As bacias de Taubaté e Resende são bacias continentais paleógenas do tipo rift, orientadas segundo a direção NE a ENE e fazem parte do segmento central do Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil. Ambas foram instaladas durante o Eoceno, resultantes de um campo de esforços distensivo de direção NW-SE. Este campo reativou zonas de cisalhamento de direção NE do embasamento pré-cambriano como falhas normais, importantes durante a instalação e evolução da bacia. Há também inúmeras estruturas transversais ao eixo da bacia, de direções N-S, NE-SW e NW-SE, as quais compreendem falhas e dobras que estiveram ativas durante diferentes intervalos de tempo, embora seus papeis na evolução da bacia ainda sejam pouco conhecidos. A fim de reconhecer estas estruturas em subsuperfície na Bacia de Taubaté, cinco perfis sísmicos longitudinais ao eixo da bacia foram interpretados, demonstrando o caráter distinto dessas estruturas como falhas normais e inversas, que interceptam diferentes unidades sísmicas, indicando uma deformação tectônica polifásica. A presença de altos estruturais transversais, distinguíveis em perfis sísmicos, ativos durante a abertura da bacia, pode estar relacionada com anticlinais formados na capa das falhas, durante uma evolução relacionada ao crescimento das falhas principais de borda em um regime distensivo de direção NW-SE. Ainda, foram descritas em afloramentos falhas sinsedimentares de componente normal, de direção NW-SE e transversais à Bacia de Resende, dispostas em um alto ângulo com relação à orientação ENE das falhas principais de borda. Estas estruturas foram interpretadas como falhas de alívio formadas no mesmo contexto distensivo. As relações estratigráficas e a análise de paleotensões das populações de falhas indicaram que as estruturas transversais estão relacionadas a quatro eventos deformacionais: compressão NE-SW, provavelmente durante o Mioceno; compressão NW-SE, durante o Pleistoceno Superior; distensão E-W a NW-SE durante o Holoceno; e por fim compressão E-W relacionada ao campo de esforços atual. A evolução da Bacia de Santos na porção adjacente offshore durante o Cenozoico pode estar diretamente relacionada à presença de estruturas transversais, mudanças de campo de estresse e a geração e eventos deformacionais nas bacias continentais do tipo rift. / The Taubaté and Resende are NE-to-ENE-oriented Paleogene continental rift basins of the central segment of the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil. Both basins were installed during the Eocene as a result of a NW-SE-oriented extensional stress field. This stress field reactivated NE-trending shear zones of the Precambrian basement as normal faults, which played a major role during the basin installation and evolution. There are also numerous N-S, NE-SW and NW-SE-oriented structures transverse to the NE-trending basin axis. These structures comprise faults and folds that were active at different time intervals, but their role in the basin evolution is poorly understood yet. In order to recognize these structures in the subsurface in Taubaté Basin, five longitudinal seismic profiles were interpreted showing their distinctive character as normal and reverse faults, which intersect different seismic units and indicate a polyphasic tectonic deformation. The presence of transverse structural highs, recognizable in the seismic profiles, which were active during the opening of the basin, can be related to anticlines formed in the hangingwall during an evolution related to the growing of the border master faults in a NW-SE-trending extensional regime. Moreover, syn-sedimentary NW-SE-oriented transverse normal faults oblique to the ENE-orientation of the border master faults were described in outcrops in the Resende Basin. These structures are interpreted as release faults and thus formed in the same extensional context. Stratigraphic relationships and paleostress analysis of fault populations indicate that transverse structures are related to four deformational events: a NE-SW-oriented compression probably during the Miocene, a NW-SE-oriented compression in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene, an E-W-to-NW-SE-oriented extension in the Holocene and lastly, an E-W-oriented compression related to the present-day stress field. The evolution of the adjoining offshore Santos Basin during the Cenozoic has a narrow correlation with the formation and evolution of Taubaté and Resende basins. The migration of depocenters in the Santos Basin during the Cenozoic can be associated with the presence of NW-SE-oriented transverse structures, changes in the stress fields, and generation and deformation events in the continental rift basins

