For many companies, design related information mainly exists as rooms of paper-based archives, typically in the form of manufacturing drawings and technical specifications. This 'static' information cannot be easily reused. The work presented in this thesis proposes a methodology to ease this problem. It defines and implements a computer-based design tool that will enable existing design families to be transformed into 'dynamic' CAD-based models for the Conceptual, Embodiment and Detailed stages of the design process. Two novel concepts are proposed here, i) the use of a Function Means Tree to store Conceptual and Embodiment design and ii) a Variant Method to represent Detailed design. In this way a definite link between the more abstract conceptual and the concrete detailed design stages is realised by linking individual detailed designs to means in the Function Means Tree. The use of the Variant Method, incorporating 'state-of-the-art' developments in Solid Modelling, Feature-Based Design and Parametric Design, allows an entire family of designs to be represented by a single Master Model. Therefore, instances of this Master Model need only be stored as a set of design parameters. This enables current design families and new design cases to be more created more efficiently. Industrial Case Studies, including a Lathe Chuck family, a Drive-End casting and a family of Filtration Systems are given to prove the methodology.

Advances in materials technology, information and management systems have led to improvements in the engineering design, procurement, construction, installation and commissioning of process columns. The development of the front-end engineering design (FEED) process has led to the incorporation of best practices in the specification of equipment on projects during the design phase. The aim of the research is to investigate whether technical specifications have an impact on the life cycle costs of process columns. Adding to the initial capital cost of equipment, in the form of technical specification requirements, in an attempt to reduce life cycle costs, is always challenged during the project phase of a product life cycle. The principle of designing for the full product life cycle of process columns requires that consideration for both the project and operating life cycle be made at the stage of basic engineering. What is important to note is that the potential for life cycle cost savings at the beginning of a product life cycle is higher than during the operating life cycle. Figure S.1 illustrates this concept, and what is observed is that the potential for life cycle cost savings diminishes as the product life progresses over time. Process columns were chosen as the type of equipment to be investigated based on the nature, size and complexity of the equipment when compared to other equipment on a processing unit. Process columns are amongst the highest capital cost pieces of equipment in petrochemical units and usually have many auxiliary pieces of equipment associated with it in a system i.e. reboilers, condensers, pumps etc. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM) / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2192461 bytes, checksum: 44cb1d1df4fc89a759c3d56900b4d84b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis deals with one the most important issues that include construction which is the production costs control. Due to the complexity of construction systems, companies find it difficult to determine and control costs during performance of services. In general this control is identify the variations between budgeted costs and actual consumption in the construction site. The traditional budgeting process is based of accounts plan which is nothing more than a subdivision of construction site model the estimated parameter is the service rates of standard productivity. In this sense, it is observed that these consumption rates of materials and labor force are taken from tables of composition of pre-defined prices, insensitive to regional variations and technology. This way the objective this thesis is making a comparison study between the indicators of TCPO and construction companies with the settlement on the spot used in the composition of unit costs for budgeting in buildings vertical construction in João Pessoa. For this it was carried out in loco research exploratory and descriptive about the variation of the indicators of composition raw materials e labor-intensive, analyzing the service more representative in costs into two companies midsize great and analyzed two construction sites in each company. As a result there was a wide variation between the consumption indicators adopted and the actual consumption of resources during the implementation of services, confirming the initial assumptions of the research / Esta dissertação trata de um dos mais importantes assuntos que englobam a construção civil, que é o controle de custos da produção. Devido à complexidade dos sistemas construtivos, as empresas encontram dificuldades em apurar e controlar os custos durante a execução dos serviços. De uma maneira geral, esse controle consiste na identificação das variações entre os custos orçados e o efetivo consumo no canteiro de obras. O processo de orçamentação tradicional baseia-se no plano de contas, que nada mais é que a subdivisão da obra em serviços aos quais são alocados os custos. A partir daí, são levantados os custos unitários, sendo cada serviço subdividido em insumos, os quais recebem índices de produtividade padrão. Neste modelo de formação de custo, o parâmetro orçado é o serviço. Neste sentido, observa-se que esses índices de consumo de materiais e mão-de-obra são retirados de tabelas de composição de preços pré-definidas, insensíveis às variações regionais e tecnológicas. Dessa forma, esta dissertação teve como objetivo, efetuar um estudo comparativo entre os indicadores do TCPO/empresas construtoras da grande João Pessoa, utilizados nas composições de preços unitários dos seus orçamentos, e os realmente utilizados pelas empresas construtoras em seus canteiros de obra. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, exploratória e descritiva, acerca da variação de consumo dos indicadores de matéria-prima e mão-de-obra, onde foram analisados os serviços mais representativos, em termos de custos, em duas empresas de médio porte da grande João Pessoa, sendo analisadas duas obras em cada empresa. Como resultado, observou-se uma grande variação entre os indicadores de consumo adotados no orçamento e o efetivo consumo dos recursos durante a execução dos serviços, corroborando com os pressupostos iniciais da pesquisa.

