The concrete impact on the environment is mainly on cement production, which accounts for 7 percent of total global carbon dioxide emissions. The amount of Carbon dioxide emissions is estimated to 700-800 kilo of carbon dioxide per 1000 kilo of cement produced. About 60 percent of emissions comes from the calcination of limestone, and the remaining 40 percent comes from the burning of fossil fuels due to the heat that must be added during the calcination [2]. Every year it produced around 2 million tonnes of cement in Sweden, which in turn results in the emission of approximately 1.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide [5]. A suitable solution has been found in the use of supplementary cementitious materials, also known as mineral admixtures[3]. These materials can be used to replace cement in concrete  as they possess pozzolanic and cementitious properties. The most common industrial by-products used in Sweden at the moment are fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag. To find out how big of an amounts of carbon dioxide emission can be reduced by replacing the parts of the cement with by-products, you have to conciderate the whole concrete life cycle beacuse concrete also ties up carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide  comes in contact with water in the pore solution of the concrete  bicarbonate plus a hydrogen ion is formed. Bicarbonate  is then dissolved to form carbonate  plus a hydrogen ion. When carbonate  comes in contact with calcium, calcium carbonate is formed. This process is called carbonation and continues throughout the life of the concrete. Calcium hydroxide has a very low solubility compared to other hydroxides and will be the first to dissolve and release calcium ions in the pore solution. Calcium silicate stabilized by high pH - value and Ca ions in the pore solution. Calcium Hydroxides releaseing of  lowers the pH content in the pore solution which results in calcium silicate hydrate also begins to dissolve and release ions. However, changing the release of structural reconstruction of Calcium Silicate Hydrate results in a lower Ca / Si - ratio. When this ratio falls to less than 1 and the pH of the pore solution is around 10,  silica gel is formed. Mineral admixtures in form of bee products such as fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag will reduce the amount of calcium hydrate in the cement paste and increase the amount of calcium silicate hydrate. Simplification of Fick's second law developed by the CBI has been used in numerical calculations for the concrete's carbon uptake over time. 3 different types of cement, Portland cement, fly ash cement and slag cement has been set against each other from a carbon dioxide perspective.Portland cement: 1 m^3 concrete of type CEM I with strength C30/37 contribute with 263 kg of carbon emissions during production. Over time, this 1 m^3 of concrete have tied up a total of 134 kg of carbon dioxide through carbonation. The total carbon emissions for 1 m^3 concrete of type CEM I with strength C30/37 remains 129 kg. Flygaskecement: 1 m^3 concrete of type CEM II / B-V (35% F) with strength C30/37 is contributing with a total of 75 kg of carbon dioxide emissions. Slag Cement: 1 m^3 concrete of type CEM II / B-S (35% F) with strength C30/37 is contributing with a total of 41 kg of carbon dioxide emissions.

No description available.

From being a fictional element in sci-fi movies, voice user interaction has become reality with intelligent personal assistants like Apple’s Sir iand Google’s Assistant. The development opens up for new exciting user experiences and challenges when designing for these experiences. This thesis has aimed to investigate the user experience of different ways of onboarding new users to intelligent personalassistants. The process has included interviews with experienced users, a test of a Google Home for three months and a wizard of oz (WOZ) test. The interviews and the long term test was done in correlation with a literature study to determine how users interact with an intelligent personal assistant (IPA) their flaws, benefits, what added value they have etc. The goal of the WOZ test was to compare two different teaching methods during the onboarding of a new user. The methods were a voice tutorial by the IPA and a visual interaction on a mobile device. The outcome was to see if the users memory retention was different between the two methods for features learned during the test as well as the users opinions of the two different methods. The results from the interviews show that the benefits of using an IPA is in situations where it reduces friction, e.g when both hands are occupied. They also showed that there are still issues with IPAs and there is a long way to go before they can a accomplish a more human-to-human like conversation. In the WOZ test the results showed that there were no significant difference in user remembrance of learnt features between the two teaching methods. However the user insights showed that the majority of users would like to have a multimodal interaction, a combination of voice and visual interaction when being taught to use an IPA.

