Cette thèse doctorale est une étude descriptive de type mixte qui articule à la fois des données qualitatives et quantitatives. Dans un objectif heuristique de l’étude des pratiques enseignantes de Bru et selon les travaux de Tardif et Lebrun sur le paradigme d’enseignement et le paradigme d’apprentissage, cette recherche vise à identifier les homogénéités et les hétérogénéités des pratiques enseignantes à distance d’un réseau de formation en synchronie celui du réseau Pyramide. Le cadre, qui a permis l’analyse des données de la recherche, s’appuie sur trois axes capitaux : l’enseignement dans un dispositif à distance, l’organisateur des pratiques enseignantes et les différentes approches de l’enseignement en ligne. Les hypothèses de la recherche qui ont été établies sont fondées sur le croisement de ces axes. Le protocole de la recherche se base sur un questionnaire, l’échelle de Likert et des interviews semi directifs.L’analyse des données quantitatives a permis de définir les facteurs déterminants de l’homogénéité et de l’hétérogénéité des pratiques par le biais de nouveaux organisateurs, tels que l’interaction, le sentiment de maîtrise des outils et l’innovation pédagogique au sein de ce dispositif. Cette recherche confirme l’hypothèse que les pratiques des formations en ligne s’organisent autour de 30 axes que nous avons définis en fonction de l’analyse de déclaration des répondants. Mais elle ne confirme pas l’hypothèse que ce dispositif Pyramide est un organisateur d’homogénéité, malgré son caractère fort qui articule des formes pédagogiques structurées (AFT, TLP, TLT, Visio) et un discours pédagogique explicite sur la nécessaire prise en compte de l’apprenant dans les situations d’enseignement/apprentissage. Globalement, notre recherche témoigne que l’innovation pédagogique est encore loin d’être une réalité dans la FOAD et que de nombreux enseignants continuent de favoriser le paradigme d’enseignement au paradigme de l’apprentissage. / This doctoral thesis is a descriptive mixed study which articulates both qualitative and quantitative data. In a heuristic goal for the study of the teaching practices by Bru and according to the works of Tardif and Lebrun on the teaching and learning paradigms, the research aims at identifying the homogeneity and heterogeneity aspects of distance teaching practices of a synchronic distance learning network, the Pyramide network. The framework allowing the data analysis of the research rests on three main axes: the teaching practices of a distance learning structure, the organizer of the teaching practices and the various approaches of e-learning. The hypothesis of the research is based on the cross study of these axes. The research protocol is based on a questionnaire, the scale of Likert and semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the quantitative data allowed the definition of key factors for homogeneity and heterogeneity of the practices through new organizers such as interaction, sense of mastering technological tools and pedagogic innovation within the Pyramide structure. The research confirms the hypothesis that the e-training practices are organized around thirty axes that we have defined following the analysis of the trainers’ statements. However, it does not confirm the hypothesis that the Pyramid network is an organizer of homogeneity in spite of the strong character of the system which articulates structured pedagogic methods (AFT, TLP, TLT, visio) and an explicit pedagogic discourse rightfully centered on the learner in the teaching/learning situation. Overall, our research shows that pedagogic innovation is far from a reality in FOAD and that many teachers still favour the teaching paradigm over the learning paradigm.

