Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8337458 bytes, checksum: 6418a75dca756790257aecdb25414305 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The SRTM-DEM has been widely used for deriving drainage networks and for several different environmental studies. However, sometimes it is not possible to work with the original spatial resolution of the available DEM, mainly when the study area is large owing to the increase in computational cost, requiring the DEM to be resampled to a coarse resolution. According to the method used for deriving coarse-resolution drainage networks, the quality of the result can be quite different. The wrong choice of the method together with the inherent loss of information within this process may result in a river drainage network incoherent relative to an available network considered as correct. For this reason, this research aimed at identifying the errors present in flow paths and in the physical characteristics of four large-scale watersheds (Paraíba (20.000 km2), São Francisco (640.000 km2), Tapajós (500.000 km2) and Uruguai (207.000 km2)) and its major tributaries in both qualitative and quantitative ways. The comparisons between the drainage networks extracted from DEMs with different spatial resolutions and using different methods (DEM resampling, direct upscaling, multi-step upscaling) were carried out relatively to a high-resolution drainage network obtained from processing the original SRTM-DEM for the qualitative analysis, while for the quantitative analysis the drainage network manually digitized over ETM+/ LANDSAT 7 satellite images was used. The flow paths obtained through the methods of DEM resampling showed strong incoherencies mostly when the change in scale was large, and these errors influenced the area and shape of watersheds and also the quality of the derived drainage network, being stronger for the larger watersheds. The drainage networks obtained through the flow directions upscaling were of better quality because they reproduced more closely the high-resolution network. The multi-step upscaling method showed the better performance for three of the four study areas. The quantitative analysis relative to area and mean distance measured between the DEM-derived drainage network and that one obtained from LANDSAT images showed to be coherent to the qualitative analysis, indicating the multi-step upscaling method as the one of better performance, and the resampling procedure as the worst one. The results in terms of watershed areas comparison were coherent to the visual inspection, showing that the upscaling process reproduced quite well the values obtained in the high resolution, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The direct upscaling procedure obtained the best performance while the resampling method resulted in the largest inconsistencies regarding these two aspects, resulting in watershed delimitation totally different from the actual, mostly for Sao Francisco and Tapajos watersheds, in which the change in scale was larger. The influence of the methods used and of the change in scale over the length and sinuosity of river reaches was detected, sometimes resulting that the result was not very well presented. This can be highlighted when the numerical analysis is compared to the qualitative analysis for results obtained with the resampling procedure. However, although inconsistencies were presented for some river reaches, the upscaling procedure was able to have the largest number of river reaches with the best results. It can be concluded that independent on the characteristics of the watershed to be studied, the resampling procedure is not an adequate method for obtaining coarse-resolution drainage networks. The flow directions upscaling procedure is the most recommend method to be used in this situation, and the multi-step version of this method is the one with best performance when evaluating the flow paths for the study cases of this research. / O MDE do SRTM tem sido largamente utilizado na derivação da rede drenagem e aplicado a diversos tipos de estudos ambientais. No entanto, muitas vezes não é possível trabalhar com a sua resolução original. Isso ocorre quando o estudo é aplicado a grandes áreas e devido ao elevado processamento computacional é necessário a mudança de escala para baixa resolução. Dependendo do método utilizado para a derivação da rede de drenagem obtida de baixa resolução, pode-se adquirir um produto de melhor ou de pior qualidade. A escolha incorreta do método aliada a perda de informação existente nesse processo pode resultar em uma rede incoerente quando comparada a uma rede de drenagem considerada como referência. Esta pesquisa identificou erros nos traçados e nas características físicas de quatro bacias hidrográficas (Paraíba (20.000 km2), São Francisco (640.000 km2), Tapajós (500.000 km2) e Uruguai (207.000 km2)) e nos seus principais afluentes de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. As comparações das redes extraídas das imagens do SRTM em diferentes escalas e métodos (reamostragem, upscaling direto, upscaling gradual) foram realizadas em relação à rede de drenagem de alta resolução obtida do MDE para as análises qualitativas e para as comparações quantitativas com a rede vetorizada das imagens do ETM+/ LANDSAT 7. Verificou-se que os traçados da drenagem obtidos por reamostragem apresentaram várias incoerências principalmente quando a mudança de escala foi maior, esses erros refletiram sobre área, formato de bacias e traçados da rede de drenagem. Os erros foram mais graves nas bacias de maior área de drenagem. Já as redes de drenagem obtidas por upscaling de direções de fluxo foram de melhor qualidade para mudança de escala por essas se apresentarem mais coerentes com a drenagem de alta resolução. O método de upscaling gradual foi o que apresentou melhor desempenho em três bacias das quatro analisadas. As análises quantitativas referentes a área e distância média entre as redes de drenagem, extraída do MDE, e a vetorizada da imagem LANDSAT, apresentaram-se coerentes com as análises qualitativas, apontando o método de upscaling de direções de fluxo na modalidade gradual com melhor desempenho e o método de reamostragem com os piores resultados. Observou-se que as áreas das bacias mostraram-se coerentes com a análise visual, indicando que os métodos de upscaling nas modalidades direta e gradual se aproximaram mais das bacias de alta resolução e apresentaram valores muito próximos entre si, tanto qualitativamente quanto quantitativamente. A modalidade direta de upscaling foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho e o procedimento de reamostragem foi o que apresentou mais incoerências. Por se descaracterizar das bacias de referência, principalmente para o São Francisco e Tapajós para as quais se trabalhou com mudança de escala maior. Percebeu-se que a influência dos métodos e da mudança de escala sobre os valores dos comprimentos e sinuosidade dos rios, algumas vezes repercutiram sobre a métrica gerada não conseguindo expressar a real qualidade da rede de drenagem analisada, mascarando o resultado. Isso pode ser evidenciado quando confrontado a análise estatística e a qualitativa para o método de reamostragem. No entanto, apesar de encontrar alguns rios com essas incoerências, os upscaling direto e gradual conseguiram apresentar um maior número de rios com melhor desempenho. Conclui-se que independente das características das bacias estudadas, o método de reamostragem do MDE não é o procedimento mais adequado na obtenção de redes de drenagem de baixa resolução espacial. O método de upscaling de direções de fluxo nas modalidades direta e gradual são mais indicados para essa finalidade, sendo o gradual o que apresentou melhor desempenho na avaliação dos traçados para as bacias estudadas nesta pesquisa.

