published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

In Study 1, 381 students (Sample A) aged 9 to 15 responded to Gratitude and Indebtedness Questionnaire-12 (GIQ-12) developed on the basis of Gratitude Questionnaire-S (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang, 2002). Their responses were used to assess whether gratitude and indebtedness were perceived as distinct dispositions through exploratory factor analysis. The responses of 249 students (Sample B) with the same age range were used to confirm the factor structure derived from the exploratory factor analysis. The construct validity of gratitude and indebtedness was further examined through relating them to subjective well-being and helping tendencies. / In the two experimental studies, separate groups of 123 and 126 students from Sample B responded to questions based on vignettes designed to elicit feelings of gratitude and indebtedness. In Study 2a, three conditions of benefactor expectation for repayment (No-expectation, Expectation, and Ambiguous) were manipulated. In Study 2b, three conditions of locus of help initiation (Request, Offer, and Ambiguous) were manipulated. / The major findings of Study 2a and Study 2b provided general support that feelings of gratitude and indebtedness could be differentiated at the situational level. In Study 2a, different conditions of benefactor's expectation to return were found to be a key factor in differentiating feeling thankful, owing others, and obliged to repay. Students felt more thankful than obliged to repay when not being expected to repay; but they felt more obliged to repay than thankful when being expected for repayment. In Study 2b, different conditions of help initiation were not able to contribute to the differentiation. In predicting prosocial motivation, gratitude trait was consistently found to be a significant predictor under nearly all scenarios in Study 2a and Study 2b. However, in predicting the magnitude of reciprocation, traits and emotions of gratitude and indebtedness were found to be substantially weak predictors. Gratitude trait was found to be the only significant predictor for prosocial motivation under ambiguous conditions. The implications of the present findings for moral education and developing interventions to promote gratitude and well-being among children and adolescents are discussed. / The results of Study 1 revealed that gratitude and indebtedness were perceived to be distinct among Chinese young adolescents in Hong Kong. Grateful students, compared with their less grateful counterparts, reported heightened subjective wellbeing, demonstrated by higher level of life satisfaction, more positive affect but less negative affect experienced in their lives. However, indebted students, compared with less indebted students, reported less satisfaction with life and more negative affect. In predicting helping tendencies, gratitude trait was found to be the strongest predictor but indebtedness trait significantly contributed to less helping tendencies. / This study consisted of one survey study (Study 1) and two experimental studies (Study 2a and Study 2b). Study 1 aimed to examine whether gratitude and indebtedness could be empirically distinguished as two dispositional traits and how they were differentially related to subjective well-being and helping tendencies. Study 2a and Study 2b aimed to investigate whether gratitude and indebtedness could be differentiated as different emotions in specific situations and how gratitude and indebtedness as traits and emotions affected prosocial motivation and reciprocal behaviors. / Zhao, Yongjun. / Adviser: David W. Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-173). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendixes A-D and F-K in Chinese.