In contrast to the oceans, deformation in the continental lithosphere is distributed over broad regions. This dissertation is composed of three separate but related studies investigating the kinematics and dynamics of such deformation. The first two studies look at the Makran subduction zone, and the third focusses on deformation in South East Tibet. The first study is an investigation of the 11 May 2013 M w 6.1 Minab earthquake which occurred at the western end of the Makran subduction zone, adjacent to the transition to continent-continent collision in the Zagros mountains. Seismological, geodetic and field results are used to study the source parameters and slip distribution of this earthquake, and demonstrate that the earthquake was left-lateral and occurred on a fault striking ENE–WSW; approximately perpendicular to previously studied faults in the adjacent Minab-Zendan-Palami fault zone. Geological and geomorphological observations of similar faults in the vicinity are used to infer that vertical-axis rotations allow a series of such faults to accommodate ∼15–19 mm/yr of N–S right-lateral shear. The dynamic implications for the transition between subduction and continental collision are discussed. The second study looks at the Makran region as a whole. First, the shape and depth of the interface with the Arabian plate is constrained by modelling the depths and mechanisms of earthquakes across the region, and combining these with additional seismological constraints. These constraints on the subduction interface are used to investigate elastic strain accumulation on the megathrust in the western Makran, which has important implications for seismic and tsunami hazard in the region. Second, the kinematics at the northern edge of the Makran accretionary prism are investigated using a combination of geodetic and geomorphological observations, addressing the long-standing tectonic problem of how the right-lateral shear taken up by strike-slip faulting in the Sistan Suture Zone in eastern Iran is accommodated at the zone’s southern end. Finally, the kinematics and dynamics of the accretionary prism are investigated. By considering the kinematics of the 2013 Balochistan and Minab earthquakes, local gravitational and far-field compressive forces in the Makran accretionary prism are inferred to be balanced. This force balance allows the mean shear stress and effective coefficient of friction on the Makran megathrust to be calculated, 5–35 MPa and 0.01–0.03 respectively. The final part of this thesis focusses on the temporal evolution of topography in South East Tibet. Recently published paleoaltimetry results based on stable-isotope geochemistry are used to provide constraints on vertical motions. These demonstrate that uplift is much slower than had previously been suggested from thermochronometric data. Numerical modelling of the time evolution of a gravitationally-driven fluid is used to investigate the effect of lateral rheological contrasts on the shape and evolution of topography. In such a flow, material at the surface can be transported hundreds of kilometres, an effect which should be accounted for in paleoaltimetric analysis. Lateral rheological contrasts, analogous to the relatively undeforming Sichuan Basin and Central Lowlands of Myanmar, can reproduce the main features of the present-day topography, GPS velocity field and earthquake-derived strain rate without the need for a low-viscosity lower-crustal channel.

En termes de chimie supramoléculaire et de tectonique moléculaire, les métacyclophanes [1111] sont des composés attractifs pour la préparation et l’étude de réseaux moléculaires, car la particularité de ces composés est la stabilité exceptionnelle de la conformation l'encombrement stérique entre les groupes ortométhyliques des cycles aryles. Un tel type rigide d'échafaudage moléculaire aussi bien avec la présence de sites de liaison de terminaux est considéré comme un bloc de construction moléculaire très approprié pour la formation de différents types de réseaux moléculaires en utilisant principalement la coordination et la H-bonding. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons étudié le rôle de la nature de la coordination des sites greffés sur le squelette métacyclophane macrocyclique afin d'améliorer leur capacité à former des réseaux de coordination dans la phase cristalline et les systèmes supramoléculaires en solution, une série de nouvelles [1111] métacyclophanes ont été synthétisés et caractérisés en solution et à l'état solide. Leur propension à lier différents cations métalliques dans la phase cristalline ainsi que des complexes en solution ont été étudiés. / In terms of supramolecular chemistry and molecular tectonics,[1111]metacyclophanes are attractive compounds for the preparation and study of molecular networks since the particular feature of these compounds is determined by exceptional stability of the 1,3-Alternate conformation of their molecular platform due to the steric hindrance between the orto-methyl groups of aryl rings. Such rigid type of molecular scaffold both with presence of terminal binding sites is considered as a very suitable molecular building block for formation of different type molecular networks using primarily coordination and H-bonding. Through this work we investigated the role of the nature of the coordinating sites grafted on the metacyclophane macrocyclic backbone in order to enhance their ability to form coordination networks in the crystalline phase and the supramolecular systems in solution, a series of new [1111]metacyclophanes have been synthesized and characterized in solution and in the solid state. Their propensity to bind different metal cations in the crystalline phase as well as complexes in solution have been studied.