Les réseaux hydrographiques sont les principaux vecteurs de l'érosion des reliefs et de transport des sédiments jusqu'aux bassins. Leur développement, contraint par la tectonique et le climat, est au coeur des recherches sur l'évolution des chaînes de montagnes. Or, la dynamique et la stabilité des réseaux de drainage dans les bassins d'avant-pays, soumis à la subsidence flexurale et à la tectonique locale, restent mal connus. Cette étude s'intéresse à la formation et la dynamique érosive du réseau de drainage du bassin d'avant-pays du SE de la France en lien avec l'exhumation des Alpes occidentales à l'Eocène-Miocène basal (45-20 Ma). Les résultats sédimentologiques et structuraux montrent que ce réseau a été formé précocement au cours de la subsidence du bassin à la faveur de la tectonique compressive régionale. Les sédiments Eocènes déposés dans les paléo-vallées reflètent d'abord un réseau local. A l'Oligocène, l'exhumation des Alpes induit l'extension du réseau jusqu'aux massifs internes alors en érosion. Les galets exotiques déposés dans le bassin contiennent des fractures dévoilant une circulation complexe d'eau (probablement météorique) dans les Alpes. L'étude géochimique des inclusions fluides indique que cette eau a été piégée dans ces veines sous environ 2 km de roches, suggérant l'altitude des reliefs alpins à l'Oligocène. Aujourd'hui, le réseau hydrographique réemprunte en partie les vallées Miocènes, indiquant une relative stabilité de sa géométrie depuis 25 Ma, malgré une activité tectonique constante. Ces résultats peuvent servir de contrainte aux modèles d'évolution des réseaux hydrographiques dans les bassins à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles / Drainage networks represent the main vectors of erosion of topographies and transport of sediments toward the basins. Their development is constrained by both tectonics and climate, and thus represents the focus of research of mountain belt evolution. However, in foreland basins, the drainage network dynamics and stability are still not well understood due to the overlapping effect of local tectonic activity on the flexural subsidence. This study focus on the formation and on the erosive dynamics of the drainage network in the French South Alpine Foreland Basin that is related to the Western Alps exhumation during the Eocene-early Miocene (45-20 Ma). Combined sedimentological and structural results show that the drainage network has been tectonically-formed during the early stage of subsidence of the basin due to the regional compressional stress. Primarily, the Eocene sediments deposited in the palaeovalleys highlight a local network. During the Oligocene, the Alps exhumation induces the development of the network to the internal massifs that are then eroded. Some exotic pebbles deposited in the basin contain veins that evidence for a complex water circulation (probably meteoric water) within the Alps. The geochemical study of fluid inclusions indicates that the water has been trapped under about 2 km of rocks suggesting the altitude of the alpine reliefs at the Oligocene. Despite a constant tectonic activity, the modern drainage network partially uses the Miocene palaeovalleys that suggest a geometrical stability since about 25 Ma. These results can serve to constrain the various models of drainage network evolution in basins at different space and time scales

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La rehabilitación de las redes de drenaje es uno de los procesos fundamentales que los administradores y responsables de la gestión de redes de drenaje deben implementar para adaptar las redes defectuosas a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y la urbanización. Las soluciones tradicionales pasan por la sustitución de tuberías o la instalación de tanques de tormenta (TT). En esta tesis, el escenario propuesto combina la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT para la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje. Los resultados de varias simulaciones en varias redes mostraron que el uso combinado de la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT en la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje proporciona mejores resultados que la separación de los dos escenarios de rehabilitación. Tal metodología de rehabilitación necesita un tiempo de computación elevado para proporcionar soluciones aceptables que a menudo se encuentran atrapados en mínimos locales. El objetivo de esta tesis es proponer una metodología que permita obtener mejores resultados durante la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje considerando el uso combinado de la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT. La metodología debe considerar la reducción del espacio de búsqueda (SSR). Cuatro opciones claves están combinadas para lograr reducir el espacio de búsqueda del problema. Estas opciones son: Reducir la cantidad de nudos en los que podrían instalarse los TT. Reducir el número de líneas en las que podría haber un cambio en el diámetro Reducir la discretización que se hace de la sección de cada uno de los TT. Reducir el número de diámetros candidatos en las tuberías. Una vez que se reduce el espacio de búsqueda, el algoritmo pseudo genético (APG) utilizado en esta tesis para la optimización mono-objetivo puede explorar más partes del espacio de búsqueda en menos tiempo. Lo que resulta es la obtención de mejores resultados. Por la optimización multiobjetivo, el NSGA-II utilizado puede proporcionar frentes de Pareto rápidamente para los diferentes escenarios considerados después del proceso de optimización. El objetivo general se dividió en objetivos específicos que se detallan a continuación: El primer objetivo específico consiste en formular un problema de optimización que verifique que la rehabilitación teniendo en cuenta la instalación de los TT y la sustitución de las tuberías proporciona mejores resultados que cualquiera de las dos estrategias implementadas por separado. Evaluar adecuadamente las funciones de costes utilizadas para formar las funciones objetivo constituye el segundo objetivo específico. Los diferentes costes considerados son: costes de sustitución de tuberías, costes de instalación de TT y costes de daños por inundación. El tercer objetivo específico es desarrollar un modelo de rehabilitación considerando la instalación de TT y la sustitución de tuberías, basado en APG y el Modelo SWMM. Los costes de inversiones y los costes de daños por inundaciones no se pueden sumar debido a sus tipos. Los costes de inversiones son reales mientras que los costes de daños por inundaciones son futuribles, dependen de la probabilidad de ocurrencia de la lluvia. Por lo tanto, el cuarto objetivo específico de esta tesis es proponer un algoritmo multiobjetivo evolucionario para la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje considerando la instalación de TT y la sustitución de tuberías. Para la optimización de un mono objetivo y multiobjetivo, el tiempo de cálculo es