Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-09T17:11:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação de mestrado - Adriana Cassiano da Silva.pdf: 103902408 bytes, checksum: 64f18d5ee39468da48f4a2f055b735ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T17:11:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação de mestrado - Adriana Cassiano da Silva.pdf: 103902408 bytes, checksum: 64f18d5ee39468da48f4a2f055b735ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / CAPES / A reconstrução quaternária da evolução do baixo curso do rio Capibaribe está baseada em abordagens geomorfológicas, morfométricas e morfotectônicas, associados ao uso das geotecnologias, bem como na aplicação da abordagem relativa à tectônica sedimentar no município de Paudalho-PE. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é caracterizar a dinâmica fluvial a partir da investigação dos corpos sedimentares, que configuram elementos marcadores da paisagem, para entender os processos deposicionais da área e esclarecer a relação entre tectônica e o cenário estabelecido na drenagem, uma vez que, essa modalidade de pesquisa traz novas respostas para a compreensão da evolução recente da região. Para tanto, as amostras de sedimentos deformados foram coletadas em seis perfis e subdivididas em 30 “janelas” em depósitos de conglomerados e de linhas de pedras, sendo, após isso, submetidas às análises granulométricas, morfoscópicas e de difratometria de raios-X. Assim, a compilação dos mapeamentos de detalhe e analises sedimentológicas propiciaram uma modelagem mais precisa da área investigada. Os resultados permitiram evidenciar os seguintes fatos: o curso fluvial foi submetido a distintos graus de controle estrutural em escala regional, com a presença da captura do rio em uma direção de falha e brusca inflexão para o sul, trechos anômalos da drenagem e mudança em sua hierarquia; a análise morfotectônica permitiu constatar que as feições de knick-points, inselbergues, vales e cristas estão possivelmente sob o comando estrutural tectônico; os depósitos de conglomerados e de linhas de pedras apresentaram origem sedimentar alóctone, sendo o primeiro, com características fluviais, onde os grãos apresentam imaturidade textural, são pobremente selecionados, com padrão polido e translúcido, contendo seixos rolados e no segundo o aspecto principal é a evidência de clima mais seco. Esses depósitos sugerem interferência de controle estrutural e oscilação paleoclimática no seu arranjo deposicional e na distribuição espacial. Logo, as coberturas sedimentares e as feições morfotectônicas foram originadas em eventos distintos de basculamentos comandando a rede de drenagem e seu nível de base, assim como, a deposição dos depósitos, o que faz deduzir que o forte controle na estrutura física do relevo sugere reconfiguração tectônica. / Quaternary reconstruction of the evolution of the lower course of the Capibaribe river is based on geomorphological, morphometric and morphotectonic approaches associated with the use of geotechnology, and the implementation of the approach to sedimentary tectonics in Paudalho-PE municipality. The objective of this research is to characterize the fluvial dynamics from the investigation of sedimentary bodies that shape the landscape marker elements to understand the depositional processes of the area and clarify the relationship between tectonics and the scenery established in the drainage, since this modality research brings new answers for understanding the recent evolution in the region. Therefore, samples of deformed sediments were collected in six profiles and subdivided into 30 "windows" in deposits of conglomerates and stone lines, and after that, subjected to morphoscopic, granulometric and X-ray diffractometry analysis. Thus, the compilation of detailed mappings and sedimentological analysis provided a more accurate modeling of the investigated area. The results have highlighted the following facts: the fluvial course has been subjected to different degrees of structural control on a regional scale, with the presence of the river capture in one failure direction and sharp inflection to South, anomalous drainage passages and change in their hierarchy; morphotectonic analysis has allowed that the features of knick-points, inselbergs, valleys and ridges are possibly under the tectonic structural command; deposits of conglomerates and stones lines showed allochthonous sedimentary origin, the first with fluvial features, where the grains have not textural maturity, being poorly selected, with polished and translucent standard, containing pebbles and the second main aspect is the evidence of drier climate.These deposits suggest interference of structural control and paleoclimatic fluctuation in their depositional arrangement and spatial distribution. Thus, the sedimentary cover and the morphotectonic features have been originated in different events of tiltings commanding the drainage system and its base level, as well as the deposition of deposits, which makes deduce that the strong control of the physical relief structure suggests reconfiguration tectonics.