青少年網絡成癮已成為一個值得關註的問題。以往研究顯示，青少年網絡成癮的比例在4%到14%之間。網絡成癮的主要癥狀包括：過度使用，退縮反應，耐受性和強迫性。網絡成癮對青少年的健康，學業和人際關系都有負面影響。 / 以往對網絡成癮的研究已經發現了一些危險因素。但是以往研究存在兩方面不足。第一，多為簡單迴歸模型，較少中介模型， 較少探討危險因素之間可能的互動關係。第二，危險因素多為個人因素或網絡使用因素， 較少關注個人與環境的互動是如何提高網絡成癮風險。 / 為了彌補以上知識鴻溝，本研究提出了一個新的解釋網絡成癮的理論模型。這個模型中既包括個人因素又包括環境因素。這個理論模型的核心假設是當青少年認為網絡是滿足需要或者處理壓力的唯一途徑時，他們有可能會花費大量時間上網，也因此引發了較高的網絡成癮的風險。本研究進一步假設社交焦慮和缺乏親密朋友是導致青少年在現實生活中無法滿足人際交往需要的原因。本研究還假設壓力和迴避式應對壓力傾向是青少年不能在現實生活中處理壓力而將網絡視作應對壓力唯一途徑的原因。 / 本研究在中國上海進行。本研究是斷代式問卷研究。前測研究測量了量表的信效度，并根據結果對相關量表做進一步修正。正式研究通過非隨機抽樣方式邀請了892位年齡在12到18歲之間的中學生參加。結果顯示，52位（5.83%）參加者可被看作網絡成癮高危人群。高危人群更長時間上網，也具有更高的社交焦慮，更大的壓力和更強的迴避式應對壓力傾向。此外，中介模型的統計分析結果顯示，個人期待網絡使用是滿足需要和處理壓力的唯一途徑這一中介變量，解釋了部分社交焦慮，壓力和退縮型處理壓力傾向與網絡成癮症狀之間的關聯，該結果對本研究所假設的理論模型提供了初步的支持。 / 文末討論了本研究的限制和進一步研究的方向，并根據研究結果提出了對社會工作實務（包括預防及干預青少年網絡成癮）的建議。 / Adolescents have been found to be a vulnerable group for Internet addiction. The reportedly prevalence of "Internet addicts" ranged from 4% to 14%. The major symptoms of Internet addiction are: excessive use, withdrawal, tolerance, and compulsive use. Negative consequences of Internet addiction include physical complaints, worsening performance in work or study, and relationship problems. / Despite a number of risk factors identified, prior studies were limited in two aspects. First, previous studies assumed that risk factors operate in an additive manner with increasing numbers of risk factors leading to an increasing probability of becoming internet addicted. Not enough attention has been paid to relationships among the risk factors. Second, most risk factors were either personal attributes or internet use behaviors. This might lead to the biased assertion that either the person or the internet should be blamed for becoming addicted. / This research tried to extend previous research by proposing and testing a theoretical model which argued that the some adolescents became attached to the internet as it provided an alternative way of needs satisfaction or stress coping; the needs satisfaction or stress coping was not possible in realistic life due to some personal or contextual risk factors. The theoretical model was constructed based on outcome expectancy theory (Bandura, 1977; Jones, Corbin & Fromme, 2001; Oei & Baldwin, 1994), substitute gratification theory (Peele, 1998), and stress coping theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Abrams & Niaura, 1987) as well as some findings of previous research. / A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shanghai, China. A non-random sample 892 adolescents (aged 12 to 18) from six secondary schools were recruited. 52(5.83%) participants were included in the high-risk group of internet addiction. Risk factors for internet addition were: male, senior secondary school students, social anxiety, stress, avoidance coping style, desirable outcome expectancy of substitute gratification (need to belong), desirable outcome expectancy of stress coping, frequency of online gaming, frequency of idling online and time spent online during weekdays. Moreover, social anxiety, stress, and avoidance coping style had both direct and indirect effects on severity of internet addiction symptoms via the mediators of desirable outcome expectancy of substitute gratification (need to belong) and desirable outcome expectancy of stress coping; the results provided preliminary support to the theoretical model proposed in this study. / Both conceptual and methodological limitations and their implications for further research were discussed. Prevention and intervention programs were proposed according to results of this study. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Gu, Minmin. / "November 2012." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-207). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendixes also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Table of Contents --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.viii / CHAPTER ONE --- p.1 / THE RESEARCH PROBLEM --- p.1 / BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY --- p.1 / Internet Addiction as an Emerging Problem --- p.1 / Knowledge Gaps in Previous Research on Internet Addiction --- p.3 / Intervention for Internet Addiction --- p.4 / RESEARCH OBJECTIVES --- p.6 / ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS --- p.7 / CHAPTER TWO --- p.8 / LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF INTERNET ADDICTION --- p.9 / Definition and Measurements of Internet Addiction in Previous Studies --- p.9 / The Evolved Definition of Addiction --- p.15 / Categorical Approach to Diagnosis for Addiction --- p.18 / Dimensional Approach to Diagnosis for Addiction --- p.21 / EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON INTERNET ADDICTION --- p.23 / Risk Factors Identified in Mainland China --- p.23 / Risk Factors Identified in other Eastern Societies and Western Societies --- p.25 / THEORIES OF ADDICTION --- p.34 / The Relationship between Repetitive Internet Use and Internet Addiction --- p.34 / Psychosocial Theories Explaining Repetitive Internet Use --- p.39 / CHAPTER THREE --- p.55 / CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.55 / THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.55 / RESEARCH HYPOTHESES --- p.63 / CHAPTER FOUR --- p.68 / RESEARCH METHOD --- p.68 / RESEARCH SITE --- p.68 / Social and Economical Condition of Shanghai --- p.69 / Schooling and Extra-curricular Activities in Shanghai --- p.70 / Internet Use and Internet Addiction among Adolescents in Shanghai --- p.71 / RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.72 / PILOT STUDY --- p.72 / Samples --- p.72 / Data Collection --- p.73 / Data Analysis --- p.81 / MAIN STUDY --- p.82 / Samples --- p.82 / Data Collection --- p.86 / Data Analysis --- p.86 / ETHIC CONSIDERATIONS --- p.89 / CHAPTER FIVE --- p.90 / PILOT STUDY --- p.90 / CHINESE INTERNET ADDICTION SCALE (CIAS) --- p.92 / SELF-DEVELOPED MEASURE OF DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY --- p.102 / SOCIAL ANXIETY SCALE FOR ADOLESCENTS (SAS-A) --- p.104 / FRIENDSHIP INTIMACY (ADAPTED FROM THE NETWORK OF RELATIONSHIP INVENTORY) --- p.107 / SELF-DEVELOPED MEASURE OF STRESS FOR ADOLESCENTS --- p.108 / AVOIDANCE COPING STYLE (ADAPTED FROM COPE INVENTORY) --- p.112 / CHAPTER SIX --- p.115 / MAIN STUDY --- p.115 / PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSES --- p.115 / DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS --- p.119 / Severity of Internet Addiction Symptoms --- p.119 / Time Spent Online during Holidays, Weekends, and Weekdays --- p.120 / Zero Hour User in the Three Time Phases --- p.121 / Time Spent on Various Online Activities --- p.123 / Risk Factors --- p.124 / COMPARISON OF HIGH-RISK GROUP AND NON-HIGH-RISK GROUP --- p.126 / High-Risk Group --- p.126 / Group Differences in Time Spent Online during Holidays, Weekends and Weekdays --- p.126 / Group Differences in Time Spent on Various Online Activities --- p.127 / Group Differences in Risk Factors --- p.129 / PREDICTORS FOR SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.132 / Correlation of Dependent and Independent Variables --- p.132 / Hierarchical Regression Predicting Severity of Internet Addiction Symptoms via Demographic Variables, Personal or Environmental Inadequacies, Desirable Outcome Expectancy, Preference for Online Activities and Time Spent Online --- p.136 / Mediation Effects of Desirable Outcome Expectancies --- p.140 / CHAPTER SEVEN --- p.155 / DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS --- p.155 / ZERO-HOUR USER IN THREE DIFFERENT TIME PHASES --- p.155 / HIGH RISK GROUP OF INTERNET ADDICTION --- p.156 / GENDER DIFFERENCE IN RATE OF INTERNET ADDICTION AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.158 / GRADE DIFFERENCE IN SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.159 / PREFERENCE FOR ONLINE ACTIVITIES AND HIGH-RISK GROUP OF INTERNET ADDICTION --- p.160 / DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF SUBSTITUTE GRATIFICATION (NEED TO BELONG) --- p.162 / SOCIAL ANXIETY, DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF SUBSTITUTE GRATIFICATION (NEED TO BELONG) AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.162 / FRIENDSHIP INTIMACY, SOCIAL ANXIETY, DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF SUBSTITUTE GRATIFICATION (NEED TO BELONG) AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.165 / STRESS, DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF STRESS COPING AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.167 / AVOIDANCE COPING STYLE, DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF STRESS COPING AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.168 / CHAPTER EIGHT --- p.170 / LIMITATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.170 / SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS --- p.170 / LIMITATIONS OF THE THEORETICAL MODEL AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.173 / Unexplored Other Types of Desirable Outcome Expectancies --- p.173 / Unexplored Other Psychosocial Risk Factors --- p.174 / Reciprocal Relationship between Risk Factors and Severity of Internet Addiction Symptoms --- p.174 / A New Population of Interest: College Students --- p.175 / METHODLOGICAL LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.176 / The Limitations of Cross-sectional Design and Recommendation for Longitudinal Research --- p.176 / The Limitations of Non-random Sampling and Recommendations for Random Sampling --- p.177 / The limitations of Self-report Data and Recommendations for Data Collection from Multiple Sources --- p.177 / The Limitations of Quantitative Research and Recommendations for Qualitative Research --- p.178 / THEORTICAL CONTRIBUTIONS --- p.179 / Replicating and Extending Previous Empirical Research on Internet Addiction --- p.180 / Applying Outcome Expectancy Theory to Internet Addiction Research --- p.180 / Applying of Stress Coping Theory to Internet Addiction Research --- p.181 / Applying Substitute Gratification Theory to Internet Addiction Research --- p.182 / PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS --- p.183 / Intervention Programs --- p.183 / Prevention Programs --- p.189 / References --- p.191 / Chapter Appendix I --- Questionnaire for Pilot Study --- p.208 / Chapter Appendix II --- Questionnaire for Pilot Study --- p.228

Li Ping. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-63). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Subjective Well-Being (SWB) --- p.1 / Life Satisfaction --- p.2 / Self-Esteem --- p.2 / Psychological Distress --- p.3 / Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) Stress and Coping Model --- p.3 / Migration as a Source of Stress --- p.4 / Primary Appraisals in Adjustment to Migration --- p.6 / Acceptance of New Living Environment --- p.6 / Perceived Discrimination --- p.6 / Language Competence --- p.7 / Secondary Appraisals in Adjustment to Migration --- p.8 / Family Support --- p.8 / Mutual Trust and Understanding with Peers --- p.10 / Sense of Mastery --- p.10 / Role of Secondary Appraisal on the Relationship between Primary Appraisal and SWB --- p.11 / Mainland Immigrants in Hong Kong --- p.13 / Adaptation Difficulties of Mainland Immigrants in Hong Kong --- p.14 / Acceptance of New Living Environment --- p.14 / Language Barrier --- p.15 / Differences in Cultural Values --- p.16 / Discrimination --- p.16 / Interacting with Unfamiliar Family Members --- p.17 / Purpose of the Present Study --- p.17 / Hypotheses --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.21 / Participants --- p.21 / Instruments --- p.23 / Demographic Information --- p.23 / Life Satisfaction --- p.23 / Self-Esteem --- p.23 / Psychological Distress --- p.24 / Acceptance of New Living Environment --- p.24 / Perceived Discrimination --- p.25 / Language Competence --- p.25 / Family Support --- p.25 / Mutual Trust and Understanding with Peers --- p.26 / Sense of Mastery --- p.26 / Procedure --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.28 / Effect of Gender on the Psychosocial Variables --- p.28 / Relationship between Demographic Variables and Psychosocial Variables --- p.30 / Correlation between Psychosocial Variables --- p.33 / Model Testing --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.41 / Influence of Primary Appraisal on Mainland Immigrant Students' SWB --- p.43 / Influence of Secondary Appraisal on Mainland Immigrant Students' SWB --- p.45 / Relationships among Factors in the Same Appraisal Process --- p.48 / The Uniqueness of the Present Model in Understanding the SWB of Immigrants --- p.49 / Limitations and Future Studies --- p.50 / Implications of the Study --- p.51 / Conclusion --- p.54