elevado. También las soluciones objetivas estaban atrapadas en mínimos locales. El quinto objetivo es proponer una metodología de reducción del espacio de búsqueda (SSR) para resolver este problema. El sexto objetivo específico consiste en llevar a cabo un análisis de sensibilidad para verificar los efectos del SSR en el resultado final del proceso de optimización. Por lo tanto, se seleccionaron diferentes tamaños de poblac / [CA] La rehabilitació de les xarxes de drenatge és un dels gestors de processos fonamentals i la necessitat responsable d'implementar per adaptar les xarxes defectuoses als efectes adversos del canvi climàtic i la urbanització. A la literatura, la installació de canonades o substitució de canonades són els dos escenaris presentats pels autors. En aquesta tesi, un tercer escenari proposa combinar la installació de canonades de substitució i tancs de tempesta (TT) per a la rehabilitació de xarxes de drenatge. Els resultats de diverses simulacions a diverses xarxes van mostrar que la combinació d'ús de canvis de substitució de canonades i TT a la rehabilitació de xarxes de drenatge proporciona millors resultats que la separació dels dos escenaris de rehabilitació. Desafortunadament, aquesta metodologia de rehabilitació requereix temps de càlcul elevat per proporcionar solucions acceptables que sovint es troben en mínim local. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és proposar una metodologia que permeti reduir el temps de càlcul i obtenir millors resultats durant la rehabilitació de la xarxa de drenatge considerant l'ús combinat de la instal·lació dels TT de substitució de canonades. L'estratègia adoptada combina, en una metodologia estructurada, quatre opcions clau per reduir l'espai de cerca del problema: Reduir el nombre de nodes en què podrien instal·lar-se els TT. Reduir el nombre de línies en què podria haver-hi un canvi de diàmetre Reduir la discretització que es fa de la secció de cadascun dels TT. Reduir la quantitat de diàmetres candidats à les canonades. Un cop reduït l'espai de cerca, l'algorisme pseudo-genètic (PGA) que s'utilitza en aquesta tesi per a l'optimització d'un únic objectiu (SO) pot explorar fàcilment l'espai de cerca en menys temps, resultant en obtenir millors resultats. Per a l'optimització del MO, la NSGA-II pot proporcionar fronts de Pareto ràpidament per als diferents escenaris considerats després del procés d'optimització. L'objectiu general es va a dividir en objectius específics detallats a continuació: El primer objectiu específic consisteix a formular un problema d'optimització que verifiqui que la rehabilitació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la seva substitució proporciona millors resultats que qualsevol de les dues estratègies implementades per separat. Valorar adequadament les funcions de cost que s'utilitzen per formar les funcions objectives, i constitueix el segon objectiu específic. Els diferents costes considerats són: Costes d'inversions i costes de danys a les inundacions. El tercer objectiu específic és desenvolupar un model de rehabilitació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la substitució de canonades, basant-se en el PGA i el model SWMM. Els costos d'inversions i els costos de danys per inundacions no es poden sumar a causa d'un tipus. Els costes d'inversions són reals mentre els costes d'anuncis per a les futures fonts del futur són dependents de la probabilitat d'obertura de la pluja. Per tant, el cos objectiu específic d'aquesta tesi és propiciar un algorisme multiobjetiu evolutiu per a la rehabilitació de la xarxa de navegació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la substitució de tuberies. Per a l'optimització d'un únic objectiu i multi-objectiu, el temps de càlcul s'eleva. També es va sospitar que les solucions objectives eren atrapades en els mínims locals. El cinquè objectiu és proposar una metodologia de la reducció de l'espai de cerca (SSR) per resoldre aquest problema El sisè objectiu específic consisteix a realitzar una anàlisi de sensibilitat per verificar els efectes de SSR sobre el resultat final del procés d'optimització. Per tant, es van seleccionar diferents grandàries de població i valors de criteris de parada i es van realitzar simulacions per a diferents configuracions. El setè objectiu específic d'aquesta tesi és proposar una nova metodologia de rehabilitació considerant la tècnica / [EN] Drainage networks rehabilitation is one of the fundamental process that managers and responsible need to implement to adapt defective networks to climate change and urbanization adverse effects. In the literature, pipes substitution or storm tanks (STs) installation are the two scenarios presented by authors. In this thesis, a third scenario proposed combine pipes substitution and STs installation for drainage networks rehabilitation. Results of several simulations on various networks showed that the combine use of pipes substitution and STs installation in drainage networks rehabilitation provides better results than separation of the two rehabilitation scenarios. Unfortunately, such rehabilitation methodologies are computationally time consumers. They need much time to provide acceptable solutions which are often caught up in local minima. The aim of this thesis is to propose a drainage networks rehabilitation methodology based on the combine use of pipes substitution and STs installation. The methodology considers search space reduction (SSR) technique. The adopted strategy combines in a structured methodology four key options aiming at reducing the search space (SS) of the problem: Reduce the number of nodes in which STs could potentially be installed. Reduce the number of lines in which there could potentially be a change in diameter Reduce the discretization that is made of the section of each of the STs. Reduce the number of candidate diameters in the pipes. Once the search space is reduced, the pseudo genetic algorithm (PGA) used in this thesis for single objective (SO) optimization can easily explore the search space in less time resulting in the obtention of better results. For the MO optimization, the NSGA-II can provide rapidly Pareto fronts for the different considered scenarios after the optimization process. The general objective was divided in specific objectives detailed as follow: The first specific objective consists of formulate an optimization problem that verifies that rehabilitation considering STs installation and pipes substitution provides better results than any of the two strategies implemented separately. Adequately assess the cost functions used to form the objective functions constitutes the second specific objective. The different costs considered are: Investments costs and flood damage costs. The third specific objective is to develop a rehabilitation model considering STs installation and pipes substitution, based on PGA and the Storm Water management Model. Investment costs and flood damage costs could not be summed due to their types. Investment costs are reals