Orientador: Afira Vianna Ripper / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:43:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_ElizandraRobertaNevesde_M.pdf: 1700403 bytes, checksum: 44fcf0f873414fd3d3f3881161782860 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: É inegável a propagação e a influência da Língua Inglesa na sociedade globalizada atualmente, sendo até mesmo considerada uma língua franca, e, por não ser possível desvincular a língua da cultura, muitas vezes o processo de ensino/aprendizagem dessa língua estrangeira acaba por reforçar a hegemonia do povo que a fala, por valorizar a língua e a cultura estrangeira em detrimento da nossa língua portuguesa e da nossa cultura brasileira. Este trabalho problematiza o processo de ensino/aprendizagem da língua inglesa partindo da minha prática, enquanto professora de língua inglesa dos anos finais do ensino fundamental de uma escola municipal da cidade de Campinas, estado de São Paulo, chamada EMEF Padre Melico Cândido Barbosa, visando a desvincular o ensino da língua inglesa do macro, do caráter estrutural da língua, para pensar o ensino por meio de uma perspectiva emancipatória, a partir da análise de relatos dos meus alunos provenientes de um projeto de pesquisa realizado com eles. Com o apoio das teorizações certeaunianas, deleuzianas e bakhtinianas busco refletir sobre o ensino da língua pelo espaço/tempo do cotidiano escolar em que estou inserida, tomando o cotidiano como espaço de resistência, indo contra ao ordenamento do pensar, do ensinar, para enfocar a multiplicidade do processo de educar, o dialogismo, possibilitado pelo contato com uma língua estrangeira. / Abstract: It is undeniable the propagation and the influence of English language in our globalized society nowadays, being even considered the lingua franca, and because it is not possible to separate the language from its culture, the teaching/learning process of this foreign language often reinforces the hegemony of their speakers for valorizing their foreign language and culture instead of our Portuguese language and our Brazilian culture. My intention with this work is to reflect on English language teaching/learning process from my practice, as an English teacher of the final years of a municipal elementary school in Campinas, São Paulo state, called EMEF Padre Melico Cândido Barbosa, aiming to untie English language learning process from the macro, from the structural aspect of the language, to reflect about it through an emancipator perspective, by analyzing my students records, written during the accomplishment of a research project. Based on certeaunian, deleuzian and bakhtinian theoretical notions, I try to reflect on English learning process through time/space of school quotidian, which I am in, conceiving this quotidian as a resistance space, against the thinking and teaching standardization, to focus on the multiplicity of education, the dialogism, which is possible through the contact with a foreign language. / Mestrado / Psicologia Educacional / Mestra em Educação

Orientador: Luci Banks-Leite / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T13:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Quast_Karin_D.pdf: 1911991 bytes, checksum: 3a4a681eda0e18e17f7a8159b0217fb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho realizamos uma reflexão teórica acerca de um modo de acontecer da linguagem que, embora amplamente investigado no processo de aquisição da primeira língua, tem recebido pouca atenção no campo de ensino de Línguas Estrangeiras, a saber, a fala egocêntrica ou fala privada (como é denominada em nosso campo por pesquisadores inseridos na perspectiva histórico-cultural). Partindo das discussões de Vygotsky acerca da fala egocêntrica e da linguagem interior, ampliamos nosso foco com base nos trabalhos do Círculo de Bakhtin, buscando redimensionar a compreensão da fala privada. A maioria dos trabalhos em nossa área concebe a fala dirigida ao próprio sujeito como monológica e mantém a dicotomia interno/externo, social/privado. A fala privada tem sido, pois, considerada como a fala estritamente dirigida ao próprio sujeito, não possuindo um interlocutor. Porém, tomando por base a indistinção entre interno e externo e concebendo linguagem enquanto atividade significante, processo, ação, e considerando a não-unicidade do sujeito falante, sua fundante heterogeneidade e dialogicidade, a fala privada revela-se muito mais rica e complexa. Consideramos a fala privada como um indício da atividade que ocorre no âmbito do discurso interior (que sempre pressupõe um interlocutor), não indicando apenas a internalização da linguagem ou sua função auto-reguladora como tem sido o foco principal de muitas pesquisas. Nossos dados, coletados durante interações em sala de aula de língua inglesa com um grupo particular de três jovens universitários, demonstram a plurifuncionalidade dessa fala e evidenciam que pode estar mesclada à fala dirigida ao outro presente na interação. Indicam também sua natureza essencialmente dialógica e argumentativa (sendo a argumentação aqui concebida como "agir sobre o outro"). Verificamos um denso diálogo entre palavras, enunciados, contextos; confrontos de vozes e posições (avaliativo-valorativas, sociais, enunciativas), indicando a intensa movimentação e interlocução que ocorrem nessa