非自殺性自傷行為（以下簡稱自傷行為）在青少年中是一種常見的但卻令研究者和心理治療師感到困惑的行為。青少年為何會自傷是研究的熱點，但研究者們對該問題仍然沒有獲得確實性的結論。為回答這一問題，本論文提出了一個關於自傷行為發展的整合性模型，其中包括自傷行為的三類風險因子：易感因子，特別誘發因子和保持因子。本研究的第一部分通過一個3期的追蹤研究來測試該模型。為了更詳細的瞭解青少年的自傷行為，本論文還進行了第二部分的訪談研究。 / 在本研究的第一部分中，3,600名青少年（56.6%為女性）完成了關於自傷行為和其他與自傷相關因素的自我報告問卷，問卷分三次進行，每次間隔半年。結果表明自傷行為主要用於情緒調節。情緒反應性，不穩定的自我感和人際關係是自傷作為情緒調節工具的易感因素。行為衝動性，自我批評和同伴影響會特別誘發青少年的自傷行為。另外，負面情緒/想法和行為衝動性令青少年持續自傷。 / 在本研究的第二部分中，42名有反復性自傷行為的青少年參與了結構性訪談。參加者同樣將情緒調節作為自傷的最主要原因。負面情緒通常出現在自傷前和自傷過程中，正面情緒和自我覺知的負面情緒通常出現在自傷後。自傷後負面情緒顯著下降表明自傷成功完成了情緒調節作用。自傷後，青少年傾向于尋求朋友的幫助。 / 這些發現有助我們增強對青少年自傷行為發展的理解，也對診斷和治療自傷行為提供了重要的啟示。 / Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common and perplexing behavior among adolescents. The question why adolescents engage in this self-destructive behavior is a hotly-studied topic, yet conclusive answers to this question have not been reached. To address this question, this dissertation proposed an integrative model of the development of NSSI. In this model, three types of risk factors: predisposing factors, specific vulnerability factors and maintaining factors for NSSI were examined. In Part 1 of this dissertation, a 3-wave longitudinal design was used to test this model. To understand adolescents’ experience of NSSI in more details, Part 2 of this dissertation reported findings from structured interviews conducted with selected repetitive self-injurers. / In Part 1 of this dissertation, 3,600 adolescents (56.6% females) completed self-report questionnaires assessing NSSI and a comprehensive set of NSSI correlates for three waves over one and a half years. Results showed that NSSI mostly served the emotion regulation function. Emotion over-reactivity, unstable sense of self and relationship problems predisposed adolescents to adopt NSSI as an emotion regulation strategy. Behavioral impulsivity, self-criticism and peer influence served as specific vulnerability factors for NSSI. Unwanted emotions/thoughts and behavioral impulsivity also contributed to the maintenance of NSSI. / In Part 2 of this dissertation, 42 repetitive self-injurers completed individual structured interviews assessing their lived experience of NSSI. Participants again rated emotion regulation to be their primary reason for engaging in NSSI. Negative affects often occurred before and during NSSI, while positive and self-conscious negative affects often followed after NSSI. Negative affects significantly decreased after NSSI, suggesting that NSSI successfully accomplished the emotion regulation function. After NSSI, adolescent self-injurers tended to turn to their friends for help. / Findings of this dissertation enhanced our understanding of the development of NSSI among community adolescents. Conceptual and clinical implications of these findings were discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / You, Jianing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledge --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.viii / Overview --- p.1 / Chapter Part 1: --- Tracking the Developmental Trajectories of Nonsuicidal Self-injury among Chinese Adolescents --- p.3 / Introduction --- p.3 / Method --- p.19 / Results --- p.31 / Discussion --- p.73 / Chapter Part 2: --- Lived Experience of Nonsuicidal Self-injury Among Chinese Adolescents --- p.87 / Introduction --- p.87 / Method --- p.90 / Results --- p.93 / Discussion --- p.114 / General Discussion --- p.121 / References --- p.128