while, flood damage costs depend on the rainfall probability. So, the fourth specific objective of this thesis is to propose a MOEA for drainage networks rehabilitation considering STs installation and pipes substitution. For SO and Multi-objective (MO) optimization, the computation time is elevated. It was also suspected that the objective solutions were caught up in local minima. The fifth objective is to propose an SSR methodology to solve this issue The sixth specific objective consist of carry out a sensitivity analysis to verify the effects of the SSR on the final result of the optimization process. So, different population sizes and stop criteria values were selected and simulation for different configurations were performed. The seventh specific objective of this thesis is to propose a new rehabilitation methodology considering SSR technique for MO optimization. For each specific objective presented in this thesis, an application to a drainage network has been made and the obtained results were satisfactory. A simple network was used to apply the simple optimization methodology based on PGA algorithm A medium size network was used to apply the SO optimization, the MO optimization and the SSR methodology. Finally, a large and mesh network was used to apply the MO optimization methodology considering SSR. / Ngamalieu Nengoue, UA. (2019). URBAN DRAINAGE NETWORK REHABILITATION CONSIDERING STORM TANK INSTALLATION AND PIPE SUBSTITUTION [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/129869 / Compendio

Orientador: Maria Encarnação Beltrão Sposito / Banca: Everaldo dos Santos Melazzo / Banca: Wilian Ribeiro da Silva / Resumo: A urbanização contemporânea articula-se às dinâmicas do modo capitalista de produção, o qual direciona esse processo sob a perspectiva de uma economia política da urbanização compreendida conjuntamente com uma economia política da cidade. Por conta disso, a estruturação dos espaços urbanos e os objetos que os constituem não podem ser tomados, nem analisados, como simples objetos estruturantes da base material, tendo em vista que a produção do espaço urbano sob tais perspectivas os envolvem como meios de reprodução do capital, sendo que, não somente o solo urbano, mas todos os meios que o caracterizam como um ambiente construído, também se tornam meios de consumo urbano. Esse consumo pode ser visto a partir de duas dimensões: a individual e a coletiva. Nessa dissertação, trabalharemos com os meios de consumo coletivo - as infra-estruturas, os equipamentos e os serviços urbanos -, que adquirem características e importâncias peculiares no cotidiano das cidades o que, na pesquisa realizada, foram tomados em sua dimensão econômica. Porém, muitos fatores estão presentes na distribuição dos meios de consumo coletivo. Para debatê-los, escolhemos duas infra-estruturas na cidade de Bauru (SP), as constituintes das redes de drenagem pluvial e de pavimentação das vias públicas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The contemporary urbanisation is articulated to the dynamics of the capitalist mode of production that directs the process under the perspective of a political economy of urbanisation understood beside a political economy of the city. Because of this, the structuring of urban spaces and the objects that constitute them cannot be took nor analysed as simple structuring objects of the material basis. The production of the urban space under such perspectives takes these objects as a way of reproducing capital because not only the urban soil but also all the means that characterise it as a built environment become means of urban consumption. This consumption can be seen through both the individual and the collective dimensions. In this master thesis, we analyse the means of collective consumption - the infrastructures and the urban equipments and services -, which acquire peculiar characteristics and importance in the city daily life and are took, in the research, in their economic dimension. However, many factors are involved in the distribution of the means of collective consumption. For debating them, we have chosen two infrastructural objects of Bauru city: the pluvial drainage and the paving public paths networks... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The urban growth and the disordered occupation of cities have increased the frequency and severity of flooding in urban areas, which occur mainly due to the modification on rainwater natural infiltration, as a result of soil imperviousness increase. The use of compensatory techniques (CT) for stormwater control has been encouraged through public polices, attempting to apply for sustainable solutions to mitigate the urbanization´s impact. An alternative already widespread in some Brazilian cities is the use of micro reservoirs (MR), which temporarily store volumes from impervious areas, and gradually emptying the water stored. Along this requirement, implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Reservoirs (RHR) to non-potable purposes is often encouraged in order to reduce the consumption of drinking water for less noble purposes, and to preserve the fountainheads. Some bibliographies suggest that in addition to these benefits, the RHR can be considered a CT also, once it stores the stormwater runoff, and therefore, in some cities where the MR is required, many buildings are already using the RHR to replace it. However, there are not many conclusive studies related to the real benefits and impacts that capturing rainwater and its use have on micro drainage networks, and specifically if such technique can be considered as a compensatory one. Thus, the main objective of this research was to evaluate whether RHR can be considered as an alternative to promote the quantitative stormwater control. For that, a comparative analysis was made between the impact that RHR use generates on micro drainage flows and networks, and the impact generated on a MR containing system. Such analysis was performed through a modeling of a urban watershed from Porto Alegre / RS, with 977 ha, 30.720 standard lots and around 70 km of micro drainage networks. The simulated MRs were designed according to the Decree No. 15.371/06 of the city of Porto Alegre, which aim to control the runoff at the source and it resulted in volumes of 3.13 m³ and 3.75 m³ for rainfall project with return period of 5 and 10 years (CP-CP-TR5 and TR10), respectively, answering to the allowable flow restriction at the lot outlet (VR = 0.624 L / s). The micro drainage networks were designed for both situations, with and without MRs, for CP-TR5 and CP-TR10. For sizing of the RHRs a continuous simulation of 12 years of precipitation data and demands series for non-potable uses data was performed, both with time step equal 5 minutes, resulting in volumes of 5.000, 10.000 and 15.000 liters due to the achieved service guarantee. These volumes of RHRs replaced the MRs and new modeling were performed considering observed rainfall data real from the continuum time series. It