fala muitas vezes ignorada em sala de aula ou até mesmo silenciada. Ela nos dá pistas do trabalho realizado pelos alunos/linguagem no processo de constituição de conhecimento e revela uma outra 'dimensão' da dinâmica discursiva de sala de aula que, embora muitas vezes permaneça inaudível, dela também participa e na qual muitas outras vozes falam. Desta forma, os interlocutores ampliam-se para além daqueles presentes na interação (ou mesmo presentes nos materiais utilizados) e podemos ter um vislumbre dos destinatários interiores de nossos alunos. A fala privada também indica os modos de apropriação do discurso do outro (pelas retomadas, tentativas, prosódia, escrita, gestualidade, confrontos, conflitos); a compreensão ativa da palavra do outro (que sempre implica em nossas contrapalavras no discurso interior); a linguagem como atividade, trabalho; a linguagem como atividade dialógica, discursiva. No entanto, toda a riqueza desse modo de realização da linguagem só pode ser compreendido se não o isolarmos e o 'congelarmos', mas sim, se o concebermos como um evento fluido, participante, acontecente, imbricado na/da dinâmica discursiva em sala de aula, aonde a linguagem é transformada, criada, aonde significados/sentidos são produzidos. / Abstract: This thesis is the result of a theoretical reflection upon a manner of language realization that, despite being amply investigated in the process of first language acquisition, has not received much attention in the field of second (or foreign) language acquisition (SLA), namely egocentric speech or private speech (term used by researches under the culturalhistorical tradition). Following Vygotsky's discussion on egocentric and inner speech, we have broadened our scope based on the bakhtinian concept of language and the Circle of Bakhtin's reflections on inner discourse, trying to re-dimension the concept of private speech. Most of the work done in the field of SLA conceives private speech as monological and maintains the internal/external, social/private dichotomies. Private speech has thus, being considered as speech strictly directed towards oneself, not having an interlocutor. However, assuming the indistinctiveness of internal and external, and conceiving language as a significant activity, as process, as action and the heterogeneity and dialogicality inherent to language and the speaker, private speech reveals itself as much richer and much more complex. In this line of thought, we consider private speech as traces, vestige, of the activity that occurs in the realm of inner discourse (which always presupposes na interlocutor), indicating not only the internalization of language or the role of language in self-regulation, which has been the main focus of several researchers. Our data, collected during classroom interactions in a private English course for a group of three university students, shows the multiplicity of functions of private speech and how it can often be intertwined with the speech directed at others individuals present in the interaction. Data also indicates its essentially dialogical and argumentative nature (being the argumentation herein considered as 'acting upon the other'. We have observed a dense dialogue amongst words, utterances, contexts; a confrontation of voices and positions (evaluationalvalorative, social, enunciative), indicating the intense movement and interlocution that occur in this speech commonly ignored - or even silenced - in the classroom. It gives us clues as to the work performed by the students/language in the process of knowledge constitution and reveals another 'dimension' of the discursive dynamics in the classroom that, even though often inaudible, also participates and in which several other voices can be heard. Therefore, the scope of interlocutors is broadened, including not only those who are present in the interaction (or in the resources used in the classroom) and we can get a glimpse of the inner destinataires of our students. Private speech also indicates how students appropriate the discourse of the other (by 'repeating', trying out, interpreting, establishing relations with personal/social experiences, writing, by the prosody, gestures, confrontations, conflicts). It indicates the active comprehension of the other's word (which always implies in our response in inner discourse); language as activity, work; language as a dialogical, discursive activity. However, all the richness of this mode of language realization can only be understood if we do not isolate or 'freeze' it, but if we conceive it as a fluid event, enmeshed in the discursive dynamics in the classroom, where language is transformed, created, where meanings/senses are produced (and not reproduced). / Doutorado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Doutor em Educação