Este trabalho abange uma extensa caracterização do meio físico da Folha João Pessoa 1:100.000, onde o relevo, embora esteja atrelado aos outros componentes da natureza, compõe o tema central. Do ponto de vista geomorfológico, a área em questão está assentada nos Tabuleiros Litorâneos e na Baixada Litorânea, sendo o primeiro compartimento desenvolvido, predominantemente, sobre os sedimentos malconsolidados da Formação Barreiras e, o segundo, sobre sedimentos predominantemente inconsolidados do Quaternário. A Formação Barreiras repousa, de forma discordante, de oeste para leste, sobre o embasamento cristalino e sobre as rochas sedimentares do Grupo Paraíba, dispostas na Bacia Sedimentar Marginal Pernambuco- Paraíba. A partir de extensos levantamentos cartográficos, aerofotogramétricos, interpretações de imagens de satélite e radar, observações em campo, análises de perfis topográficos e de poços tubulares e da integração e interpretações obtidas, pode-se concluir que as reativações pós-cretácicas constituem o fator mais importante na configuração morfológica da área de estudo. Essas reações foram responsáveis por soerguimentos distintos e basculamentos de superficies geomorfológicas, além de criar inúmeros e extensos falhamentos que dinamizaram entalhes e orientaram dissecações, definindo a configuração e a compartimentação atual dos Tabuleiros Litorâneos da região. A evolução e configuração atual do relevo possuem forte influência na morfologia e compartimentação do litoral da área, além de serem fatores preponderantes na diversidade e distribuição pedológica e na distribuição dos diversos usos e ocupações da terra verificados. A integração dos dados obtidos, levantados, produzidos, analisados e discutidos, além da sintetização de várias informações em cartas temáticas elaboradas e confeccionadas, tornou possível visualizar-se o quanto os componentes do meio físico se interagem e o quanto essa interação pode influenciar no quadro sócio-econômico da região / This work encompasses an extensive physiographical characterization of the João Pessoa Chart 1: 100.000, wherein the landforms, although linked to other natural components, represent the main focus of the thesis. From the geomorphological perspective, the study area lies on the coastal tablelands (Tabuleiros) and coastal lowlands of Northeastern Brazil, being the first compartment primarily developed on the poorly consolidated sediments of the Barreiras Formation, whereas the second is mostly composed of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. The Barreiras Formation lies in unconformity over the crystalline basement and sedimentary rocks of the Paraíba Group, which comprises the Pernambuco-Paraiba marginal sedimentary basin. Following extensive cartographic and aerophotogrametric surveying coupled with radar and satellite imagery interpretation, fieldwork, construction and analysis of topographic transects and spatial integration of borehole cores, it was possible to conclude that the post-cretaceous reactivations play a major role in the morphological configuration of the study area. These tectonic processes were responsible for distinct uplifting and tilting of geomorphological surfaces, as well as created several extensive fault-lines which have favored and oriented drainage entrenchment and dissection, thus defining the current configuration and individualization of the coastal low-lying tablelands. The evolution and current configuration of the studied landforms exert a great influence upon the coastal morphology of the area, and also respond as key factors for the pedological diversity and its spatial distribution as well as land-use patterns. The integration of the gleaned, surveyed, analyzed and produced data added to the elaboration of a number of thematic maps which permitted the construction of a comprehensive synthesis and visualization of the interaction among the physical environment elements, and how such interaction might influence the socio-economical configuration of the area.