was found that the RHRs were not effective to maintain the VR at lots outlet, and the restriction value was exceeded for several times. For the simulated time seriess only the volume of 750 m³ would be appropriate to ensure only one offense within 10 years of simulation. That occurs because must have sufficient volume to store the expected drained volume, without spillage, regardless of the reservoir storage condition. However, if there is a very large storage capacity and demands are comparatively small, the reservoir does not empty. It was found, therefore, that exists an antagonism when trying to use the RHR for two functions: runoff control and water supply for non-potable purposes demand, since the attempt to ensure the fulfillment to the first function prevents the deployment of such large volumes. Overtopping of RHRs to 12 critical simulated events committed the microdrainage networks capacity, generating flooding in the streets along several drainage network ranges. Considering the same 12 critical events and MRs in lots were identified only four overflowing and lower overflows, which ended up committing a lower extent of drainage networks. Therefore, based on analysis of the continuous simulation with RHRs, it was found that it is not possible to consider it an equivalent technique to the MRs for storm water runoff control, unless the reservation volumes are extremely high, which would make its implementation on a few square meters lot impossible. / O crescimento urbano e a ocupação desordenada das cidades têm aumentado a frequência e a severidade das enchentes em áreas urbanas, que ocorrem, principalmente, devido à modificação nas condições naturais de infiltração das águas pluviais, decorrentes do aumento da impermeabilização do solo. Em busca de soluções sustentáveis para mitigar os impactos da urbanização, as políticas públicas vêm incentivando o uso de técnicas compensatórias (TC) para o controle do escoamento superficial. Uma alternativa já difundida em algumas cidades brasileiras é o uso de microrreservatório (MR), que armazena temporariamente os volumes oriundos do escoamento das áreas impermeáveis, esvaziando gradativamente a água armazenada. Paralelamente a essa exigência, a implementação de reservatórios para o aproveitamento da água da chuva (RAAC) com fins não potáveis vem sendo incentivada, com o intuito de reduzir o consumo de água tratada para fins menos nobres e preservar os mananciais. Algumas bibliografias sugerem que além desses benefícios, o RAAC pode ser considerado igualmente uma TC, já que armazenaria o escoamento pluvial, e por essa razão, em algumas cidades onde o MR é exigido, muitas edificações já estão utilizando o RAAC em substituição a este. No entanto, verifica-se uma falta de estudos conclusivos a respeito dos reais benefícios e impactos que a captação da água da chuva e seu aproveitamento têm sobre as redes de microdrenagem pluvial e, especificamente, se esta técnica pode ser considerada como compensatória. Assim, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se os RAACs podem ser considerados como medidas para o controle quantitativo do escoamento pluvial. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise comparativa do impacto que a sua utilização gera sobre as vazões e redes de microdrenagem, com o impacto gerado em um sistema com MR. A análise foi realizada mediante modelagem matemática de uma bacia hidrográfica urbana da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS, com 977 ha, 30.720 lotes padrão e cerca de 70 km de redes de microdrenagem. Os MRs simulados foram dimensionados de acordo com o Decreto n° 15.371/06 da cidade de Porto Alegre para o controle do escoamento na fonte, resultando em volumes de 3,13 m³ e 3,75 m³, para chuvas de projeto com 5 e 10 anos de período de recorrência (CP-TR5 e CP-TR10), respectivamente, atendendo à vazão de restrição permissível na saída do lote (VR = 0,624 L/s). As redes de microdrenagem foram dimensionadas para as situações que contemplaram os MRs e para a situação sem os MRs, para CP-TR5 e CP-TR10. Para o dimensionamento dos RAACs foi realizada uma simulação contínua de 12 anos de dados de chuvas e série de demandas para fins não potáveis, ambas com intervalo de tempo de 5 minutos, tendo sido determinados os volumes de 5.000, 10.000 e 15.000 litros como os mais adequados para a edificação, em razão da garantia de atendimento atingida. Esses volumes de RAACs substituíram os MRs e novas modelagens foram realizadas considerando tanto eventos de projeto, como as chuvas reais da série contínua. Verificou-se que os RAACs não são eficientes na manutenção da VR na saída dos lotes, sendo que ao longo da série história simulada a mesma foi infringida várias vezes. Para a série histórica simulada apenas um volume de 750 m³ seria adequado para garantir apenas uma infração em 10 anos da simulação. Isso ocorre porque deve haver volume de espera suficiente para armazenar os volumes escoados, sem que haja vertimento, independentemente da condição de armazenamento do reservatório; no entanto, se existe uma capacidade de armazenamento muito grande, e as demandas são comparativamente pequenas, o reservatório não esvazia. Constatou-se, dessa forma, que existe um antagonismo quando se pretende utilizar o RAAC para as duas funções: controle de escoamento superficial e garantia de atendimento à demanda com fins não potáveis, visto que a tentativa de garantir o cumprimento da primeira função inviabiliza a implantação de volumes tão grandes. O extravasamento dos RAACs para 12 eventos críticos simulados comprometeu a capacidade das redes de microdrenagem, gerando armazenamento de água nas ruas ao longo de vários trechos. Considerando os mesmos 12 eventos críticos e os MRs nos lotes foram identificados apenas 4 extravasamentos e menores vazões extravasadas, o que acabou comprometendo uma menor extensão das redes de drenagem. Portanto, com base nas análises da simulação contínua com os RAACs, verificou-se que não é possível considerá-lo uma técnica equivalente aos MRs para o controle do escoamento pluvial, a menos que os volumes de reservação sejam extremamente elevados, o que tornaria impossível a sua implementação em um lote de poucos metros quadrados.