Tendo em mente que o uso da tecnologia nas escolas ainda é restrito e que não se sabe ao certo quais são os gêneros digitais e suportes virtuais mais eficientes para o ensino, nem mesmo quais as metodologias mais adequadas para esse fim, buscou-se, através desta pesquisa, verificar se o uso contínuo do suporte virtual Glogster traz ou não contribuições para o desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura e produção textual. Para isso, fez-se a análise comparativa dos dados coletados, através de um pré-teste e um pós-teste, aplicados no início e no final de uma sequência didática, que trabalhou, prioritariamente, com o gênero artigo de opinião e a temática das tribos juvenis, em duas turmas, denominadas de Grupo de Controle (GC) e Grupo de Experimento (GE), de 7ª série/8º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de uma escola pública do município de Flores da Cunha – RS. Ressalta-se que a resolução do pré-teste e do pós-teste foi realizada, tanto pelo GC quanto pelo GE, através do suporte virtual Glogster. As demais atividades da sequência didática foram trabalhadas nesse ambiente pelo GE e em sala de aula pelo GC. A partir dessa diferença na aplicação da pesquisa, foi possível comparar o desempenho das duas turmas e observar que o uso contínuo do suporte virtual Glogster contribui para o desenvolvimento da habilidade de produção textual do gênero artigo de opinião e que o seu uso esporádico contribui para o desenvolvimento da habilidade de leitura do mesmo gênero. Ancorada na concepção sociodiscursiva do ensino de língua, a qual objetiva mostrar de que forma “os mecanismos de produção e de interpretação das entidades verbais contribuem para a transformação permanente das pessoas e, ao mesmo tempo, dos fatos sociais” (BRONCKART, 2006, p. 130), destaca-se que as atividades realizadas no decorrer deste estudo procuraram utilizar a língua competentemente, isto é, a partir de atividades coerentes e significativas. Consoante a isso, acredita-se que “[...] não é possível pensar e fazer educação desvinculada do processo de produção e das relações sociais [...]” (PAVIANI, 2010, p. 47). Nesse sentido, trabalha-se, nesta pesquisa, com a premissa de que o processo de ensino-aprendizagem acontece através das interações que o sujeito realiza com os seus semelhantes e com o meio que o cerca, e afirma-se que “a educação pode contribuir para diminuir diferenças e desigualdades, na medida em que acompanhar os processos de mudanças, oferecendo formação adequada às novas necessidades da vida moderna”. (PCNs, 1998a, p. 138). Levando isso em consideração, espera-se que este estudo possa oferecer contribuições científicas, sociais para a educação em geral e pedagógicas a professores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, uma vez que o trabalho com linguagem é por natureza interdisciplinar e o avanço das tecnologias atinge todas as esferas escolares. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Considering that the use of technology at schools is still limited and that we don’t know for sure which digital genres or virtual resources are the most effective for teaching or which methodology is the most appropriate for this goal, we seek to, through this research, verify if the continuous use of the interactive creation tool called Glogster brings contribution to the written comprehension and production skills development. In order to accomplish this, the data collected was analyzed in a comparative way through a pre and post-test given to students in the beginning and at the end of the didactics sequence. This sequence focused mainly on the opinion kind of speech genre under the theme of youth tribes. Two groups participated in this study, a group called the Controlled Group (CG) and a group called the Experimental Group (EG). The participants were students from the 7th grade/8th year of a Brazilian elementary public school located in Flores da Cunha, Rio Grande do Sul. We point out that both pre and post-tests were taken by the participants from the two groups through Glogster. The other activities proposed in the didactics sequence were done through Glogster by the EG and in regular classes by the CG. The data gathered from these two groups allowed us to compare the CG performance to the EG performance and notice that the continuous use of Glogster contributes to the students’ written production skill development regarding the opinion speech genre and that, when occasionally used, this resource also contributes to the reading skill development of this same genre. Based on language teaching from a socio discursive perspective which tries to show how “production and interpretation mechanisms of verbal entities contribute to people’s and, simultaneously, to social facts constant changes” (BRONCKART, 2006, p. 130), we point out that the aim of the activities carried out during this study was to use language in a competent way, that is, through coherent and meaningful activities. Thus, we believe that “[…] it’s not possible to conceive education as being apart from the production process and from social relations […]” (PAVIANI, 2010, p. 47). Within this scope, our work was conducted having in mind that the teaching and learning process takes place through interactions that subjects establish with others and with their environment. We also argue that “education can contribute to reduce differences and inequality, if it keeps up with the constant changes that are taking place in our society and offers schooling that is relevant to modern life needs” (PCNs, 1998, p. 138). In this account, we expect, with this study to provide scientific and social contributions to education in general and to the practice of teachers of different knowledge areas once we believe that working with language is by its nature interdisciplinary and that technology advances are reaching all school areas.

