This thesis is an investigation into the factors that contribute to good choices among graphical systems used in teaching, and the feasibility of implementing teaching software that uses this knowledge. The thesis describes a mathematical metric derived from a cognitive theory of human diagram processing. The theory characterises differences among representations by their ability to express information. The theory provides the factors and relationships needed to build the metric. It says that good representations are easily processed because they are more vivid, more tractable and less expressive, than poor representations. The metric is applied to abstract systems for teaching and learning syllogistic reasoning, TARSKI'S WORLD, EULER CIRCLES, VENN DIAGRAMS and CARROLL'S GAME OF LOGIC. A rank ordering reflects the value of each system predicted by the theory and the metric. The theory, the metric and the systems are then tested in empirical studies. Five studies involving sixty-eight learners, examined the benefit of software based on these abstract systems. Studies showed the theory correctly predicted learners' success with the circle systems and poorer performance with TARSKI'S WORLD. The metric showed small but clear differences in expressivity between the circle systems. Differences between results of the learners using the circle systems contradicted the predictions of the metric. Learners with mathematical training were better equipped and more successful at learning syllogistic reasoning with the systems. Performance of learners without mathematical training declined after using the software systems. Diagrams drawn by learners together with video footage collected during problem solving, led to a catalogue of errors, misconceptions and some helpful strategies for learning from graphical systems. A cognitive style test investigated the poor performance of non-mathematically trained learners. Learners with mathematics training showed serialist and versatile learning styles while learners without this training showed a holist learning style. This is consistent with the hypothesis that non-mathematically trained learners emphasise the use of semantic cues during learning and problem solving. A card-sorting task investigated learners' preferences for parts of the graphical lexicon used in the diagram systems. Preferences for the EULER lexicon increased difficulty in explaining the system's poor results in earlier studies. Video footage of learners using the systems in the final study illustrated useful learning strategies and improved performance with EULER while individual instruction was available. Further work describes a preliminary design for an adaptive syllogism tutor and other related work.

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Submitted by KAROL DE ALMEIDA SANTOS null (karol3950@terra.com.br) on 2017-07-19T23:03:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KAROL SANTOS Versão Final - Dissertação.pdf: 2073101 bytes, checksum: 6858063cd1c39edc996f97557b1f5471 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-20T17:55:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ka_me_guara.pdf: 2073101 bytes, checksum: 6858063cd1c39edc996f97557b1f5471 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T17:55:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ka_me_guara.pdf: 2073101 bytes, checksum: 6858063cd1c39edc996f97557b1f5471 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-06 / A Engenharia apresenta como uma de suas características, a necessidade de investigação de sistemas, para se obter o máximo de resultado destes. E Planejamento de Experimento é um método, que pode suportar esta necessidade, porém a complexidade intrínseca ao método cria barreiras no entendimento, e consequentemente no uso, podendo se considerar a estatística um dos agentes mais significativos, portanto faz-se necessário utilizar abordagens mais eficientes, para o ensino deste método. As tradicionais abordagens pedagógicas não se mostram suficientes para favorecer a assimilação da essência do Planejamento de Experimento, pois ou seu foco se direciona quase que totalmente a estatística ou, quando se usa recursos tecnológicos, a ferramenta se torna protagonista, por se tratar de softwares complexos para análises, e adequado ao uso por especialistas. Assim essa dissertação vem com o objetivo de propor um software com características essencialmente didáticas, que venha a preencher esta lacuna, o qual foi denominado “The Cake”, metáfora que faz alusão à variabilidade total de um experimento, e que tem suas partes tomadas pelos efeitos controláveis e incontroláveis. Desta forma, este software foi desenvolvido, buscando interfaces amigáveis e similares aos livros texto, para ser de fácil uso e proporcionar interação com o usuário, e apresentar as análises de maneira gradativa. / The Engineering presents as one of its characteristics, the need of investigation of systems, in order to obtain the maximum result of these. Design of Experiments is a method that can support this need, but the intrinsic complexity of the method creates barriers in its understanding, and consequently on the use and statistic can be considered one of the most significant agents, therefore it is necessary to use more efficient approaches, for the teaching of this method. The traditional pedagogical approaches are not sufficient enough to favor the assimilation of the essence of Design of Experiments, since its focus is almost entirely on statistics or, when using technological resources, the tool becomes a protagonist because it is software complex for analysis, and suitable for use by specialists. So this dissertation comes with the objective of proposing software with characteristics essentially didactic that will fill this gap, which was denominated "The Cake", metaphor that alludes to the total variability of an experiment, and that has its parts taken by the controllable and uncontrollable effects. In this way, this software was developed, searching for friendly interfaces and similar to text books, to be easy to use and provide user interaction, and present the analyses in a gradual way.