The design of a structure should be regarded as the design of a system. In this licentiate thesis a method (concurrent engineering) for the design of systems is studied parallel with the development of the system itself. The purpose of the work is twofold: To study the application of concurrent engineering (CE) as a method to manage the design work for the design of a glulam truss. To develop a glulam truss and investigate if it can be made competitive on the Swedish market. The qualitative study started with the formation of a CE team consisting of an architect, a contractor and a manufacturer of glulam with the researcher as the project manager. The idea in CE is to let members from different parts of the design work (design, production and manufacturing) solve the problem together. Through the concurrent work of these members a proposal of a glulam truss was posed. The proposal was then verified and refined by the CE team through several iterations between resistance considerations and production issues. The qualitative study showed that the members of the CE team are equally important for the success of the development project. The project manager needs to be independent and have a wide knowledge base. Furthermore, the production issues were investigated early in the design process, which is an advantage for the manufacturer of the truss. The quantitative study focused heavily on the solution for the joint in the glulam truss. A connection type new to the Swedish market was proposed; nails with slotted-in steel plates. The joint consists of steel plates placed in internal slots in the glulam member which is assembled by shooting the nails through the glulam and the steel plates with a nailer. Medium-sized joints were tested in tension parallel to the grain and the resistance was found to be on average 8.35 kN/nail and two steel plates. Production considerations for the joint type revealed that sawing the slots to accommodate the steel plates could be a problem and this was further investigated in laboratory tests on full-scale joints. The full-scale tests were performed using the theory of statistical experimental design aiming to show tendencies in the behaviour rather than performing a parameter study. The specimens were designed without eccentricities in the joint. The results showed that buckling tendencies of the steel plates must be suppressed and therefore the design of the full-scale joint was adjusted to counteract this. Tension perpendicular to the grain in the joint was qualitatively studied. The results showed that the occurrence of a compressive force close to the tensile force does not affect the resistance in tension perpendicular to the grain for this joint design and this failure mode will not set any demands on the resistance of the truss. The glulam truss was optimised with respect to material cost to investigate the competitiveness on the Swedish market. First order theory was used assuming linearly elastic material behaviour. The rotational capacity of the joints was included in the analysis. Together with estimates for the production cost of a joint, the results showed that a glulam truss using this connection type would have a production cost of approximately 19,200 SEK/truss. The competitiveness of this cost must be judged by the market, but steel trusses have a production cost of about 15,600 SEK/truss while other glulam structural elements range from 18,300-31,000 SEK/element. / <p>Godkänd; 2001; 20070316 (ysko)</p>

Sammanfattning Modulbyggnader har utvecklats mycket under de senaste decennierna. Metoden föredras på grund av de snabba monteringstiderna och enkla installationerna. I Sverige föredras trä som bärande material för modulerna. Modulbyggnader kan många gånger upplevas som repetitiv på grund av dess återkommande fasad. Glasfasader kan användas för att säkerställa en arkitektonisk uppfattning och bryta det repetitiva mönstret. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur en glasfasad med en struktur av glas och trä kan användas med en modul. Fasaden är konstruerad för att produceras industriellt och enkelt monteras ihop med andra fasadelement. Värmeförhållanden och vindbelastning antogs efter en placering i Luleå. Tjockleken på det yttre glasskiktet har utformats efter lastkombinationer, där vindtrycket var den dominerande kvasistatiska belastningen. De påfrestningar som glasskiktet utsätts för har beräknats både analytiskt och med Finita elementmetoden. Fasadelementet består av tre glasskivor och en träram. Den yttre glasskivan är laminerad och är 14,8 mm tjock. De andra två är härdade glasskivor med en tjocklek av 4 mm vardera och två luftspalter på 18,5 mm mellan glasskikten. De härdade glasen är behandlade med ett lågemissionsskikt. Fasadens U-värde beräknades till 0,68 W / m2K med hjälp av programmet Spectrum. Laminerat trä används för träramen och löper runt glasskivans fyra kanter. Varje del av ramen är utformad som en U-balk med en längd på 3 meter. Fasadelementen är anslutna till trämodulen med 8x300 mm skruvar genom U-balken. Livets tjocklek på U-sektionen dimensionerades för att undvika sprickbildning på grund av borrning och fick dimensionen 88 mm. U-balkens övre och undre fläns är 100 mm bred och har en tjocklek av 20 mm. Deras syfte är att hålla glasplattorna på plats. Mellan glaset och flänsen appliceras ett akrylatlim som förbinder materialen. / Abstract Modular construction has significantly developed in the past few decades. The method is preferred due to the quick assembly times and ease of installation. In Sweden, wood is preferred as structural material for the modules. However, modular construction can be aesthetic due to its repetitive façade. Glass facades could be used to ensure an architectonic appeal and break the repetitive pattern. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how a glass facade can be used in a modular structure using glass and wood. The façade is designed to be industrially manufactured and easily assembled with other facade elements. The thermal conditions and wind loads were asessed assuming that the building will be constructed in Luleå. The outside glass layer thickness has been designed from the load combinations in which the wind pressure was the dominant quasi-static load. The stresses to which the glass layer is exposed has been calculated both analytically and with the finite element method. The facade element consists of three glass layers and a wooden frame. The outside glass plate is laminated and is 14.8 mm thick. The other two are tempered glass plates with a thickness of 4 mm each and two air slots of 18 mm between the glass layers. The tempered glass is treated with a low-emission layer. The U-value of the facade was calculated to be 0.68 W/m2K using the software Spectrum. Laminated wood was used for the wooden frame and goes around the four edges of the glass plates. Each section of the frame is designed as a U-beam with a length of 3 meters. The façade elements are connected to the wooden module with 8x300 mm screws through the U-beam. The web thickness of the U-section was dimensioned to avoid cracking due to drilling. The top and bottom and flange of the U-beam is 100 mm wide and has a thickness of 20 mm. Their purpose is to hold the glass plates in position. Between the glass and the flange, an acrylate adhesive is applied that connects the materials.