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 catelan_mj_me_prud.pdf: 1920038 bytes, checksum: f3a1eb568ce792f98a148b3ed871297a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A urbanização contemporânea articula-se às dinâmicas do modo capitalista de produção, o qual direciona esse processo sob a perspectiva de uma economia política da urbanização compreendida conjuntamente com uma economia política da cidade. Por conta disso, a estruturação dos espaços urbanos e os objetos que os constituem não podem ser tomados, nem analisados, como simples objetos estruturantes da base material, tendo em vista que a produção do espaço urbano sob tais perspectivas os envolvem como meios de reprodução do capital, sendo que, não somente o solo urbano, mas todos os meios que o caracterizam como um ambiente construído, também se tornam meios de consumo urbano. Esse consumo pode ser visto a partir de duas dimensões: a individual e a coletiva. Nessa dissertação, trabalharemos com os meios de consumo coletivo – as infra-estruturas, os equipamentos e os serviços urbanos –, que adquirem características e importâncias peculiares no cotidiano das cidades o que, na pesquisa realizada, foram tomados em sua dimensão econômica. Porém, muitos fatores estão presentes na distribuição dos meios de consumo coletivo. Para debatê-los, escolhemos duas infra-estruturas na cidade de Bauru (SP), as constituintes das redes de drenagem pluvial e de pavimentação das vias públicas... / The contemporary urbanisation is articulated to the dynamics of the capitalist mode of production that directs the process under the perspective of a political economy of urbanisation understood beside a political economy of the city. Because of this, the structuring of urban spaces and the objects that constitute them cannot be took nor analysed as simple structuring objects of the material basis. The production of the urban space under such perspectives takes these objects as a way of reproducing capital because not only the urban soil but also all the means that characterise it as a built environment become means of urban consumption. This consumption can be seen through both the individual and the collective dimensions. In this master thesis, we analyse the means of collective consumption – the infrastructures and the urban equipments and services –, which acquire peculiar characteristics and importance in the city daily life and are took, in the research, in their economic dimension. However, many factors are involved in the distribution of the means of collective consumption. For debating them, we have chosen two infrastructural objects of Bauru city: the pluvial drainage and the paving public paths networks... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>In urbanized river basins, sanitary wastewater and urban runoff (non-sanitary water) from urban agglomerations drain to complex engineered networks, are treated at centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and discharged to river networks. Discharge from multiple WWTPs distributed in urbanized river basins contributes to impairments of river water-quality and aquatic ecosystem integrity. The size and location of WWTPs are determined by spatial patterns of population in urban agglomerations within a river basin. Economic and engineering constraints determine the combination of wastewater treatment technologies used to meet required environmental regulatory standards for treated wastewater discharged to river networks. Thus, it is necessary to understand the natural-human-engineered networks as coupled systems, to characterize their interrelations, and to understand emergent spatiotemporal patterns and scaling of geochemical and ecological responses. </p><br><p></p><p></p><p>My PhD research involved data-model synthesis, using publicly available data and application of well-established network analysis/modeling synthesis approaches. I present the scope and specific subjects of my PhD project by employing the <i>Drivers-Pressures-Status-Impacts-Responses</i> (<i>DPSIR</i>) framework. The defined research scope is organized as three main themes: (1) River network and urban drainage networks (<i>Foundation</i>-<i>Pathway of Pressures</i>); (2) River network, human population, and WWTPs (<i>Foundation</i>-<i>Drivers</i>-<i>Pathway of Pressures</i>); and (3) Nutrient loads and their impacts at reach- and basin-scales (<i>Pressures</i>-<i>Impacts</i>).</p><br><p></p><p></p><p>Three inter-related research topics are: (1) the similarities and differences in scaling and topology of engineered urban drainage networks (UDNs) in two cities, and UDN evolution over decades; (2) the scaling and spatial organization of three attributes: human population (POP), population equivalents (PE; the aggregated population served by each WWTP), and the number/sizes of WWTPs using geo-referenced data for WWTPs in three large urbanized basins in Germany; and (3) the scaling of nutrient loads (P and N) discharged from ~845 WWTPs (five class-sizes) in urbanized Weser River basin in Germany, and likely water-quality impacts from point- and diffuse- nutrient sources. </p><br><p></p><p></p><p>I investigate the UDN scaling using two power-law scaling characteristics widely employed for river networks: (1) Hack’s law (length-area power-law relationship), and (2) exceedance probability distribution of upstream contributing area. For the smallest UDNs, length-area scales linearly, but power-law scaling emerges as the UDNs grow. While area-exceedance plots for river networks are abruptly truncated, those for UDNs display exponential tempering. The tempering parameter decreases as the UDNs grow, implying that the distribution evolves in time to resemble those for river networks. However, the power-law exponent for mature UDNs tends to be larger than the range reported for river networks. Differences in generative processes and engineering design constraints contribute to observed differences in the evolution of UDNs and river networks, including subnet heterogeneity and non-random branching.</p><br><p></p><p></p><p>In this study, I also examine the spatial patterns of POP, PE, and WWTPs from two perspectives by employing fractal river networks as structural platforms: spatial hierarchy (stream order) and patterns along longitudinal flow paths (width function). I propose three dimensionless scaling indices to quantify: (1) human settlement preferences by stream order, (2) non-sanitary flow contribution to total wastewater treated at WWTPs, and (3) degree of centralization in WWTPs locations. I select as case studies three large urbanized river basins (Weser, Elbe, and Rhine), home to about 70% of the population in Germany. Across the three river basins, the study shows scale-invariant distributions for each of the three attributes with stream order, quantified using extended Horton scaling ratios; a weak downstream clustering of POP in the three basins. Variations in PE clustering among different class-sizes of WWTPs reflect the size, number, and locations of urban agglomerations in these catchments. <b></b></p><br><p></p><p></p><p>WWTP effluents have impacts on hydrologic attributes and water quality of receiving river bodies at the reach- and basin-scales. I analyze the adverse impacts of WWTP discharges for the Weser River basin (Germany), at two steady river discharge conditions (median flow; low-flow). This study shows that significant variability in treated wastewater discharge within and among different five class-sizes WWTPs, and variability of river discharge within the stream order <3, contribute to large variations in capacity to dilute WWTP nutrient loads. For the median flow, reach-scale water quality impairment assessed by nutrient concentration is likely at 136 (~16%) locations for P and 15 locations (~2%) for N. About 90% of