Sinéclises intracrâtonicas são pouco deformadas em comparação a outros tipos de bacias sedimentares, sua arquitetura é caracterizada por unidades litoestratigráficas subhorizontais que podem ser acompanhadas por grandes distâncias sem alterações estruturais significativas. O tectonismo concentra-se em alguns locais, tais como zonas de falha e altos estruturais, onde ocorre toda sorte de estruturas geológicas predominatemente rúpteis. Altos estruturais são locais interessantes para o estudo das sinéclises intracratônicas já que o basculamento de camadas propicia o afloramento de diversas unidades estratigráficas em áreas restritas, mas, sobretudo, são regiões propícias para o entendimento de sua evolução tectônica devido à abundância de estruturas aflorantes. Além disso, essas feições possuem grande importância econômica pois tradicionalmente são investigadas como potenciais armazenadores de hidrocarbonetos. Mais recentemente tem sido utilizadas na estocagem de gás combustível e tem-se avaliado seu potencial para armazenamento de gases do efeito estufa. Na Bacia do Paraná existem diversos altos estruturais, dentre os quais destaca-se, por suas dimensões, o Alto Estrutural de Pitanga. Localizado na região centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo, é uma braquianticlinal alongada na direção NNE-SSW. Em mapa possui formato grosseiramente elíptico, atingindo cerca de 30 km de comprimento em seu eixo maior, de direção NNE-SSW, e até 15 km no eixo menor, de direção WNWESE. O presente trabalho buscou caracterizar em detalhe a geometria dessa braquianticlinal mediante a construção de um mapa de contorno estrutural, e analisar os principais estilos estruturais encontrados nessa região. Com isso, tentar elucidar qual regime tectônico e posição do campo de esforços foram responsáveis pela geração do alto estrutural. Na área do Alto Estrutural de Pitanga foram encontrados evidências de regimes tectônicos compressivo, distensivo e transcorrente registrados em seis fases de deformação. Comparando-se a geomertria e orientação espacial da braquianticlinal bem caracterizada pelo mapa de contorno estrutural, e a orientação das estruturas e campo de esforços associados às diferentes fases de deformação, foi possível identificar o provável tectonismo que deu origem a esse alto estrutural, além de estimar a sua idade. Também foi possível avaliar o seu potencial como armadilha para o sistema petrolífero Irati-Pirambóia. / Intracratonic basins are slightly deformed compared to other types of sedimentary basins. The architecture of intracratonic basins are characterized by subhorizontal stratigraphic units which may be followed by large distances without significant structural changes. Deformation is concentraded in specifc sites such as fault zones and structural highs. Structural highs are interesting sites to study intracratonic basins since the tilting of layers provides the outcrop of different stratigraphic units in restricted areas, but most of all, they are conducive regions for the understanding of their tectonic evolution. Moreover, these features are traditionally investigated as potential traps of hydrocarbons. They have been used in the storage of fuel gas and, more recently, has evaluated its potential for storage of greenhouse gases. In Paraná Basin there are several structural highs among which stands out for its dimensions the so called Pitanga Structural High . Located in the central-eastern part of São Paulo State, south east of Brazil, is a gentle NNE-SSW-oriented anticlinal fold. On the map, it has a roughly elliptical geometry, reaching approximately 30 and 15 km in length on its major NNE-SSW and minor WNW-ESE axis, respectively. This study aimed to characterize, in detail, the Pitanga Structural High geometry by constructing a structural contour map, and to analyze the main structural styles found in this region to clarify what tectonic style and orientation of the stress field were responsible for the generation of this anticlinal. There are varied structural styles found in the area of Pitanga Structural High, related to compressive, transcurrent, and extensional tectonic regimes of six distinct deformation phases. By comparing the spatial orientation and geometry of the anticlinal characterized by structural contour map, and orientation of structures and stress field associated to different stages of deformation, it was possible to identify the likely tectonism which led to this structural high and so estimate its age. It was also possible to evaluate its potential as a trap for the petroleum system Irati-Pirambóia.