Indirect discrimination against contractors in public tenders ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the legal regulation of public procurement and focuses on the issues of indirect discrimination of contractors in public tenders and the fact that some economic operators cannot participate in procurement procedures due to unjust obstacles to competition laid down by the contracting authorities. One of the main principles of procurement, principle of non-discrimination is described in detail with a use of opinions of stated by the national courts, the Court of Justice of the European Union and in the decisions of the Office for the Protection of Competition in particular. The author of the thesis tries to describe the means of indirect discrimination that occurred in the past procurement procedures within the area of European Union. Discriminatory behavior of the contracting authorities is captured in a comprehensible way and the author shows practical examples to the reader. That all helps to illustrate why the contracting authority's specific behavior was not in compliance with the rules set out in public procurement. It is the analysis of the decision-making practice of the Office for the Protection of Competition, case-law of the national courts and the European Court of Justice that provides an insight into...

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This article proposes a mechanical development of a dry cell in order to obtain HHO through water electrolysis. Calculations and technical specifications of the materials used for implementation are supported by mathematical, physical and chemical formulas and theories (Faraday´s Law, electrolysis process and mechanical design). The importance of mechanical design is focused on achieving efficient use of the energy provided to the cell that allows the H2 and O2 molecules to be separated without overheating the cell, evaporating the water, loss of current due to the geometry of the electrodes (Foucault Current). Moreover, choosing materials for proper implementation and physical robustness is mandatory. In addition, the mechanical design is not justified in different articles. Nevertheless, the mechanical design of the cell and the efficiency in the production of HHO are related. Therefore, the mechanical design and the calculations were performed, as well as the construction of the dry cell to obtain HHO. The results of the implementation and production were placed and compared with what theoretically the dry cell should produce from the law of Faraday. Finally, the volumetric flow of HHO obtained was 2.70 L per minute. It means a production efficiency of 98.68%. It is higher than the majority of the dry cells. / Revisión por pares