Este trabalho abange uma extensa caracterização do meio físico da Folha João Pessoa 1:100.000, onde o relevo, embora esteja atrelado aos outros componentes da natureza, compõe o tema central. Do ponto de vista geomorfológico, a área em questão está assentada nos Tabuleiros Litorâneos e na Baixada Litorânea, sendo o primeiro compartimento desenvolvido, predominantemente, sobre os sedimentos malconsolidados da Formação Barreiras e, o segundo, sobre sedimentos predominantemente inconsolidados do Quaternário. A Formação Barreiras repousa, de forma discordante, de oeste para leste, sobre o embasamento cristalino e sobre as rochas sedimentares do Grupo Paraíba, dispostas na Bacia Sedimentar Marginal Pernambuco- Paraíba. A partir de extensos levantamentos cartográficos, aerofotogramétricos, interpretações de imagens de satélite e radar, observações em campo, análises de perfis topográficos e de poços tubulares e da integração e interpretações obtidas, pode-se concluir que as reativações pós-cretácicas constituem o fator mais importante na configuração morfológica da área de estudo. Essas reações foram responsáveis por soerguimentos distintos e basculamentos de superficies geomorfológicas, além de criar inúmeros e extensos falhamentos que dinamizaram entalhes e orientaram dissecações, definindo a configuração e a compartimentação atual dos Tabuleiros Litorâneos da região. A evolução e configuração atual do relevo possuem forte influência na morfologia e compartimentação do litoral da área, além de serem fatores preponderantes na diversidade e distribuição pedológica e na distribuição dos diversos usos e ocupações da terra verificados. A integração dos dados obtidos, levantados, produzidos, analisados e discutidos, além da sintetização de várias informações em cartas temáticas elaboradas e confeccionadas, tornou possível visualizar-se o quanto os componentes do meio físico se interagem e o quanto essa interação pode influenciar no quadro sócio-econômico da região / This work encompasses an extensive physiographical characterization of the João Pessoa Chart 1: 100.000, wherein the landforms, although linked to other natural components, represent the main focus of the thesis. From the geomorphological perspective, the study area lies on the coastal tablelands (Tabuleiros) and coastal lowlands of Northeastern Brazil, being the first compartment primarily developed on the poorly consolidated sediments of the Barreiras Formation, whereas the second is mostly composed of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. The Barreiras Formation lies in unconformity over the crystalline basement and sedimentary rocks of the Paraíba Group, which comprises the Pernambuco-Paraiba marginal sedimentary basin. Following extensive cartographic and aerophotogrametric surveying coupled with radar and satellite imagery interpretation, fieldwork, construction and analysis of topographic transects and spatial integration of borehole cores, it was possible to conclude that the post-cretaceous reactivations play a major role in the morphological configuration of the study area. These tectonic processes were responsible for distinct uplifting and tilting of geomorphological surfaces, as well as created several extensive fault-lines which have favored and oriented drainage entrenchment and dissection, thus defining the current configuration and individualization of the coastal low-lying tablelands. The evolution and current configuration of the studied landforms exert a great influence upon the coastal morphology of the area, and also respond as key factors for the pedological diversity and its spatial distribution as well as land-use patterns. The integration of the gleaned, surveyed, analyzed and produced data added to the elaboration of a number of thematic maps which permitted the construction of a comprehensive synthesis and visualization of the interaction among the physical environment elements, and how such interaction might influence the socio-economical configuration of the area.

Ce manuscrit présente la dynamique des dépôts évaporitiques du bassin de Sivas en Turquie et évalue l’impact diagénétique de ces évaporites sur les analogues de réservoirs gréseux. Cette étude s’effectue dans un bassin d’avant-pays ayant la spécificité d’avoir enregistré une intense tectonique salifère, marquée notamment par la présence de mini-bassins oligo-miocènes. Les résultats présentés s’appuient sur des relevés cartographiques de terrain, des descriptions sédimentaires ainsi que sur des analyses pétrographiques et géochimiques.Les premières évaporites du bassin se forment à l’Eocène supérieur lorsque l’avant-pays perd progressivement sa connexion avec le domaine marin, en conséquence de la propagation de la chaine de plis et de chevauchements. La fermeture océanique s’accompagne d’une diminution drastique des apports clastiques. Les faciès turbiditiques évoluent alors vers des dépôts argilo-carbonatés propres à un bassin affamé et anoxique. Les évaporites commencent par précipiter dans des bassins en piggy-back précocement isolés du reste de l’avant-pays. Par surrection tectonique, ces dépôts subissent un démantèlement gravitaire qui induit des accumulations de gypses détritiques au front de la chaîne. Avec l’augmentation des conditions de salinité de l’ensemble du bassin, des plateformes évaporitiques s’établissent ensuite sur les domaines peu profonds et nourrissent en fond de bassin des turbidites de gypse. Enfin, dans un plan d’eau devenu peu profond, l’essentiel de l’avant pays est comblé par de la halite aujourd’hui lessivée en surface. Tout au long de l’Oligo-Miocène, les évaporites éocènes induisent des déformations halocinétiques. Les sels diapiriques sont alors dissous et recyclés sous forme de dépôts gypsifères qui précipitent en domaine continental, au sein d’environnements sebkhaïques à lacustres peu profonds. Ces évaporites de seconde génération ont pu connecter différents émissaires diapiriques pour constituer ce que nous nommons « une canopée resédimentée ». Les sulfates recyclés se sont également accumulés sur des émissaires diapiriques en cours de déflation pour ainsi former de véritables mini-bassins évaporitiques secondaires encapsulés. Sur toute la bordure nord du bassin, et en continuité latérale d’une canopée salifère, les évaporites recyclées ont formé des