International Maritime Organization), banned their use entirely. As OTs are readily bioaccumulated, high total tin (SnT) concentrations have been found in cetaceans (Mammalia, Cetacea). Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis, Van Beneden, 1864) occupy high trophic levels and bioaccumulate the PBTs they are exposed to. Some authors reported that hepatic tin is predominantly found in its organic form in cetaceans, as inorganic tin is poorly absorbed by gastrointestinal mucosa. Therefore, the hepatic SnT concentration reflect the input of anthropogenic OTs. The present study aimed to evaluate Guiana dolphin exposure to OTs in Brazilian waters through hepatic total tin (SnT = organic + inorganic) concentrations. Analyses were performed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS). Guiana dolphin samples from diferente areas of the Brazilian litoral, comprising the Region of Grande Vitória (GV), Guanabara Bay (BG), Sepetiba Bay (B.Sep), Paranaguá Bay (PR) and Babitonga Bay (SC), have been analyzed for comparison of distinctly OT-contaminated environments. Hepatic SnT concentrations (ng/g dry weight) of Guiana dolphins varied from <312 (detection limit) to 8250, for GV (n = 22); from <312 to 14100, for B.Sep (n = 38); <312 to 5147 for PR (n = 22); as well as from 626 to 24780, for SC (n=10). The highest concentrations were found in dolphins from BG (n = 11), which ranged from 1265 to 24882. The concentrations found in Guanabara Bay (BG) are among the highest detected in cetaceans.

Submitted by Fernanda Weschenfelder (fernanda.weschenfelder@uniceub.br) on 2018-06-01T19:54:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 61400020.pdf: 1012254 bytes, checksum: 8b943bd262efb03ef0352bcf24f1674f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fernanda Weschenfelder (fernanda.weschenfelder@uniceub.br) on 2018-06-01T19:54:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61400020.pdf: 1012254 bytes, checksum: 8b943bd262efb03ef0352bcf24f1674f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-01T19:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61400020.pdf: 1012254 bytes, checksum: 8b943bd262efb03ef0352bcf24f1674f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O estabelecimento da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), em 1994, instituiu regras para o comércio internacional buscando, em algumas situações, a harmonização de medidas entre os Membros visando a liberalização comercial. O Acordo de Barreiras Técnicas (TBT) da OMC é um destes instrumentos e objeto de estudo deste trabalho. A inserção internacional dos Estados em desenvolvimento enfrenta diversas barreiras, como medidas não tarifárias. Estão entre elas as medidas técnicas, cobertas pelo TBT, o que tem gerado diversos questionamentos no sistema de solução de controvérsias e nos mecanismos de consultas do Comitê do TBT. O acordo TBT da OMC é a base para a análise de disputas ocorridas entre 2008 e 2016 com foco em seu artigo 2.2. As discussões em torno desse artigo se referem aos objetivos legítimos, à necessidade da aplicação das medidas, estabelecimento de regulações técnicas, a aplicação de medidas mais restritivas ao comércio do que o necessário e a possibilidade de riscos pelo não cumprimento das medidas. Os casos analisados neste trabalho (EUA – Atum II, EUA – COOL, EUA – Cigarros de cravo e Austrália – Embalagens genéricas de tabaco) foram aqueles que indicaram o artigo 2.2 do acordo TBT como questão de disputa, e nos quais o Brasil atuou como terceira parte. Embora a hipótese inicial do trabalho fosse a de que as medidas técnicas estariam representando obstáculos desnecessários ao comércio e à inserção dos Estados em desenvolvimento no mercado internacional, deve-se relativizá-la após os estudos dos casos.