Vor allem in Regionen, in denen der Personalbedarf der Unternehmen nicht durch Absolventen gedeckt werden kann, sollte sich die Hochschulausbildung auch an den Anforderungen der Industrie orientieren. In diesem Beitrag werden diese Anforderungen für Softwareingenieure für den Standort Görlitz spezifiziert und es werden Kooperationsmöglichkeiten von Hochschule und lokalen Unternehmen aufgezeigt. Dabei wird auf die praxisorientierte Ausbildung, auf die Übernahme von Ausbildungsverantwortung durch die Industrie und das Kooperative Studium mit integrierter Ausbildung eingegangen. Damit sollen Beispiele aufgezeigt werden, wie eine Kooperation von Hochschule und Industrie in der Informatikausbildung realisiert werden kann.

Os sistemas de apoio à decisão são softwares que se propõem ajudar o clínico nas decisões diagnósticas e terapêuticas no cuidado ao paciente. Simplificando o acesso a dados precisos na literatura científica, agilizando possibilidades propedêuticas, estabelecimento de diagnóstico diferencial com menor probabilidade de erro, padronização da linguagem técnica utilizada, além de favorecer o aprendizado e atualização dos profissionais da área de saúde. Propusemos-nos construir um software de computador, que auxiliasse o processo de interpretação, de diagnóstico radiográfico e pedagógico das alterações ósseas do complexo maxilo-mandibular. Utilizou-se o software Delphi 7® na formulação da interface de avaliação, o programa MS Access® na construção do banco de dados e o programa MS SQL Server® no gerenciamento deste banco de dados. As informações contidas no banco de dados seguiu a classificação WHO-CTPG/2003. Para validação do software foram selecionadas 20 radiografias panorâmicas que possuíam o laudo anátomopatológico e que apresentavam características de lesões ósseas radiolúcidas uni ou multiloculares, 12 cirurgiões-dentistas (6 especialistas e 6 generalistas), participaram da metodologia, a qual se constituiu de 3 fases: I Interpretação da imagem da radiografia panorâmica e fornecimento de hipóteses diagnósticas pelos C.D., II Utilização do software na interpretação das radiografias, III Comparação das respostas da fase I e II. Após as avaliações, os C.D. responderam uma pesquisa de opinião referente ao software. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise discriminante e aos testes Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney. Concluiu-se que o nível de conhecimento entre especialistas e clínicos generalista não interferiu no resultado final da utilização do software. O software possui aplicabilidade no processo de decisão clínica por meio das ferramentas de identificação das características radiográficas e aplicabilidade pedagógica como meio colaborativo na construção de hipóteses diagnósticas. Somado todos os achados obtivemos a validação do Software proposto. / The decision support systems are softwares that intend to help the clinical diagnostic decisions and therapeutics on the patient care. Simplifying the access of precise data in the scientific literature, activating possibilities therapeutics, establishment of diferential diagnoses with smaller mistake probability, standardizing technical language used, besides favoring the learning and the professional atualisation on the health area. We intended to build a computer software, that aided the interpretation process, of radiography diagnostic and pedagogic of the dento maxilo facial complex bony alterations. The software used in the formulation of the evaluation interface was Delphi 7®, the MS Access® program in the database construction and the MS SQL Server® program in the database manangerment. The information contained in the database followed the classification WHO-CTPG/2003. For validation the software, 20 panoramic radiography was selected which possessed the anatomic pathological diagnosis and presented carcteristics of radiolucid united or multi-loculate bony lesions. Dentists in number of 12 (6 Specialists and 6 Generalists), participated in the methodology, which constituted of 3 phases: I - Reading of the panoramic radiography and supply of hiagnostic Hypothesis by Dentist, II - Use the Software to interpret the radiography, III - Comparison the answers of the phase I and II. After the evaluations, the Dentist answered an opinion research regarding the software. The obtained results were submitted to discriminate analysis and to the tests Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. It Concluded that the knowledge level between specialists and clinical generalists, didn\'t interfere in the result end of the used software. The software possesses applicability in the clinical decision process by means the identification tools of the radiography characteristic and in the pedagogic as a collaborative way in the construction of the diagnostic hypothesis. Added all those discoveries obtained the validation of the proposed Software.