背景 / 「因壓力事件而引發的反覆思索」 (stress-reactive rumination) 是指個人在經歷負性生活事件後不斷在腦海中重覆思索該事件及與該事件相連的負面個人想法。在科學文獻中，這現象初步驗證為其中一項導致情緒低落的認知誘因。 / 研究目的 / 本研究旨在透過模擬「因壓力事件而引發的反覆思索」，增加對此現象在影响情緒方面的理解。 / 研究方法 / 研究對象是三百三十三名沒有抑鬱病病徵的大學生。他們首先寫下一段他們感到情緒低落的個人失敗經歷，並揀選相關的負面思想，然後他們被隨機分成六個實驗組：第一、第二及第三組為「反覆思索實驗組」，第四、第五組為「思想轉移組」，第六組為「文獻對照組」。第一組要求研究對象在五分鐘內不斷投入地反覆誦讀該段個人經歷及相關的負面思想，以達到模擬此現象的效果。第二組要求研究對象除了反覆誦讀上述材料外，還要反問自己「為甚麼心情會弄到如此田地、再這樣持續下去的話對自己的影响」。第三組要求研究對象投入地反覆誦讀與該段個人經歷不相關的負面思想。第四組透過要求研究對象誦讀寫有實物的字咭，以達致思想轉移的效果。第五組要求研究對象誦讀不構成意義、由個別中文單字拼湊而成的中文字串，以達致思想轉移的效果。第六組參照文獻中「因覺察本身低落情緒」而引發的另一類反覆思索，研究對象誦讀相關的提引，例如留意身體在低落情緒時的狀況，及思索低落情緒的成因、意義及影響。 / 研究結果 / 「反覆思索實驗組」的情緒顯著地較實驗前低落，並更焦慮情緒失控，這三組間並沒有明顯的區別。「實物思想轉移組」的情緒顯著地較實驗前改善，並減少對情緒失控的焦慮。在「字串思想轉移組」中，女性研究對象的情緒顯著地較實驗前改善，並減少對情緒失控的焦慮，而男性研究對象的情緒較實驗前並沒有顯著變化，但他們較實驗前更焦慮情緒失控。「文獻對照組」的情緒較實驗前並沒有顯著變化，但此組的男女研究對象較實驗前更焦慮情緒失控。 / 討論 / 此項研究初步確立用實驗形式去檢視「因壓力事件而引發的反覆思索」對低落情緒直接影響的可行性，並為相關論理提供有力的驗證。本文亦探討不同形式的「反覆思索」與抑鬱情緒之間的關係，及在臨牀治療上的應用。 / Background / Stress-reactive rumination (SRR) refers to the tendency to ruminate on negative inferences following stressful events. Previous studies indicated that SRR, in interaction with negative cognitive style, predicted the prospective onset, number and duration of major depressive episodes. Yet, it is under-researched and there is no experimental studies demonstrating its causative role in depressed mood. / Objectives / The current study aims at simulating SRR among a non-clinical sample of undergraduates and assessing its immediate effect on the genesis of depressed feelings. / Method / An experimental paradigm was adopted in which SRR was operationalized in accordance with existing conceptualizations of depression. An initial sample of 544 university students were recruited, and the final analyses included 333 of them who met various inclusion criteria. Each participant was asked to write a sad personal experience of failure and to select thought cards associated with such experience. They were then randomly assigned into one of the six experimental conditions for five minutes. In the SRR Condition, participants ruminated about their sad experience and the associated thoughts by reading them aloud repeatedly. In the Double Rumination Condition, apart from what was required in SRR Condition, participants were asked to read aloud and think about two additional questions that capture the essence of depressive rumination. In the SRR with Unrelated Thoughts Conditions, participants ruminated on thought cards not associated with their respective experience. In the Distraction with Objects Condition, participants focused their attention on common objects. In the Distraction with Chinese Characters Salad Condition, participants read aloud chunks of Chinese characters that formed no cohesive meaning. In the Depressive Rumination Condition, participants were asked to read aloud statements depicting depressive rumination like the symptoms of depression, the causes and the meaning of depression. / Results / As predicted, participants undergoing any one of the SRR conditions reported further mood decline while those in Distraction with Objects Condition reported uplifted mood. A gender difference was found in that after undergoing the Distraction with Chinese Characters Salad Condition, female participants reported uplifted mood and less anxiety about loss of emotional control while the male participants reported more anxiety. / Discussion / Unlike previous studies who measure SRR with a self-administered questionnaire, the current study serves to be the first attempt to operationalize stress-reactive rumination in a laboratory setting and put such construct under an experimental paradigm. Findings lend support to the cognitive attentional syndrome as postulated in Wells' S-REF model and metacognitive theory for emotional disorders, and address some inadequacies of existing conceptualization of depression (e.g., Beck's theories of depression). The adoption of an experimental paradigm provides supplementary evidence for the causal role of SRR in the genesis of depressed feelings. Implications for further research and intervention are discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chong, Heung Chuen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-202). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Stressful Life Events as Risk Factors for Depression --- p.8 / Negative Cognitive Style as Cognitive Vulnerability for Depression --- p.9 / Self-regulatory Executive Function Model (S-REF) and Metacognitive Theory --- p.13 / Stress Reactive Rumination --- p.24 / Other Related Constructs: Depressive Rumination --- p.29 / Other Related Constructs: Metacognitive Beliefs on Rumination --- p.32 / Current Study --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.43 / Design --- p.43 / Participants --- p.47 / Measures --- p.51 / Procedures --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.67 / Gender Difference --- p.67 / Analysis of Experimental Effect on Mood State for Male Subjects --- p.77 / Analysis of Experimental Effect on Mood State for Female Subjects --- p.93 / Analysis of Gender Difference on Anxiety over Loss of Emotional Control (AC) after Elicitation of Stressful Events --- p.112 / Analysis of Experimental Effect on Anxiety over Loss of Emotional Control (AC) for Male Subjects --- p.117 / Analysis of Experimental Effect on Anxiety over Loss of Emotional Control for Female Subjects --- p.127 / Restoration of Mood after Debriefing and Mood-uplifting Procedure --- p.137 / Exploratory Factor Analyses with the Scores from Three Mood Visual Analogue Scales (VASs) --- p.141 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.154 / Preliminary Evidence for Experimental Simulation of Stress-Reactive Rumination --- p.155 / Stress-Reactive Rumination as a Research Entity --- p.163 / Findings that Warrant Further Exploration --- p.168 / Limitations --- p.176 / Further Research Directions --- p.180 / Clinical Implications --- p.185 / Concluding Comments --- p.188 / References --- p.190 / Appendices --- p.203