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir a evolução tectônica meso-cenozóica do Domo de Lages, SC, envolvendo análise das estruturas rúpteis que afetam as rochas da região, análise morfométrica e da rede de drenagem e aspectos geomorfológicos relevantes. O Domo de Lages, localizado na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, na porção sul do estado de Santa Catarina, é caracterizado pela ocorrência de uma grande variedade de rochas alcalinas de idade neo-cretácea. Estas rochas afloram na forma de sills e diques e são intrusivas no pacote sedimentar da Bacia do Paraná, causando-lhe um soerguimento da ordem de centenas a milhares de metros. As rochas alcalinas foram afetadas por estruturas rúpteis, particularmente falhas transcorrentes e normais, denotando a presença de uma tectônica ativa durante o cenozóico. Para o entendimento do quadro evolutivo do domo, além da análise estrutural, foram elaborados diversos mapas morfométricos (hipsométrico, declividades, orientação de vertentes, superfícies de base, rugosidade, gradiente hidráulico e densidade de lineamentos e drenagens) derivados diretamente do Modelo Digital de Elevação, que por sua vez foi obtido pelo tratamento de dados SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) da Agência Espacial Americana (NASA). O trabalho foi complementado com a análise da rede de drenagem e de lineamentos extraídos de imagens, juntamente com a elaboração de perfis topográficos. Os resultados mostram tratar-se de uma estrutura dômica alongada com eixo maior orientado na direção NW-SE, marcada pelo alinhamento de intrusões alcalinas e basculamento dos acamamentos das rochas sedimentares que apresentam mergulho radial para fora da estrutura. A análise do relevo revelou a existência de uma superfície de aplainamento, hoje preservada na cota de 1200 m, que teria sido afetada por falhas normais de direções NW-SE e NE-SW. O modelo tectônico evolutivo elaborado para a região contempla a seguinte seqüência de eventos: atuação de esforços compressivos NE-SW no final do cretáceo, gerando falhas normais NE-SW, que afetam as rochas básicas da Formação Serra Geral e condicionam a colocação de diques alcalinos e a estruturação do domo; geração de falhas transcorrentes destrais que afetam todas as rochas da região, incluindo as rochas alcalinas, com binário orientado na direção NNE-SSW; configuração de uma superfície de aplainamento preservada na cota de 1200m, que perdurou, provavelmente, até o mioceno; distensão NE-SW e geração de falhas normais NW-SE que abatem e basculam a superfície aplainada e reorganizam a rede de drenagens; instalação de um provável evento distensivo NW-SE, responsável pela formação de falhas normais NE-SW, marcadas principalmente nos mapas morfométricos. / This study was focused on the meso-cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Domo de Lages region (south Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil), through the analysis of brittle structures affecting sedimentary and igneous rocks, morphometric parameters, drainage network and main geomorphological features. Located in the border of the Paraná sedimentary basin, the Domo de Lages is characterized by a great variety of Late Cretacic alkaline rocks, which crops out as sills and dikes cutting the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and are associated with an uplift of hundreds to thousands of meters. These alkaline rocks are affected by brittle structures, mainly transcurrent and normal faults, indicative of Cenozoic active tectonics. In addition to the structural analysis, several morphometric maps were developed, as an aid to enlighten the evolutionary history of the region. Maps of hypsometry, slope, aspect, isobase surfaces, surface roughness, hydraulic gradient, lineament density and drainage density were derived from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) Digital Elevation Models provided by NASA, and were complemented by topographic profiles, analysis of drainage network and lineament orientation. Results show that the dome has a elongated shape with major axis oriented NW-SE, defined by alignment of intrusive bodies and tilting of sedimentary rocks bedding planes, dipping radially outwards the center of the structure. Topographic analysis revealed the existence of a planation surface, preserved at 1200m a.s.l., wich would have been affected by NW-SE and NE-SW normal faults. A tectonic evolutionary model for the region was elaborated, according the following sequence of events: in the end of Cretaceous, a compressive NE stress generates NE-SW normal faults, which affect the basic rocks of Serra Geral Formation and controls the emplacement of alkaline dikes and the uplift of the domic structure; formation of transcurrent dextral faults affecting all rocks of the area, including the alkalines, with NNE-SSW oriented binary; development of a planation surface preserved at 1200m a.s.l. which remained probably until the Miocene; NE-SW extension, creating NW-SE normal faults that lowered and tilted the levelled surface and affected the drainage network; a last extensive NW-SE event probably happened, responsible for NE-SW normal faults seen mainly in the morphometric maps.