Os sistemas de apoio à decisão são softwares que se propõem ajudar o clínico nas decisões diagnósticas e terapêuticas no cuidado ao paciente. Simplificando o acesso a dados precisos na literatura científica, agilizando possibilidades propedêuticas, estabelecimento de diagnóstico diferencial com menor probabilidade de erro, padronização da linguagem técnica utilizada, além de favorecer o aprendizado e atualização dos profissionais da área de saúde. Propusemos-nos construir um software de computador, que auxiliasse o processo de interpretação, de diagnóstico radiográfico e pedagógico das alterações ósseas do complexo maxilo-mandibular. Utilizou-se o software Delphi 7® na formulação da interface de avaliação, o programa MS Access® na construção do banco de dados e o programa MS SQL Server® no gerenciamento deste banco de dados. As informações contidas no banco de dados seguiu a classificação WHO-CTPG/2003. Para validação do software foram selecionadas 20 radiografias panorâmicas que possuíam o laudo anátomopatológico e que apresentavam características de lesões ósseas radiolúcidas uni ou multiloculares, 12 cirurgiões-dentistas (6 especialistas e 6 generalistas), participaram da metodologia, a qual se constituiu de 3 fases: I Interpretação da imagem da radiografia panorâmica e fornecimento de hipóteses diagnósticas pelos C.D., II Utilização do software na interpretação das radiografias, III Comparação das respostas da fase I e II. Após as avaliações, os C.D. responderam uma pesquisa de opinião referente ao software. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise discriminante e aos testes Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney. Concluiu-se que o nível de conhecimento entre especialistas e clínicos generalista não interferiu no resultado final da utilização do software. O software possui aplicabilidade no processo de decisão clínica por meio das ferramentas de identificação das características radiográficas e aplicabilidade pedagógica como meio colaborativo na construção de hipóteses diagnósticas. Somado todos os achados obtivemos a validação do Software proposto. / The decision support systems are softwares that intend to help the clinical diagnostic decisions and therapeutics on the patient care. Simplifying the access of precise data in the scientific literature, activating possibilities therapeutics, establishment of diferential diagnoses with smaller mistake probability, standardizing technical language used, besides favoring the learning and the professional atualisation on the health area. We intended to build a computer software, that aided the interpretation process, of radiography diagnostic and pedagogic of the dento maxilo facial complex bony alterations. The software used in the formulation of the evaluation interface was Delphi 7®, the MS Access® program in the database construction and the MS SQL Server® program in the database manangerment. The information contained in the database followed the classification WHO-CTPG/2003. For validation the software, 20 panoramic radiography was selected which possessed the anatomic pathological diagnosis and presented carcteristics of radiolucid united or multi-loculate bony lesions. Dentists in number of 12 (6 Specialists and 6 Generalists), participated in the methodology, which constituted of 3 phases: I - Reading of the panoramic radiography and supply of hiagnostic Hypothesis by Dentist, II - Use the Software to interpret the radiography, III - Comparison the answers of the phase I and II. After the evaluations, the Dentist answered an opinion research regarding the software. The obtained results were submitted to discriminate analysis and to the tests Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. It Concluded that the knowledge level between specialists and clinical generalists, didn\'t interfere in the result end of the used software. The software possesses applicability in the clinical decision process by means the identification tools of the radiography characteristic and in the pedagogic as a collaborative way in the construction of the diagnostic hypothesis. Added all those discoveries obtained the validation of the proposed Software.