the impaired locations are the stream order < 3. At basin-scale analysis, considering in stream uptake resulted 225 (~27%) P-impaired streams, which was ~5% reduction from considering only dilution. This result suggests the dominant role of dilution in the Weser River basin. Under the low flow conditions, water quality impaired locations are likely double than the median flow status for the analyses. This study for the Weser River basin reveals that the role of in-stream uptake diminishes along the flow paths, while dilution in larger streams (4≤ stream order ≤7) minimizes the impact of WWTP loads. </p><br><p></p><p></p><p>Furthermore, I investigate eutrophication risk from spatially heterogeneous diffuse- and point-source P loads in the Weser River basin, using the basin-scale network model with in-stream losses (nutrient uptake).Considering long-term shifts in P loads for three representative periods, my analysis shows that P loads from diffuse-sources, mainly from agricultural areas, played a dominant role in contributing to eutrophication risk since 2000s, because of ~87% reduction of point-source P loads compared to 1980s through the implementation of the EU WFD. Nevertheless, point-sources discharged to smaller streams (stream order < 3) pose amplification effects on water quality impairment, consistent with the reach-scale analyses only for WWTPs effluents. Comparing to the long-term water quality monitoring data, I demonstrate that point-sources loads are the primary contributors for eutrophication in smaller streams, whereas diffuse-source loads mainly from agricultural areas address eutrophication in larger streams. The results are reflective of spatial patterns of WWTPs and land cover in the Weser River basin.</p><br><p></p><p></p><p>Through data-model synthesis, I identify the characteristics of the coupled natural (rivers) – humans – engineered (urban drainage infrastructure) systems (CNHES), inspired by analogy, coexistence, and causality across the coupled networks in urbanized river basins. The quantitative measures and the basin-scale network model presented in my PhD project could extend to other large urbanized basins for better understanding the spatial distribution patterns of the CNHES and the resultant impacts on river water-quality impairment.</p><p><br></p><p></p>

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Actualmente, la mayor parte de la población mundial vive en ciudades y se espera que esta tendencia continúe, trasladando cada año más población rural hacia las áreas urbanas. Este fenómeno se debe principalmente al desarrollo económico que se genera en las ciudades. Estas condiciones plantean desafíos importantes para las ciudades en cuanto a su planificación y gestión. Si el crecimiento de la urbanización se gestiona adecuadamente puede contribuir al crecimiento sostenible, aumentando la productividad y el nivel de vida de las personas. Sin embargo, no se puede pasar por alto que el crecimiento de las ciudades implica una afectación al medioambiente. Uno de los problemas que más preocupación causa es la expansión de las ciudades que sustituyen los espacios verdes y agrícolas que rodean a las ciudades por calles y estructuras impermeables. Este proceso disminuye la capacidad del suelo para absorber el agua en un evento de lluvia, incrementando la escorrentía y el riesgo de inundaciones. Si a este problema particular de las ciudades, le sumamos el innegable cambio climático que aumenta la frecuencia de eventos de lluvias extremas en ciertas zonas del planeta, la adaptación de la infraestructura de las ciudades para hacerlas más seguras es una necesidad imperiosa. Los sistemas de drenaje son infraestructuras esenciales, concebidos para captar y transportar el agua producto de las precipitaciones, su buen funcionamiento genera seguridad y bienestar a las personas mientras que un funcionamiento inadecuado se asocia al riesgo y a la vulnerabilidad. Bajo escenarios de cambio climático estas estructuras que fueron diseñadas para caudales menores no garantizan la efectiva evacuación de las aguas, volviendo a las ciudades vulnerables a las inundaciones que pueden generar pérdidas sociales y económicas. Para mitigar estos impactos se han desarrollado diferentes medidas como las denominadas buenas prácticas de manejo o la instalación de sistemas de drenaje con tecnología de bajo impacto, entre otras. Sin embargo, estas medidas no son suficientes para controlar el caudal pico de una lluvia extrema. Adaptar la red existente a las nuevas condiciones climáticas, se presenta como una alternativa idónea para el control de las inundaciones en el entorno urbano. Ampliar la capacidad de la red cambiando el tamaño de las tuberías por otras de mayor diámetro ha sido el enfoque tradicional que se ha venido usando desde hace muchos años. La inclusión de tanques de tormenta en el sistema es una medida que se adoptó posteriormente para dotarlo de mayor resiliencia a los picos de lluvias extremas. Desafortunadamente la construcción de estas estructuras en el entorno conlleva una gran dificultad por el tamaño de la intervención, el tiempo y el coste. En este contexto, el presente trabajo, presenta una novedosa forma de mejorar las redes de drenaje combinando el cambio de tuberías, la instalación de tanques de tormenta en la red de drenaje e incluye también elementos de control hidráulico en la red de drenaje. Con estas acciones se considera que la rehabilitación de la red será más eficiente en términos técnicos y económicos. Para lograrlo, se usa un modelo de optimización creado a partir de un algoritmo genético modificado conectado al modelo SWMM mediante una toolkit. El modelo de optimización se enfoca en minimizar el coste de la infraestructura requerida y de los costes asociados a las inundaciones. Planteado así el problema, se define una función objetivo compuesta por funciones de coste que será evaluada para encontrar las mejores soluciones. El desarrollo de diferentes pasos para la obtención de una metodología eficiente, las estrategias para reducir los tiempos de cálculo y el esfuerzo computacional, el análisis económico de las inundaciones y las estructuras requeridas se detalla en cada capítulo de esta tesis. / [CA] Actualment, la major part de la població mundial viu en ciutats i s'espera que aquesta tendència continue, traslladant cada any més població rural cap a les àrees urbanes. Aquest fenomen es deu principalment al desenvolupament econòmic que es genera a les ciutats. Aquestes condicions plantegen desafiaments importants per a les ciutats quant a la seua planificació i gestió. Si el creixement de la urbanització es gestiona adequadament pot contribuir al creixement sostenible, augmentant la productivitat i el nivell de vida de les persones. No obstant això, no es pot passar per alt que el creixement de les ciutats implica una afectació al medi ambient. Un dels problemes que més preocupació causa és l'expansió de les ciutats que substitueixen els espais verds i agrícoles que envolten a les ciutats