Syfte: Varje dag spolar vi ner ungefär 30 liter vatten i toaletten. Att det är rent dricksvatten som används i detta syfte är inte en hållbar lösning med hänsyn till den globala uppvärmningen och problemen den för med sig. I Sverige har vi redan sett tecken på vattenbrist och utvecklingen ser inte ut att gå mot det positiva. En bättre hushållning med vårt vatten är ett förslag på en mer hållbar utveckling gällande vattenförbrukningen och ett alternativ till ett sådant förslag beskrivs i denna rapport. Att lokalt kunna återanvända BDT-vatten till att spola toaletterna kan spara närmare 30 % av den totala vattenförbrukningen. BDT-vatten innehåller flertalet skadeämnen och för att denna återanvändning ska kunna ske måste det säkerställas att det inte medför några hälsorisker. Målet med arbetet är att skapa ett system med god teoretisk tillförlitlighet samt undersöka den ekonomiska hållbarheten av ett sådant system vid införandet i nybyggnation av ett flerbostadshus. Metod: För att uppnå detta mål har en omfattande litteraturstudie av BDT-vattnets karaktär samt befintliga system genomförts. Intervjuer med personer inom VVS-branschen samt personer med kunskap inom olika reningsmetoder har genomförts för att få en bredare kunskap i ämnet. Resultat: Rapporten beskriver utformningen av ett fysiskt system anpassat till nybyggnation av flerbostadshus med 30 lägenheter. Resultatet visar att det finns möjlighet till besparing av dricksvatten samt möjlighet till ekonomisk vinning vid återanvändning av BDT-vatten.Systemet har god teoretisk tillförlitlighet men författarna föreslår vidare forskning i form av empirisk prövning av systemets funktionsduglighet. Konsekvenser: Införandet av ett system som återvinner BDT-vatten innebär flera förändringar i det befintliga arbetssättet. Förändringar tar ofta lång tid att införa i den svenska byggbranschen. Trots detta hade implementeringen inneburit flera fördelar i införandet av ett sådant system, där en reducering i dagens dricksvattenanvändning är en av de viktigaste. Med dagens teknik kan man på ett pålitligt sätt rena BDT-vattnet till den grad då det inte är hälsoskadligt. Möjligheten till ekonomisk vinning bör motivera implementeringen av ett sådant system vid nybyggnation av större flerbostadshus. Begränsningar: Vi har endast sett till möjligheten att införa ett system i Sverige med lagar och regler som gäller här. Den ekonomiska aspekten baseras på nybyggnation av ett flerbostadshus.Endast BDT-vatten kommer att analyseras. Nyckelord: Ekonomisk analys, filter, hälsoskadliga ämnen i BDT-vatten, membranseparationrening av BDT-vatten.

No description available.

No description available.

The objective of this research is to investigate how mobile cellular network operators can increase the average revenue per user by stimulating the usage of mobile broadband services. There is a general consensus that the revenue from voice calls is slowly reaching saturation; hence, mobile cellular operators, service providers and content providers are looking for other sources of revenue from their new and existing customers. They are therefore beginning to focus more intensively on customer retention and on developing new strategies that will stimulate the usage of high speed mobile data services. The research shows that most people are aware of many of the mobile data services offered by operators, but that they thought that they were unreliable, slow, difficult to use and expensive. By and large, people signed up for mobile data services because they wanted a mobile always-on connection anytime, anywhere, with faster speed when accessing e-mail and other services or when downloading data from the Internet. The majority of people would use mobile broadband internet service if it cost less to use; if the speed were faster and the service were easy to use; if the cellular phone had a larger screen and used less battery power; and if the keyboard were larger. The relationship between Network operators, WASPs and content providers was found to be good, even though at times it is strained by the increased competition between them; this forces them not to cooperate on some issues for fear of compromising their competitive advantage.

Smartphones and applications are becoming more and more popular. Although, the user knowledge varies. Onboarding has been described in other previous studies as a tool for costumers to get a better understanding of applications. This thesis aims to develop guidelines for onboarding by investigating previous studies and by comparing different applications. By investigating to what extent onboarding is beneficial for an application, the question of if it is worth the time and effort for a company to develop an onboarding is discussed. A hi- fi onboarding prototype will be developed to be able to test the guidelines. Simplicity, knowledge of the user, smooth navigation and user satisfaction are a few things that were kept in mind from previous studies when developing the guidelines. To be able to develop guidelines, questions regarding mobile devices, application developing, user behaviour and manuals have also been studied. Interviews combined with observations allowed for an analysis of the guidelines by conducting an A/B test. One group of test subjects received an application with onboarding, and the other group received the same application without onboarding. The result of the A/B test showed that onboarding helped the user to find functions that could be considered difficult to locate. The test also showed that many people often skip onboarding, but people that complete the onboarding process gets a better understanding of the application faster. Guidelines for an efficient development of an onboarding are presented. In conclusion, onboarding is a tool that should be utilized if the developer aims to allow as many users as possible to understand the full potential of the application as fast as possible.