accumulations majeures de gypse sélénitique lacustre.L’étude diagénétique des grès continentaux de mini-bassins montre une paragenèse ayant été contrôlée au premier ordre par la composition minéralogique des grains détritiques. Ainsi, dans les grès fortement polygéniques, des fluides salins et alcalins probablement dérivés du lessivage des émissaires diapiriques ont interagi avec les grains réactifs pour induire la précipitation précoce de ciments analcitiques. Ces derniers paraissent également avoir été favorisés dans les mini-bassins isolés hydrographiquement par des reliefs diapiriques. Plus localement, des phénomènes de gypsification se sont produits au niveau de dépôts faillés ou fracturés et positionnés à proximité immédiate de structures salifères. Les fluides salins impliqués circulaient par l’intermédiaire de la porosité créée par l’endommagement tectonique.L’ensemble des résultats présentés trouvent des analogies avec d’autres bassins salifères, actuels ou anciens, affectés par des déformations halocinétiques en contexte continental (e.g. le bassin Précaspien, le bassin du Zechstein ou le Great Kavir en Iran). / This manuscript focuses on the various evaporitic systems of the Sivas Basin (Turkey) and assesses the diagenetic impact of saline fluid flow on silicoclastic reservoir analogues. This study takes place in a foreland basin that has the peculiarity of having recorded halokinetic deformations, as evidenced by outcropping Oligo-Miocene mini-basins structures. The results are based on geological field mapping and sedimentary descriptions complemented by petrographic and geochemical analyses.The first evaporites of the basin precipitated during the Late Eocene when the foreland progressively lost its connection with the oceanic domain, as a result of the northward propagation of the fold-and-thrust-belt. Such event first resulted in sediment-starved conditions, with siliciclastic turbidites grading to muddy- and organic-rich facies. The evaporites then formed in early isolated piggy-back basins and were subsequently reworked in the foredeep by tectonically-induced gravitational collapses. With increasing saline conditions, evaporitic platforms developed in shallow-water domains of the foreland, and fed gypsum turbidites in the deep-water setting. Finally, after the general establishment of shallow-water hypersaline conditions, most of the available space was filled by halite deposits, nowadays entirely dissolved at the surface.During the Oligo-Miocene, Eocene evaporites induced halokinetic deformations. The diapiric salts were then recycled as gypsiferous deposits precipitated in sabkha to shallow-water lacustrine setting within salt-walled mini-basins. Such evaporitic deposits of second-generation were able to connect different diapiric structures, forming what we define as a “resedimented canopy”. The recycled evaporites also accumulated in depleting diapiric stems, resulting in the development of peculiar encased evaporitic mini-basins. Finally, along the northern border of the basin, the recycled evaporites formed massive accumulations of lacustrine selenitic gypsum southward connected to a spreading salt canopy.The diagenetic study of Oligocene continental sandstones emplaced within mini-basins highlights a paragenesis controlled at first order by the detrital composition. For instance, in the less sorted sandstones, saline-alkaline fluids, probably resulting from the leaching of diapiric salts, interacted with reactive grains to produce analcitic cements at shallow burial. These cements also seem to have been favored in mini-basins that were hydrographically isolated by diapiric reliefs. More locally, in fractured to faulted sandstones close from a diapiric structures, the porosity has been early to lately occluded by gypsum cements. The saline fluids inducing such cementation were fed by the diapiric evaporites, and reached the reservoirs through the fracture or fault-related porosity.All of these results may find relevant analogies with other ancient or present-day evaporitic basins affected by halokinetic deformation in continental setting (e.g. the Precaspian Basin, the Zechstein Basin or the Great Kavir in Iran).

Over the past few decades, remote sensing has emerged as a powerful tool for studying active faulting in continental regions. However, the commonly used remote sensing techniques, including radar interferometry, visual inspection of imagery, and image matching, cannot measure three-dimensional (3D) surface displacements in earthquakes, limiting our ability to investigate faulting. The improvement of very high-resolution (VHR) optical imaging systems (stereo in particular) in recent years has made it possible for earth scientists to measure 3D surface deformation remotely. In this thesis, I contribute to assessing the capability of VHR optical imagery, by determining earthquake deformation from four different types of earthquakes (different in sense of slip and date of the event). In the case of the 2010 M_w 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah, Mexico earthquake, I show that digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from Pleiades stereo imagery are comparable to light detection and ranging (LiDAR) surveys, and differencing pre- and post-earthquake DEMs can measure 3D displacements, which will be very useful for studying future earthquakes. For the 2013 M_w 7.7 Balochistan, Pakistan earthquake, I determine the vertical motion from a post-earthquake Pleiades DEM and find constant fault kinematics throughout the Late Quaternary. This study has resolved a current controversy of the Balochistan earthquake, in which it has been argued that kinematics of the Hoshab fault switches between strike-slip and dip-slip. Applying historical aerial, KH-9 Hexagon spy satellite, SPOT-2 and modern SPOT-6 images to the 1978 M_w 7.3 Tabas-e-Golshan earthquake, I measure the coseismic and postseismic displacements, and show that the Tabas fold system in eastern Iran may exhibit characteristic slip behaviour. Combining Pleiades imagery, fieldwork and geological dating techniques, I determine slip in the 1556 Huaxian earthquake in China and the recurrence interval for similar events. These examples demonstrate the usefulness of high-resolution optical imagery in investigating past and present earthquakes.