per carrers i estructures impermeables. Aquest procés disminueix la capacitat del sòl per a absorbir l'aigua en un esdeveniment de pluja, incrementant l'escolament i el risc d'inundacions. Si a aquest problema particular de les ciutats, li sumem l'innegable canvi climàtic que augmenta la freqüència d'esdeveniments de pluges extremes en unes certes zones del planeta, l'adaptació de la infraestructura de les ciutats per a fer-les més segures és una necessitat imperiosa. Els sistemes de drenatge són infraestructures essencials, concebuts per a captar i transportar l'aigua producte de les precipitacions, el seu bon funcionament genera seguretat i benestar a les persones mentre que un funcionament inadequat s'associa al risc i a la vulnerabilitat. Sota escenaris de canvi climàtic aquestes estructures que van ser dissenyades per a cabals menors no garanteixen l'efectiva evacuació de les aigües, tornant a les ciutats vulnerables a les inundacions que poden generar pèrdues socials i econòmiques. Per a mitigar aquests impactes s'han desenvolupat diferents mesures com les denominades bones pràctiques de maneig o la instal·lació de sistemes de drenatge amb tecnologia de baix impacte, entre altres. No obstant això, aquestes mesures no són suficients per a controlar el cabal pique d'una pluja extrema. Adaptar la xarxa existent a les noves condicions climàtiques, es presenta com una alternativa idònia per al control de les inundacions en l'entorn urbà. Ampliar la capacitat de la xarxa canviant la grandària de les canonades per altres de major diàmetre ha sigut l'enfocament tradicional que s'ha vingut usant des de fa molts anys. La inclusió de tancs de tempesta en el sistema és una mesura que es va adoptar posteriorment per a dotar-lo de major resiliència als pics de pluges extremes. Desafortunadament la construcció d'aquestes estructures en l'entorn comporta una gran dificultat per la grandària de la intervenció, el temps i el cost. En aquest context, el present treball, presenta una nova manera de millorar les xarxes de drenatge combinant el canvi de canonades, la instal·lació de tancs de tempesta en la xarxa de drenatge i inclou també elements de control hidràulic en la xarxa de drenatge. Amb aquestes accions es considera que la rehabilitació de la xarxa serà més eficient en termes tècnics i econòmics. Per a aconseguir-ho, s'usa un model d'optimització creat a partir d'un algorisme genètic modificat connectat al model SWMM mitjançant una toolkit. El model d'optimització s'enfoca a minimitzar el cost de la infraestructura requerida i dels costos associats a les inundacions. Plantejat així el problema, es defineix una funció objectiu composta per funcions de cost que serà avaluada per a trobar les millors solucions. El desenvolupament de diferents passos per a l'obtenció d'una metodologia eficient, les estratègies per a reduir els temps de càlcul i l'esforç computacional, l'anàlisi econòmica de les inundacions i les estructures requerides es detalla en cada capítol d'aquesta tesi. / [EN] Currently, most of the world's population lives in cities and this trend is expected to continue, moving more rural population to urban areas every year. This phenomenon is mainly due to the economic development that is generated in the cities. These conditions pose significant challenges for cities in terms of planning and management. If the growth of urbanization is properly managed, it can contribute to sustainable growth, increasing productivity and people's standard of living. However, it cannot be overlooked that the growth of cities implies an impact on the environment. One of the problems that causes the most concern is the expansion of cities that replace the green and agricultural spaces that surround the cities with streets and impermeable structures. This process decreases the capacity of the soil to absorb water in a rain event, increasing runoff and the risk of flooding. If adding to this problem of cities the undeniable climate change that increases the frequency of extreme rainfall events in certain areas of the planet, the adaptation of the infrastructure of cities to make them safer is an urgent need. Drainage systems are essential infrastructures, designed to capture and transport water produced by precipitation, their proper functioning generates security and wellness for people, while inadequate functioning is associated with risk and vulnerability. Under climate change scenarios, these structures, which were designed for lower flows, do not guarantee the effective evacuation of water, making cities vulnerable to floods that can generate social and economic losses. To mitigate these impacts, different measures have been developed, such as the so-called Best Management Practices or the installation of Low Impact Development etc. However, these measures are not enough to control the peak flow of extreme rainfall. Adapting the existing network to the new climatic conditions is presented as an ideal alternative for flood control in the urban environment. Expanding the capacity of the network by changing the size of the pipes for others with a larger diameter has been the traditional approach that has been used for many years. The inclusion of storm tanks in the system is a measure that was later adopted to provide it with greater resilience to extreme rainfall peaks. Unfortunately, the construction of these structures in the environment entails great difficulty due to the size of the intervention, the time, and the cost. In this context, the present work presents a novel way of improving drainage networks combining the replacement of pipes, the installation of storm tanks in the drainage network and also includes elements of hydraulic control in the drainage network. With these actions it is considered that the rehabilitation of the network will be more efficient in technical and economic terms. To achieve this, an optimization model created from a modified genetic algorithm connected to the SWMM model through a toolkit is used. The optimization model focuses on minimizing the cost of the required infrastructure and the costs associated with flooding. Posing the problem in this way, an objective function is defined composed of cost functions that will be evaluated to find the best solutions. The development of different steps to obtain an efficient methodology, the strategies to reduce calculation times and computational effort, the economic analysis of floods and the required structures are detailed in each chapter of this thesis. / I want to mention the support for the realization of this thesis from the Program Fondecyt through Project No. 1210410 and Project No. 1180660 of the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) of Chile. From the program PAID 12-21 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia and the program E+/EU Erasmus+ Traineeship. / Bayas Jiménez, LA. (2023). Flood control in urban areas through the rehabilitation of drainage networks [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199234 / Compendio