From Introduction: The Canadian Cordilleran Orogenic Belt forms part of the circum-Pacific orogenic zone. It underlies an area of about 1,54 million sq. kilometres, is over 2400 kilometres long and 800 kilometres wide. The region is characteristically mountainous, much of it glaciated and alpine, containing plateaux, trenches, valleys, and fjords. The mountains, in general, rise to elevations between 2100 m and 3600 m above sea level, although Mount Logan in the St. Elias Mountains attains an altitude of 6000 m. The Canadian Cordillera is divided into two dominant orogenic belts: the eastern Columbian Orogenic Belt comprising defonned miogeosynclinal rocks and the western Pacific Orogenic Belt comprising allochthonous eugeosynclinal rocks. The Cordillera is further subdivided into five longitudinal tectonic belts within which rocks are broadly similar in type, age, and history. These belts are, from east to west: the Rocky Mountain Belt, the Omineca Crystalline Belt, the Intermontane Belt, the Coast Plutonic Complex, and the Insular Belt (Wheeler et al., 1972a). The Canadian Cordillera is important in that it contains: one of the world's largest lead-zinc-silver mine, Sullivan; the second-largest molybdenum mine, Endako; one of the most important concentrations of porphyry copper deposits, Highland Valley; Canada's largest tungsten mines, Cantung and Mactung; and Canada's second-largest silver district, Keno Hill (Sutherland Brown et a1., 1971). In addition, it contains several large massive sulphide and lead-zinc deposits.

Master of Science / Department of Geology / Matthew E. Brueseke / The Sonya Creek volcanic field (SCVF) contains the oldest in situ magmatic products in the ~29 Ma–modern Wrangell arc (WA) in south-central Alaska. The WA is located within a transition zone between Aleutian subduction to the west and dextral strike-slip tectonics along the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather and Denali-Duke River fault systems to the east. WA magmatism is due to the shallow subduction (11–16°) of the Yakutat microplate. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and U-Pb geochronology of bedrock and modern river sediments shows that SCVF magmatism occurred from ~29–18 Ma. Volcanic units are divided based on field mapping, physical characteristics, geochronology, and new major and trace element geochemistry. A dacite dome yields a ~29 Ma ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age and was followed by eruptions of basaltic-andesite to dacite lavas and domes (~28–23 Ma Rocker Creek lavas and domes) that record hydrous, subduction-related, calc-alkaline magmatism with an apparent adakite-like component. This was followed by a westward shift to continued subduction-related magmatism without the adakite-like component (e.g., mantle wedge melting), represented by ~23–21 Ma basaltic-andesite to dacite domes and associated diorites (“intermediate domes”). These eruptions were followed by a westward shift in volcanism to anhydrous, transitional, basaltic-andesite to rhyolite lavas of the ~23–18 Ma Sonya Creek shield volcano (Cabin Creek lavas), including a rhyolite ignimbrite unit (~19 Ma Flat Top tuff), recording the influence of local intra-arc extension. The end of SCVF activity was marked by a southward shift in volcanism back to hydrous calc-alkaline lavas at ~22–19 Ma (Young Creek rocks and Border Lavas). SCVF geochemical types are very similar to those from the <5 WA, and no alkaline lavas that characterize the ~18–10 Ma Yukon WA are present. Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf radiogenic isotope data suggest the SCVF data were generated by contamination of a depleted mantle wedge by ~0.2–4% subducted terrigenous sediment, agreeing with geologic evidence from many places along the southern Alaskan margin. Our combined dataset reveals geochemical and spatial transitions through the lifetime of the SCVF, which record changing tectonic processes during the early evolution of the WA. The earliest SCVF phases suggest the initiation of Yakutat microplate subduction. Early SCVF igneous rocks are also chemically similar to hypabyssal intrusive rocks of similar ages that crop out to the west; together these ~29–20 Ma rocks imply that WA initiation occurred over a <100 km belt, ~50–60 km inboard from the modern WA and current loci of arc magmatism that extends from Mt. Drum to Mt. Churchill.