La ceinture orogénique de Longmenshan (LMTB) constitue la frontière orientale du plateau tibétain, qui est reconnue par sa topographie escarpée, son activité tectonique intensive ainsi ses la complexité de ses structures. Comme une orogène typique, le LMTB a subi une forte déformation intracontinentale au cours du Mésozoïque. Ainsi, la connaissance sur l’évolution tectonique du Mésozoïque de la LMTB est cruciale pour comprendre l’orogenèse intracontinentale et la surrection du plateau tibétain. Une ceinture de clivage verticaux divise la LMTB en une zone occidentale et une orientale. La Zone orientale présente un top-to-SE cisaillement tandis que la zone occidentale présente un top-to-NW cisaillement. La zone orientale peut être subdivisée en quatre sous-unités avec de foliations orientées du SE au NW. Le granite syntectonique et les données géochronologiques contraignent cette déformation principale au Mésozoïque inférieur (environ 219 Ma). L’analyse structurale, l’AMS, l’étude microstructurale et la modélisation gravimétrique sur le complexe de Pengguan, l’un des complexes de l’orogène néoprotérozoïques au milieu de segment de la LMTB), révèlent une structure des slices du socle imbriquées de la LMTB et la zone adjacente. Les âges connus, l’exhumation rapide localisée et la subsidence du bassin flextual suggèrent que les slices du socle sont imbriquées au cours du Mésozoïque supérieur (166-120 Ma). La LMTB se trouve loin de la limite de la plaque contemporaine, et est absence de matériel ophiolitique, donc elle peut être considéré comme une orogène intracontinentale. Pendant le début du Mésozoïque, le Yangtze plate subductait vers l’ouest en fermant l’océan paléo-Téthys. Cette tectonique a exhumé des matériaux de différentes profondeurs en surface par des chevauchements vers le SE et chevauchements arrières vers le NW. Au cours de la fin du Mésozoïque, le socle a été soulevé davantage en raison de la collision entre les blocs de Lhasa et de l’Eurasie, qui a conduit à une imbrication des slices du socle et épaissi la croûte. / The Longmenshan Thrust Belt (LMTB), constituting the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau, is well known by its steep topography, intensive tectonic activities and the complicated structures. As a typical composite orogen, the LMTB experienced extensive intracontinental deformation during the Mesozoic. The knowledge on the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the LMTB therefore is crucial to understand the intracontinental orogeny and uplifting of the Plateau. The vertical cleavage belt divides the LMTB into a Western Zone and an Eastern Zone. The Eastern Zone displays a top-to-the-SE shearing while the western zone a top-to-the-NW shearing. The Eastern Zone can be further divided into four subunits with foliations deepening from SE to NW. The syntectonic granite and published geochronologic data constrain this main deformation to the Early Mesozoic around 219 Ma. Structural analysis, AMS and microstructural study and gravity modeling on the Pengguan complex, one of the orogen-parallel Neoproterozoic complexes located in the middle segment of the LMTB, reveal a basement-slice imbricated structure of the LMTB and adjacent areas. Published ages, localized fast exhumation rate and flexural subsidence of the foreland basin suggest that the basement-slices imbricated southeastwards during Late Mesozoic (166-120 Ma). The LMTB is far away from the contemporaneous plate boundary and devoid of ophiolite-related material, therefore, it is supposed to be an intracontinental orogen. During the Early Mesozoic, the Yangtze basement underthrusted westwards due to the far-field effect of the Paleo-Tethys’ obliteration, and the materials in different structural levels have been exhumated to the surface by southeastward thrusting and contemporaneous backward thrusting. During the Late Mesozoic, the basement is further underthrusted due to the collision between the Lhasa and Eurasia blocks, which led to SE-ward imbrication of the basementslices that may thicken the crust.

La théorie de la tectonique des plaques permet de décrire les mouvements de premier ordre qui opèrent à la surface de la Terre. S'il est acquis que la convection dans le manteau terrestre en est le moteur, les liens entre les phénomènes profonds et les caractéristiques tectoniques de la surface restent largement méconnus. Jusqu'à très récemment, les modèles de convection du manteau terrestre ne produisaient pas de tectonique de surface pouvant être comparée à celle de la Terre. Récemment, des modèles globaux de convection qui reproduisent une tectonique de surface comparable à la Terre au premier ordre ont été mis au point. Ces modèles produisent des courants mantelliques ascendants et descendants de grande échelle et des déformations localisées en surface dans les zones de divergence et les zones de convergence. Ils génèrent une expansion des fonds océaniques de manière auto-cohérente proche de celle reconstruite pour les 200 derniers millions d'années de l'histoire de la Terre et une dérive de continents similaire à celle observée grâce au paléomagnétisme. Cette thèse s'inscrit parmi les premières tentatives d'utilisation de modèles de convection sphériques auto-organisés à des fins de compréhension de la tectonique de surface. La tectonique produite dans ce type de modèles de convection sera caractérisée finement à travers l'étude des limites de plaques, de leur agencement et de leurs vitesses de déplacement. L'objectif est de pouvoir comparer qualitativement et quantitativement les résultats des calculs