Kaohsiung Harbor is the largest international sea port in Taiwan, a lot of ships around the world pass in and out frequently, the pollution of organotin is very serious in the harbor area. Love River and Chien-Chen River may be polluted by the seawater tidal action from the Kaohsiung harbor. Domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewaters discharged into the upstream sections may also cause the pollution of organotin. The purposes of this study were to understand sources of organotin pollution by analying the content of organotin compounds and to monitor the organotin pollution of the rivers in Kaohsiung. Samples including surface sediments and riverwaters were collected from nineteen stations of Love River and Chien-Chen River. The results revealed that concentrations of MBT, DBT and TBT in the riverwaters of Love River varied between 13.4-43.6, 2.6-9.9 and ND-13.5 ng/L as tin. The concentrations of MBT, DBT and TBT in the riverwaters of Chien-Chen River were 3.1-28.1, 2.1-10.9 and ND-9.1 ng/L as tin, respectively. The concentrations of MBT, DBT and TBT in the surface sediments of Love River varied between 20.6-92.3, 7.6-26.2 and ND-15.4 ng/g as tin. The concentrations of MBT, DBT and TBT in the surface sediments of Chien-Chen River were in the range of 22.4-70.0, 6.4-14.1, ND-31.9 ng/g as tin, respectively. MBT and DBT were detected in all the samples of all the sampling stations of Love River and Chien-Chen River. Distribution of organotin compounds in riverwaters and surface sediments showed a consistency between these two rivers. No phenyltin pollution was detected at all stations, probably due to the decline in agricultural activities and the ban on utilizing triphenyltin acetate as pesticide. Except the highest organotin pollution appeared in the outfall of Love River and Chien-Chen River, other high values of pollution were found near the upper reaches of both rivers.

Submitted by Fernanda Weschenfelder (fernanda.weschenfelder@uniceub.br) on 2018-06-01T19:54:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 61400020.pdf: 1012254 bytes, checksum: 8b943bd262efb03ef0352bcf24f1674f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fernanda Weschenfelder (fernanda.weschenfelder@uniceub.br) on 2018-06-01T19:54:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61400020.pdf: 1012254 bytes, checksum: 8b943bd262efb03ef0352bcf24f1674f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-01T19:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61400020.pdf: 1012254 bytes, checksum: 8b943bd262efb03ef0352bcf24f1674f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O estabelecimento da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), em 1994, instituiu regras para o comércio internacional buscando, em algumas situações, a harmonização de medidas entre os Membros visando a liberalização comercial. O Acordo de Barreiras Técnicas (TBT) da OMC é um destes instrumentos e objeto de estudo deste trabalho. A inserção internacional dos Estados em desenvolvimento enfrenta diversas barreiras, como medidas não tarifárias. Estão entre elas as medidas técnicas, cobertas pelo TBT, o que tem gerado diversos questionamentos no sistema de solução de controvérsias e nos mecanismos de consultas do Comitê do TBT. O acordo TBT da OMC é a base para a análise de disputas ocorridas entre 2008 e 2016 com foco em seu artigo 2.2. As discussões em torno desse artigo se referem aos objetivos legítimos, à necessidade da aplicação das medidas, estabelecimento de regulações técnicas, a aplicação de medidas mais restritivas ao comércio do que o necessário e a possibilidade de riscos pelo não cumprimento das medidas. Os casos analisados neste trabalho (EUA – Atum II, EUA – COOL, EUA – Cigarros de cravo e Austrália – Embalagens genéricas de tabaco) foram aqueles que indicaram o artigo 2.2 do acordo TBT como questão de disputa, e nos quais o Brasil atuou como terceira parte. Embora a hipótese inicial do trabalho fosse a de que as medidas técnicas estariam representando obstáculos desnecessários ao comércio e à inserção dos Estados em desenvolvimento no mercado internacional, deve-se relativizá-la após os estudos dos casos.

There are often two different types of index used to determine how effected gastropods are from imposex, Vas Deferens Sequence Index (VDSI) and Relative Penis Length Index (RPLI). Data samples of Tritia nitida have been downloaded from IVL’s database and were collected around the Swedish west coast. Regression analysis and T-test were performed on all the data collected and at three different locations (Gothenburg, Lysekil and Strömstad) to analyse how the VDSI, RPLI plus the index Percent Female Displaying Imposex (IMPF) were correlated with the concentration of organic tin compounds in their tissue. Results show that the Index VDSI has the strongest correlation in all the studied areas which makes it the preferable index to analyse organic tin compounds in Tritia nitida with. Result also show a stronger correlation with ∑BT (TBT+DBT+MBT) than for TBT alone at all the studied areas, which can be an indication that TBT effected the organism and then transforms to its degradation components. Significant p-values from t-tests when comparing the areas with each other also suggest that there are local variations in how Tritia nitida is affected by organic tin compounds. There is also a trend where higher concentration of ∑BT in the tissue leads to a higher correlation with VDSI (except for “3.1 Alla kommuner kombinerade).