This thesis focuses on the Manyi Fault in Northern Tibet which experienced a M_w 7.6 earthquake in 1997. The remoteness of the area limits the feasibility of measurements in the field, however the climate makes it ideal to study by remote sensing, specifically Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The mechanics of the earthquake have been well documented however there are still numerous questions about the other stages of the earthquake cycle (postseismic and interseismic) across the fault. Previous studies of the postseismic motion across the Manyi Fault using four years of ERS SAR data show the deformation can be explained by either viscoelastic relaxation of a Standard Linear Solid body with a viscosity of 4x10¹⁸ Pa s or afterslip. We use the ERS timeseries and ratemaps formed from a network of ENVISAT SAR scenes from 2003-2010 to analyse the postseismic deformation. We create a series of afterslip models based on rate-and-state frictional laws, along with series of viscoelastic models with various rheologies (Maxwell and Burgers). Our results show that an afterslip model fits the data slightly better than a Burgers rheology but not within resolvable errors. A range of afterslip models fit the data well, with frictional parameters ranging from 8x10^-4 to 2x10^-3 and a preseismic slip rate of 8 to 20 mm/yr. The best-fitting Burgers rheology has a Kelvin element viscosity of 4x10¹⁸ Pa s and Maxwell element viscosity of 6x10¹⁹ Pa s. We analyse the interseismic InSAR signal observed before the 1997 earthquake using ERS data from 1992-1997 to find that the Manyi Fault was accumulating strain at 3+/-2 mm/yr. We also find the seismic locking depth was 22+/-15 km which correlates with the maximum depth of slip during the earthquake. We show there is no significant deformation across the fault to the north of the Manyi Fault which may be an extension to the Kunlun fault. We discuss an analytical 2D thin viscous channel model from literature that has been shown to match the data in this thesis. We show that, once errors are properly accounted for, their model cannot explain both the post and preseismic datasets.

Les réseaux hydrographiques sont les principaux vecteurs de l'érosion des reliefs et de transport des sédiments jusqu'aux bassins. Leur développement, contraint par la tectonique et le climat, est au coeur des recherches sur l'évolution des chaînes de montagnes. Or, la dynamique et la stabilité des réseaux de drainage dans les bassins d'avant-pays, soumis à la subsidence flexurale et à la tectonique locale, restent mal connus. Cette étude s'intéresse à la formation et la dynamique érosive du réseau de drainage du bassin d'avant-pays du SE de la France en lien avec l'exhumation des Alpes occidentales à l'Eocène-Miocène basal (45-20 Ma). Les résultats sédimentologiques et structuraux montrent que ce réseau a été formé précocement au cours de la subsidence du bassin à la faveur de la tectonique compressive régionale. Les sédiments Eocènes déposés dans les paléo-vallées reflètent d'abord un réseau local. A l'Oligocène, l'exhumation des Alpes induit l'extension du réseau jusqu'aux massifs internes alors en érosion. Les galets exotiques déposés dans le bassin contiennent des fractures dévoilant une circulation complexe d'eau (probablement météorique) dans les Alpes. L'étude géochimique des inclusions fluides indique que cette eau a été piégée dans ces veines sous environ 2 km de roches, suggérant l'altitude des reliefs alpins à l'Oligocène. Aujourd'hui, le réseau hydrographique réemprunte en partie les vallées Miocènes, indiquant une relative stabilité de sa géométrie depuis 25 Ma, malgré une activité tectonique constante. Ces résultats peuvent servir de contrainte aux modèles d'évolution des réseaux hydrographiques dans les bassins à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles / Drainage networks represent the main vectors of erosion of topographies and transport of sediments toward the basins. Their development is constrained by both tectonics and climate, and thus represents the focus of research of mountain belt evolution. However, in foreland basins, the drainage network dynamics and stability are still not well understood due to the overlapping effect of local tectonic activity on the flexural subsidence. This study focus on the formation and on the erosive dynamics of the drainage network in the French South Alpine Foreland Basin that is related to the Western Alps exhumation during the Eocene-early Miocene (45-20 Ma). Combined sedimentological and structural results show that the drainage network has been tectonically-formed during the early stage of subsidence of the basin due to the regional compressional stress. Primarily, the Eocene sediments deposited in the palaeovalleys highlight a local network. During the Oligocene, the Alps exhumation induces the development of the network to the internal massifs that are then eroded. Some exotic pebbles deposited in the basin contain veins that evidence for a complex water circulation (probably meteoric water) within the Alps. The geochemical study of fluid inclusions indicates that the water has been trapped under about 2 km of rocks suggesting the altitude of the alpine reliefs at the Oligocene. Despite a constant tectonic activity, the modern drainage network partially uses the Miocene palaeovalleys that suggest a geometrical stability since about 25 Ma. These results can serve to constrain the various models of drainage network evolution in basins at different space and time scales