Η Διπλωματική Εργασία, έχει σαν γενικό σκοπό, την μέσα από βιβλιογραφική έρευνα (κυρίως άρθρων δημοσιευμένων στο Διαδίκτυο), αποσαφήνιση της διαδικασίας δημιουργίας Διεθνών Προτύπων για την Ηλεκτρονική Μάθηση. Για την ικανοποίηση του παραπάνω γενικού σκοπού, επιτεύχθηκαν οι εξής ειδικότεροι: 1. Η καταγραφή της τυπικής διαδικασίας για την δημιουργία de jure και de facto προτύπων για την ηλεκτρονική μάθηση. 2. Η χαρτογράφηση του πλαισίου, σύμφωνα με το οποίο, προκύπτουν οι αναγκαιότητες για την δημιουργία διεθνών προτύπων στην ηλεκτρονική μάθηση. 3. Η καταγραφή των υπαρχόντων διαφοροποιημένων τομέων εργασίας για την δημιουργία διεθνών προτύπων στην ηλεκτρονική μάθηση. 4. Η εύρεση και καταγραφή των κυριοτέρων ινστιτούτων και οργανισμών που συμμετέχουν στην παραπάνω διαδικασία, με αναφορά στην διοικητική δομή, οργάνωση, λειτουργία και στα προϊόντα της εργασίας τους. Επίσης στα πλαίσια του γενικότερου σκοπού, έγινε διερεύνηση και αναφορά και στις πλέον σύγχρονες τάσεις, αυτές της σε συνδυασμό χρησιμοποίησης ήδη υπαρχόντων προτύπων και τεχνικών προδιαγραφών, για την δημιουργία ενός de facto μοντέλου ψηφιακού εκπαιδευτικού συστήματος. / This Postgraduate Work has as general objective, the clarification of the process for the creation of International Standards in Electronic Learning through bibliographic research, mainly of articles published in the Internet. For the satisfaction of this general objective, the following more specialized objectives were achieved: 1. The recording of formal process for the creation de jure and de facto standards in electronic learning. 2. The mapping of frame, according to which, the necessities for the creation of international standards in electronic learning, result. 3. The recording of existing differentiated sectors of work for the creation of international standards in electronic learning. 4. The finding and recording of the most important institutions and organizations which participate in the above process, with reports for their administrative structure, operation and the products of their work. In the frame of the general objective, investigation and report has also been done about the latest modern tendencies. These tendencies refer to the use of combination of already existing standards and technical specifications, for the creation of a de facto model of a digital educational system.

In the world there are adverse climates, climates that hinder the good construction and paving of roads, generating insecurity among the locals and visitors. This over time affects the economy of a country, as a road boosts tourism, transport and commerce. Therefore, a mixture was designed to mitigate a problem in the placement of hot asphalt mixture at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. That is, a conventional mix design was proposed, but with different types of filler (lime, Portland cement type I and silica) tested with the Marshall and Lottman method which are governed according to the EG-2013 standards [1] and parameters established in the Asphalt Institute [2]. To find the optimum, it was tested with 5.0%, 5.5% 6.0% and 6.5% asphalt cement. Then with the results obtained a comparative analysis was performed. Finally, specimens without any additives were made, the specimens once prepared at 140°C were subjected to freezing, resulting in the three types of filler, that the hot asphalt mixture with incorporation of Portland cement type I to a 5, 90% of asphalt cement is the optimum since, subject to extreme temperatures below 0°C they comply with the parameters required in the standards.

Purpose: Today two of the biggest problems within the construction industry in Sweden is the exceeding of budgets and that the projects do not finish in time. One of the reasons is the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work that occurs during the project. The purpose is therefore to study the variations that can be related to the documents that are used during public procurement as well as provide some suggestions on how the procurement documents can be improved for future projects. Hence trying to decrease the use of variations in projects. Method: The study consists of a multiple case study with three similar projects. The methods that are used are a literature study that provides the base of the intended study. A study of documents is also a crucial element to be able to draw the connections between the procurement documents and the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work. There will also be semi structured interviews that will strengthen the case study and increase the knowledge within the area. Findings: the study shows that 60 percent of the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work can be connected to the procurement documents. There are a few causes that leads to the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work in a project for example coordination between the different technical areas within the projects that can lead to contradictions in the documents. Too much material in the procurement documents can leads to conflicting information which leads to the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work. With greater accuracy and greater coordination between the different technical areas, drawings, and other documents. Coordination between the areas would also improve if it is implemented in the early stages of design. It is important to be clear in the technical description which work is expected from the project which would lead to fewer the alterations, supplementaryand withdrawn work. Implications: the overall problem is in this study is how you can reduce the use off alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work connected to the procurement documents. Most of the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work in a project can be connected to these documents. To be able to reduce the cost there should be a system implemented regarding the review and coordination of the procurement documents. Limitations: This study is limited to three different projects from different municipalities, to secure a more certain result there should be more equivalent projects included in the study. The interviews are limited to the project managers that where responsible for the specific projects in this study. Keywords: alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work, procurement documents, public procurement, specifications, regulations, technical specifications