O handebol é um jogo esportivo coletivo (JEC) cuja lógica interna regula as interações entre jogadores e equipes. Com o goleiro de handebol isto não é diferente, pois em seu processo de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento (EAT) é preciso considerar a influência das capacidades motoras, psicológicas e técnico-táticas em função das exigências que são determinadas ao posto específico. Sendo o treinador, o responsável pelo planejamento e condução do processo de EAT, sua opinião é fundamental para que seja possível compreender quais as características que podem influenciar na ação do goleiro de handebol. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi identificar as diretrizes para o processo de EAT do goleiro de handebol. Para identificar o panorama da literatura sobre o goleiro de handebol, foi feita uma revisão sistemática sobre o ensino e análise de jogo desse posto específico. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, por meio da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os treinadores da categoria sub-16 que atuavam em duas ligas regionais do Estado de São Paulo. Para a tabulação e análise das entrevistas foi utilizado o método Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Os achados da revisão sistemática apontaram que os estudos com goleiros de handebol são recentes e, por essa razão, foram identificadas algumas lacunas na literatura, como os estudos com goleiros jovens e os estudos com treinadores, que são características da presente pesquisa. Após a análise dos discursos dos treinadores, foi possível identificar que, para a categoria sub-16, o processo de EAT do goleiro de handebol deve ser pautado no desenvolvimento de um repertório motor amplo que facilite o aprendizado das técnicas específicas exigidas pelo jogo. Essas características irão pautar suas ações na fase defensiva para conseguir defender os diferentes tipos de arremesso, a partir da capacidade de leitura dos sinais relevantes que podem influenciar as ações que o goleiro pode fazer em jogo. Essa leitura deverá ser capaz de identificar sinais como o braço de arremesso, o gestual técnico e as trajetórias do adversário. Na fase ofensiva, o goleiro deve ser estimulado a compreender o modelo de jogo de sua equipe para que possa dar orientações técnico-táticas aos jogadores de quadra, como os espaços para atacar em vantagem numérica e possíveis feedbacks relacionados ao comportamento do goleiro adversário. Nesta fase, o goleiro também deve procurar repor a bola em jogo rapidamente após fazer uma defesa ou recuperar a posse de bola próximo a sua área. Esse comportamento pode favorecer o ataque da sua equipe, ao obter vantagens como acelerar o ataque e dificultar o retorno defensivo do adversário / Handball is a team sport whose internal logic regulates the interactions between players and teams. With the handball goalkeeper this is not different, because in its teaching-learning-training process (TLT) it is necessary to consider the influence of the motor, psychological and technical-tactical abilities these are recquired for the specific position. As the coach is responsible for planning and conducting the TLT process, his opinion is fundamental so that it is possible to understand what characteristics may influence the handball goalkeeper action\'s. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to identify the guidelines for the TLT process of the handball goalkeeper. In order to identify the literature overview about the handball goalkeeper, a systematic review researched about the teaching process and game analysis of this specific position. For the development of this research, a qualitative approach was used, through semi-structured interviews with U-16 coaches who played in two regional leagues in the state of São Paulo in 2016. For the tabulation and analysis of the interviews, the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) method was used. The findings of the systematic review pointed out that studies with handball goalkeepers are recent and, for this reason, some lack in the literature have been identified, such as studies with young goalkeepers and studies with coaches, which are characteristics of the present research. After analyzing the coaches\' speeches, it was possible to identify, for the sub-16 category, that the handball goalkeeper TLT process should be based on the development of a broad motor repertoire that facilitates the learning of the specific techniques recquired by the game. These characteristics will guide his actions in the defensive phase to be able to defend the different types of throw, from the ability to identify the relevant signals that can influence the goalkeeper actions inside the game. This ability should be able to identify signals such as the throwing arm, the technical gesture and the oponente trajectories before the throwing. In the offensive phase, the goalkeeper must be encouraged to understand his team\'s game model so that he can give technical-tactical guidance to court players, such as spaces to attack in numerical advantage and possible feedbacks related to the behavior of the opponent\'s goalkeeper. At this phase, the goalkeeper should also seek to reset the ball in play quickly after making a defense or regaining possession of the ball near his area. This behavior can favor your team\'s attack by gaining advantages such as accelerating the attack and hampering the opponent\'s defensive return