Avec l'augmentation de la demande énergétique et la raréfaction des réserves prouvées de pétrole, l'exploration pétrolière se tourne vers des sites de plus en plus difficiles, notamment les bassins géologiquement complexes. Pour évaluer les paramètres clés de l'exploration-production, des logiciels de simulation sont utilisés pour reconstituer l'historique du bassin. La modélisation physique et la formulation numérique sur lesquelles ils s'appuient doivent alors être enrichies pour mieux appréhender (voire prédire) le développement des surpressions. Cette thèse comporte deux volets: l'amélioration de la modélisation du géomatériau grâce à la micromécanique et le développement d'un outil de simulation gérant les spécificités de notre problème. Une nouvelle modélisation micromécanique du géomatériau est proposée pour tenir compte du mécanisme de pression-dissolution (compaction chimique). L'intérêt de la micromécanique est d'obtenir une loi macroscopique calibrée avec des données microscopiques mesurables en laboratoire. Depuis les travaux d'Athy (1930), modéliser l'évolution de la porosité aux grandes échelles de temps reste une problématique majeure. Aujourd'hui elle est estimée à l'aide de courbes empiriques de porosité-profondeur, qui hélas présentent une grande variabilité. Notre approche consiste à calculer la porosité au cours de l'enfouissement à l'aide de la déformation du squelette et de la pression de pore, ces deux variables couplées étant issues de la résolution d'équations mécaniques fondamentales. Une formulation originale a été conçue selon cette approche pour traiter la sédimentation et le déséquilibre de compaction, tensoriellement, en grandes déformations, suivant un mécanisme de compaction mécanique, avec un comportement évoluant dans le temps. L'implémentation numérique est quasiment aboutie et a déjà été validée partiellement avec des résultats analytiques. Une fois finalisé, cet outil de simulation devrait permettre de traiter des situations non oedométriques (contrairement aux simulateurs actuels) et permettre l'étude des bassins à histoire tectonique complexe / With the rise of energetic demand and the growing scarcity of proved reserves of oil, the oil industry explores areas of extreme conditions and geologically complex basins. To estimate the key parameters for exploration-production, simulation softwares are used to reconstitute the history of the basin. The physical modelling and the numerical formulation on which they lean must be enriched to understand (even predict) overpressures. This thesis work contains two items: the improvement of the modelling of geomaterials using micromechanics and the development of a hydromechanical simulation tool handling the specificities of our problem. A new micromechanical modelling of geomaterials is designed to take into account the mechanism of pressure-dissolution (chemical compaction). The asset of micromechanics is to produce a macroscopic law calibrated with microscopic data which can be measured in laboratory. Since the work of Athy (1930), modelling the evolution of porosity over geological time-scale remains a major challenge. Today it is estimated by means of empirical curves of porosity-depth, which regrettably present a big variability. Our approach consists in evaluating the porosity during burial relatively to the strain of the skeleton and the pore pressure - these two coupled variables resulting from fundamental mechanical equations. An original formulation is designed according to this approach to treat the sedimentation and the desequilibrium compaction, tensorially, in large strains, following a mechanism of mechanical compaction, with a time-dependent behavior. Its numerical encoding is almost finished and has already been partially validated with analytical solution. Once finished, this simulation tool should allow to treat not only oedometrical situations but more general situations (contrary to current simulators) and study basins with complex tectonic history

No abstract available / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Geology / unrestricted