de convection avec les reconstructions des mouvements de la surface terrestre grâce à la tectonique des plaques et aux observations de terrain. Dans cette optique, les limites tectoniques ont été définies à la main dans un premier temps afin de comprendre la physique qui gouverne l'agencement caractéristique des plaques tectoniques terrestres. En effet, celle-ci est composée de sept grandes plaques et plusieurs petites dont la répartition statistique indique deux processus de mise en place distincts. Nous avons déterminé les processus responsables de la mise en place de l'agencement caractéristique des plaques tectoniques en surface en faisant varier la résistance de la lithosphère. Plus la lithosphère est résistante, plus la longueur totale et la courbure des zones de subduction diminue à la surface des modèles. Cela s'accompagne également d'une diminution du nombre de petites plaques. En étudiant la fragmentation au niveau des jonctions triples, nous avons montré que les petites plaques étaient associées aux géométries courbées des fosses océaniques. En revanche, les grandes plaques sont contrôlées par les grandes longueurs d'onde de la convection mantellique. Ces deux processus impliquent deux temps de réorganisation, c'est-à-dire l'apparition et la disparition d'une plaque plongeante dans le manteau terrestre (environ 100 millions d'années) pour les grandes plaques, alors que l'échelle de temps de réorganisation des petites plaques dépend des mouvements des fosses et est ainsi plus rapide d'un ordre de grandeur. Afin d'effectuer des analyses quantitatives rapides, des méthodes d'analyse automatique de la surface et de l'intérieur des modèles ont été développées. La première technique concerne la détection automatique des plaques tectoniques à la surface des modèles (ADOPT). ADOPT est un outil de détection basé sur une technique de segmentation d'images utilisée pour détecter des bassins versants. Les champs à la surface des modèles sont transformés en reliefs, soit directement, soit après un processus de filtrage. Cette détection permet d'obtenir des polygones de plaques comparable aux analyses réalisées à la main. Une autre technique de détection a été mise au point pour étudier les panaches mantelliques [etc...] / Plate tectonics theory describes first order surface motions at the surface of the Earth. Although it is agreed upon that convection in the mantle drives the plates, the relationships between deep dynamics and surface tectonics are still largely unknown. Until recently, mantle convection models could not produce surface tectonics that could be compared to that of the Earth. New global models are able to form large-scale ascending and descending mantle currents, as well as narrow regions of localized deformation at the surface where convergence and divergence occur. These models selfconsistently generate an expansion of the oceanic floor similar to that of the last 200 million years on Earth, and continental drift similar to what can be reconstructed with palaeomagnetism. This Ph.D. thesis constitutes one of the first attempts to use self-organised, spherical convection models in order to better understand surface tectonics. Here, the tectonics produced by the models is finely charaterized through the study of plate boundaries, their organisation and their velocities. The goal is to be able to compare qualitatively and quantitatively the results of convection computations with surface motions, as reconstructed using the rules of plate tectonics and field observations. Plate boundaries emerging from the models were first traced and analyzed by hand so as to understand the physics that govern the typical organization of the tectonics plates on Earth. It is characterised by seven large plates and several smaller ones, following a statistical distribution that suggests that two distinct physical processes control the plates’ layout. We have determined the processes responsible for this distribution while varying the strength of the lithosphere (the yield stress). In our models, the stronger the lithosphere, the greater the total subduction length and their curvature, and the fewer the small plates. By studying surface fragmentation with triple junctions, we showed that the formation of small plates is associated with oceanic trench curvature. Large plates, however, are controlled by the long wavelengths of the convection cells. These two processes involve two different reorganisation times, controlled either by the accretion and the subduction of the large plates (about 100 Myrs), or by trench motions for the smaller plates. In order to improve the efficiency of our analysis, we have developed automated methods to study the surface and the interior of the models. The first technique is about detecting the tectonic plates automatically at the surface of the models. It is called ADOPT. It is a tool based on image segmentation technique to detect the watersheds. The surface fields of the convection models are converted into a relief field, either directly or using a distance method. This automatic detection allows to obtain plates polygons similar to the hand analysis. Another technique of detection has been developed to study mantle plumes. These analyzes were used to determine the driving forces behind the plates layout, to quantify the timing of reorganizations and to evaluate the implication of the models rheology on the surface distribution. These new analytical tools and the constant evolution of the quality of mantle convection models allow us to improve our understanding of the link between mantle dynamics and surface tectonics, but also to target necessary improvements in the convection models used