O futsal é classificado como um jogo esportivo coletivo (JEC) de invasão que envolve a disputa pela posse da bola, permeada pelas relações de cooperação e oposição entre os jogadores, que estabelecem um ambiente complexo, imprevisível. Nesse âmbito, o treinador assume o papel central do processo de ensino-aprendizagem (EA) para mediar os aspectos pedagógicos em busca de melhores desempenhos técnico-táticos. Dada a importância do treinador, sua opinião se torna fundamental para identificar como se dá o processo de formação dos jogadores ao longo do tempo. Assim, este projeto teve como objetivo principal identificar como se dá o processo de EA em diferentes etapas de formação do futsal a partir de uma revisão sistemática sobre o ensino do futsal e dos discursos de treinadores. A abordagem utilizada foi qualitativa a partir de um instrumento de entrevista. Para a tabulação e análise dos discursos foi utilizado o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Foram entrevistados 16 treinadores das oito primeiras equipes das categorias sub-12 (6), sub-14(6) e sub-16(4) classificadas no Campeonato Estadual Paulista de Futsal. A partir da revisão sistemática foi possível identificar que é no Brasil onde mais se produz sobre ensino do futsal e que a maioria dos artigos encontrados são quantitativos. Após a análise dos discursos dos treinadores, foi possível concluir que em relação aos conteúdos ofensivos e defensivos individuais não houve variação, já em relação aos conteúdos ofensivos e defensivos coletivos há importantes variações ao longo do processo de formação, diferindo dos conteúdos individuais. Há uma preferência pelos princípios do TGfU para abordar os conteúdos individuais ofensivos e defensivos (individual e coletiva). Já para o ensino dos conteúdos ofensivos coletivos nas categorias sub-12 e sub-14 o método analítico foi o mais mencionado / Futsal is classified as a collective sports game invasion involving the dispute for the ball, permeated by relations of cooperation and opposition between the players. In this context, coach takes on the central role of the teaching-learning- training process to mediate the pedagogical processes in search of better technical and technician-tactical throughout this process. Due to importance of the coach, his opinion becomes important to understand how the process of training of players over time happens. In that way, this paper aimed to identify and discuss how is the teaching-learning-training process at different stages of training of futsal from coaches\' speeches. The approach is qualitative from a semi-structured interview tool. For tabulation and analysis of the speeches we used the technique of the Collective Subject Discourse. We interviewed coaches of the first eight teams of the categories under-12, under-14 and under-16 classified in the State Championship of Futsal. From the systematic review, it was possible to identify that it is in Brazil where more is produced about futsal teaching and that the majority of the articles found are quantitative. After analyzing the coaches\' speeches, it was possible to conclude that there was no variation regarding the individual offensive and defensive contents, already in relation to the content offensive and defensive collective, there are important variations throughout the training process, differing from the individual contents. There is a preference for TGfU principles to address individual offensive and defensive content (individual and collective). For the teaching of collective offensive content, in the sub-12 and sub-14 categories the analytical method was the most mentioned

Antes mesmo de entrar em contato com outro grupo social ou com uma língua estrangeira, já formamos desse outro certa imagem, a qual se propaga através de representações individuais e coletivas, passando também pelo processo de estereotipagem. Os estereótipos atuam na geração do sentido e, por isso, tornam-se foco de interesse no ensino-aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira. Nessa perspectiva, o objeto desta pesquisa é o estudo de tais construções sociais no discurso da mídia, com o objetivo de promover um entendimento mais aprofundado da questão e analisar uma melhor maneira de aplicação didática dos estereótipos, nos cursos de língua. O estudo sobre estereótipos se baseou principalmente nos trabalhos de Ruth Amossy e Anne Herschberg Pierrot, que desenvolveram a noção de estereótipo e outros termos ligados a esse campo semântico nas várias disciplinas das ciências da linguagem. A abordagem desta pesquisa repousa, sobretudo, nos estereótipos culturais associados às imagens francesas e brasileiras que, geralmente, são transmitidas pelos meios de comunicação e reconstruídas por um grupo social. Alguns documentos midiáticos foram selecionados e analisados, para promover uma discussão em torno dessas imagens e propiciar um tratamento em direção a uma didática do estereótipo fundamentada numa perspectiva que envolve a imaginação, o humor e o senso crítico. / Before getting in touch with another social group or with a foreign language, we already have an image which travels through individual or collective representations and also faces the stereotype process. The stereotypes act in the generation of the meaning and for that reason they become the focus of interest in the learning-teaching process of a language. Under this perspective, the object of this research is studying such social constructions in the media discourse aiming at promoting a deeper knowledge about this issue and analyzing a better method to didactically apply the stereotypes in language courses. The study about stereotypes was based mainly on Ruth Amossys and Anne Herschberg Pierrots works, who have developed the notion of stereotypes and another terms linked to this semantic field in many subjects of the language sciences. The approach of this research lies mainly on the cultural stereotypes associated to French and Brazilian images which are often transmitted through the media and rebuilt by a social group. Some documents in the media were selected and analyzed in order to promote a discussion concerning these images and originate a way to handle it towards a didacticism of the stereotype instantiated in a perspective involving imagination, humor and critical sense.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology & Special Needs Education at the University of Zululand, 2017 / High rate of poor performance in matric level is a serious problem not only in uMkhanyakude district but in the whole world. One would say effective teaching and efficient management of schools is the answer to the problem and schools need more information about these two factors which form the summary of the findings. This study succeeded in getting the views from both learners and educators which means it is also important to understand what learners perceive as the factors of poor academic performance in the schools where they are as well. In this study Grade 12 learners perceptions were analysed. Learners in matric and educators teaching them from eight high schools participated in this study. The major factors contributing to poor matriculation performance according to learners are lack of resources, lack of support by parents in their learning, poverty, not being sure about group studying, not having a good command of a teaching and learning language and not prac-tising it. They seemed afraid to talk about their teachers .The educators perceptions tallied with those of educators, that is , lack of resources , focusing on Grade 12 instead of becoming serious from the lowest grades indicating poor management of schools, learners’ lack of mo-tivation and willingness to learn, lack of parental involvement, poor study skills in association with school readiness , lack of support by the district and circuit officials , CAPS concepts as not clear to simplify their teaching , qualifications seeming to be not at the level where the teacher would be in apposition to understand clearly the subject content he or she teaches. A culture of high expectancy on the part of educators, parents and managers at all levels may be the key to influencing the rates of success.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Education in the Department Educational Planning & Administration at the University of Zululand, 2017 / This investigation studied the challenges faced by the School Management Teams in promoting quality teaching and learning. The outcry of unsatisfied and demotivated educators and the poor academic performance of learners that is experienced as a result of challenges faced by SMTs in their daily function of school management, administration and leadership prompted me to conduct this investigation. Most South African schools, particularly the state schools perform poorly. It is believed that this study will alert the stakeholders in the education fraternity about challenges encountered and contributions each stakeholder has to make to help remedy the situation. The interpretive paradigm was used and the research design was qualitative. I generated data by means of literature reviewed and empirical research. The multi-case or multiple collective case study method was used for data collection. Data gathering techniques used were the semi-structured interviews for both individuals (school principals) and Focus Groups (all other SMTs excluding the principal), observation, documents and artefacts. Three data gathering techniques were used in order to ascertain credibility and trustworthiness of the results. The tools used were the Interview Schedule, Observation Checklist, Field Notes Pads, and the Voice Recorder. The research covers areas which include problems encountered by SMTs that result in poor academic performance, the role of the SMTs in promoting quality teaching and learning, and measures to employ in solving problems encountered. The findings indicated that some practices and policies of the department of education, uncommitted employees and the lack of full involvement of stakeholders, particularly parents and learners, affect academic results. Urban, township and rural schools are all challenged, but the complexity of problems encountered varied, as did the performance standard. Recommendations made include reviewing departmental policies and practices, giving incentives to hardworking employees, and the need for stakeholders to join hands in supporting teaching and learning in South Africa.

For several years, the use of translation and specifically Machine Translation - including Free Online Machine Translation (FOMT) tools - in L2 curricula has been the subject of ongoing debate. Even though the use of such tools is commonly discouraged in L2 classrooms by educators, the persistence of English as a second language (ESL) students in utilizing the tools has inspired many scholars to investigate whether it is helpful to develop effective strategies that transform FOMT into a teaching/learning tool in the ESL/English for specific purposes (ESP) classroom. Specifically, scholars have examined how FOMT can impact or enhance the writing quality of ESL students' compositions in terms of coherence and cohesion. In line with the same research interests, this project examined ESL students' typical coherence/cohesion challenges in academic writing at an Ontario post-secondary institution offering courses in French. The study explored the writing behaviours, such as the use of technologies including FOMT, that influence these challenges. In addition, this project sought to ascertain whether ESL students can be trained to better achieve coherence/cohesion in academic writing and how this training affects their writing behaviours, with particular attention to the use of technologies such as FOMT. In doing so, the study employed a mixed-methods research design and collected survey data, writing samples and screen recordings from 6 high-intermediate-level ESL students. Survey data was also collected from 23 ESL instructors about ESL students' practices, including tool use. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the students and 3 instructors who evaluated the writing samples. Based on the survey results, all the students demonstrated a positive attitude toward FOMT tools, and 5 students used the tools during the writing process in this project. In contrast, the instructors reported divided opinions about such tools for ESL writing purposes. The results showed that instructions can assist students with improving their text quality in terms of coherence and cohesion. As well, based on the results, FOMT can assist the students in constructing their texts during the writing process. The results demonstrated that this assistance can also have a subsequent positive impact on the coherence and cohesion levels in the produced texts.