Pendant des années, la recherche s'est principalement concentrée sur le soulèvement Andin de la Cordillère orientale de Colombie et sur l’étude des sédiments tertiaires dans les bassins sédimentaires pour comprendre la déformation andine. Récemment, la nécessité d'évaluer de nouvelles cibles a poussé l'industrie pétrolière à acquérir de nouvelles informations sur la série crétacée de la Cordillère Orientale (CO) et du cours moyen du Rio Magdalena (CMM). Le but de ce travail, est d'analyser ces données qui suggèrent que les sédiments du bassin du CMM ont été déformés au Crétacé.Les sédiments crétacés sont exposés dans la CO, mais seuls quelques affleurements sont connus dans le CMM. En revanche, beaucoup les informations de nombreuses lignes sismiques et de quelques puits traversant les unités crétacées sont disponibles sur cette zone. L’interprétation de quelques lignes sismiques sélectionnées du CMM a été contrôlée par les données de puits et et les observations de terrain, et la nature et le style des déformations observées ont été analysées. De cette façon, des discontinuités importantes et des structures tectoniques ont été identifiées, montrant que des failles ont été inversées tectoniquement par à-coups au Crétacé, avant l'orogenèse andine. Cette vision détaillée de l’évolution tectonique et sédimentaire de la série crétacée, surtout dans le CMM, met en évidence des discordances multiples résultant de multiples phases de déformation, de soulèvement et/ou de variations du niveau marin survenant au cours du Crétacé. Ceci est important pour comprendre les processus affectant la marge andine au Crétacé, puisque les interactions entre tectonique et variations eustatiques pourraient avoir été plus complexes que proposé antérieurement.L’analyse des traces de fission sur zircon et apatite et la modélisation thermique du Nord au Sud de la zone d'étude ont été faites sur des échantillons du Crétacé indiquant l'occurrence de deux événements thermiques et deux événements de refroidissement pour des unités anté-Campaniennes, et d'un réchauffement et d’un refroidissement pour les unités postérieures à ~ 70 Ma. Enfin, un régime de subduction cyclique pourrait expliquer les événements tectoniques extensifs et compressifs responsable des phases de dépôt, d'exhumation et d'érosion observées dans le CMM et l’OCO entre le Jurassique terminal et le Paléocène.L'analyse réalisée à l'aide de la stratigraphie et des cartes de faciès génère au chapitre 3, L'interprétation structurelle, chronostratigraphie en utilisant des diagrammes de roues, restauration structurelle schématique, permettant de reconnaître plusieurs cycles de dépôt (S1 à S5) limités par discordances (SU1 à SU5), sont le résultat de la fluctuation du niveau de la mer (cycles de régression-transgression) générée pour les événements tectoniques liés au régime de subduction des dalles. / For years, studies have been mainly focused on the Andean uplift of the Eastern Cordillera in Colombia and on the evaluation of the Tertiary units in sedimentary basins, in order to understand the recent deformation. Recently, due to the necessity oil industry to evaluate new targets, new information has been acquired on Cretaceous units form the Eastern Cordillera (EC) and the Middle Magdalena Valley (MMV). The aim of this work, is to analyses these data, which provide evidences for Cretaceous deformation in the basin of the MMV.Cretaceous sediments are exposed in the Eastern Cordillera, but only few outcrops are known in the MMV. Instead, a lot of seismic information is available and some drilled wells crosscut the Cretaceous units in this area. The interpretation of some key seismic sections in the MMV has been validated using field observation and well information, and the nature and style of the observed structures have been discussed. By these means, important Cretaceous unconformities and tectonic structures were identified, showing that some faults were progressively, tectonically inverted, prior to the Andean Orogeny. The resulting detailed picture of the Cretaceous tectonic and sedimentary evolution, especially in the MMV, evidences multiple unconformities resulting from different stages of deformation, uplift and/or level sea changes during the Cretaceous. This must be kept in mind to understand the processes acting in the Andean margin during the Cretaceous, since the interaction between deformation and sea level changes may have been more complex than previously thought.The fission tracks analyses on zircon and apatite and the thermal modeling from the North to the South of the study area were made on Cretaceous samples indicate the occurrence of two heating events and two events of cooling for pre-Campanian units, and of one event of heating and one event of cooling from units younger than ~ 70 Ma. Finally, a cyclic subduction regime may explain the tectonic extension and compression events responsible for the deposition, exhumation and erosion phases observed in the MMV and WEC from the latest Jurassic to the Paleocene.The analysis made using stratigraphy and the facies maps generate in chapter 3, The structural interpretation, chronostratigraphy chart using wheeler diagrams, schematic structural restauration, permit to recognize several cycles of deposition (S1 to S5) limited by unconformities (SU1 to SU5), which are the result of sea level fluctuation (Regression-Transgression cycles) generated for the Tectonic events related to the regimen of slabs subduction.

A Bacia de Almada, localizada no estado da Bahia, compartilha características similares com as outras bacias da margem leste do Brasil, quando é analisada segundo aspectos como os processos sedimentares e o regime de esforço dominante durante a sua formação. Observa-se uma diferença marcante em relação as outras bacias quando é analisada sob a ótica da composição da crosta transicional, uma vez que não se registra atividade vulcânica durante a fase rifte. A aquisição de um extenso levantamento sísmico 3D, com cabos de 6 km de comprimento e 9.2 segundos de tempo de registro (tempo sísmico duplo), resultaram em imagens sísmicas de boa qualidade das estruturas profundas do rifte. Adicionalmente, estudos de modelagem gravimétrica foram integrados com a análise sísmica para corroborar o modelo geológico. A Bacia de Almada é parte dos sistemas de rifte continentais, desenvolvidos durante o Berriasiano até o Aptiano, que antecederam a quebra do continente do Gondwana, evoluindo posteriormente para uma margem passiva divergente. O processo do rifteamento desenvolveu cinco sub-bacias de orientação NNE-SSO, desde posições terrestres até marinhas profundas, produzindo um arcabouço estrutural complexo. Os perfis da sísmica profunda mostram o afinamento progressivo da crosta continental até espessuras da ordem de 5 km, abaixo da sub-bacia mais oriental, com fatores de estiramento crustal próximo a 7 antes do desenvolvimento de crosta oceânica propriamente dita. As imagens sísmicas de boa qualidade permitem também o reconhecimento de sistemas de falhas lístricas que se iniciam na crosta superior, evoluem atravessando a crosta e conectando as sub-bacias para finalizar em um descolamento horizontal na crosta inferior estratificada. Adicionalmente, a bacia apresenta um perfil assimétrico, compatível com mecanismos de cisalhamento simples. As margens vulcânicas (VM) e não vulcânicas (NVM), são os extremos da análise composicional das margens divergentes continentais. Na Bacia de Almada não se reconhecem os elementos arquiteturais típicos das VM, tais como são as grandes províncias ígneas, caracterizadas por cunhas de refletores que mergulham em direção ao mar e por intenso vulcanismo pré- e sin-rifte nas bacias. Embora a margem divergente do Atlântico Sul seja interpretada tradicionalmente como vulcânica, o segmento do rifte ao sul do Estado da Bahia apresenta características não-vulcânicas, devido à ausência destes elementos arquiteturais e aos resultados obtidos nas perfurações geológicas que eventualmente alcançam a seqüência rifte e embasamento. Regionalmente a margem divergente sul-americana é majoritariamente vulcânica, embora a abundância e a influência do magmatísmo contemporâneo ao rifte seja muito variável. Ao longo da margem continental, desde a Bacia Austral no sul da Argentina, até a Bacia de Pernambuco no nordeste do Brasil, podem ser reconhecidos segmentos de caráter vulcânico forte, médio e não vulcânico. Nos exemplos clássicos de margens não vulcânicas, como a margem da Ibéria, a crosta transicional é altamente afinada podendo apresentar evidências de exumação de manto. Na Bacia de Almada, a crosta transicional apresenta importante estiramento embora não haja evidências concretas de exumação de manto. Os mecanismos responsáveis pela geração e intrusão dos grandes volumes de magma registrados nas margens divergentes são ainda sujeitos a intenso debate. Ao longo da margem divergente sul-americana há evidências da presença dos mecanismos genéticos de estiramento litosférico e impacto de plumas. Alternativamente estes dois mecanismos parecem ter tido um papel importante na evolução tectônica da margem sudeste e sul, diferenciando-as da margem continental onde foi implantada a Bacia de Almada. / The Almada Basin, located in the Bahia State, shares similar characteristics with other eastern Brazilian basins when analyzed in terms of major sedimentation process and dominant stress regime. However, a remarkably different composition of the transitional crust is observed when this basin is compared with the other eastern Brazilian basins. A large 3D survey, acquired with cable length of 6 km and 9.2 seconds resulted in good seismic images of the rift deep structure. A detailed gravity survey and 2D forward modeling were integrated with the seismic analysis to corroborate the geological model. The Almada Basin is part of the continental rift system that developed during the Berriasian to Aptian times, heralding the Gondwana break up. Subsequently the basin evolved into a passive divergent margin. The rifting process results in five NNE-SSW striking half-graben sub-basins, from onshore to deep water, producing a complex structural framework. Deep seismic profiles reveal the progressive thinning of the continental crust down to 5 km below the easternmost half-graben with a crustal β factor of 7 before the ocean crust developed. The good-quality seismic images also allowed the recognition of major listric faults systems that cut the upper crust, linking the half-grabens and detaching along the layered lower crust. The basin shows an asymmetrical crustal profile compatible with a simple shear rifting mechanism. Volcanic Margins (VM) and Non Volcanic Margins (NVM) are the end members of the crustal compositional analysis of divergent continental margins. The key architectural elements of the VM, such as large igneous provinces, seaward dipping reflectors and the basinal synrift magmatism, are not recognized in the Almada Basin. Even though the South Atlantic divergent margin is traditionally interpreted as a VM, particularly in the rift segment south of Bahia State, the lack of these key elements, as well as drilling results, indicate a non volcanic character for the Almada segment. Regionally, the South American divergent margin is mostly volcanic, but the amount and the influence of the magmatism during the rift phase is variable from the southernmost Austral Basin in south Argentina up to the Pernambuco Basin in northeast Brazil. Along the whole continental margin different segments of strong, medium and non volcanic character can be recognized. In the classical NVM, the transitional crust is highly stretched and, in some cases, it shows evidence of exhumed sub continental mantle (e.g., Iberian margin). In the Almada Basin, the transitional crust indicates a considerable thinning, but there is no clear evidence of mantle exhumation. The mechanisms responsible for the generation and emplacement of the large amounts of magma recorded in the divergent margins are still subject to discussions. Along the South American segments, both the lithospheric thinning and mantle plume models have been proposed. Alternatively, a combination of these two mechanisms may have played an important role in the margin evolution.