abstract / toc / Human Performance / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Liao, Xueting. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-128). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

by Chan, Hak-man, Christian. / Includes questionaire in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-76). / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- METHOD --- p.16 / Chapter III. --- RESULTS --- p.26 / Chapter IV. --- DISCUSSION --- p.50 / REFERENCES --- p.64 / APPENDIX --- p.77

Leung Yin-Wa. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-59). / Abstract and questionnaires in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT-English --- p.i / ABSTRACT - Chinese --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / METHOD --- p.17 / RESULTS --- p.23 / DISCUSSION --- p.32 / REFERENCES --- p.47 / APPENDIX A TO APPENDIX F --- p.60 / FOOTNOTES --- p.66 / TABLE 1 TO TABLE8 --- p.67 / FIGURE CAPTIONS --- p.75 / FIGURE1 / FIGURE2 / FIGURE3

by Connie Wong Sau Ying. / Includes questionnaire in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-81). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.ix / CHAPTER / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.1 / Substance Abuse: Definition and Consequences --- p.1 / Prevalence of Substance Abuse Amongst Adolescents in Hong Kong and the States / Antecedents of Substance Abuse --- p.4 / Role of Family --- p.5 / Role of Peer Influences --- p.7 / Individual Difference Variables --- p.8 / A Conceptual Model on Adolescent Substance Use --- p.12 / Purposes of the Research --- p.13 / Chapter 2 --- METHOD --- p.16 / Participants --- p.16 / Measures --- p.22 / Procedure --- p.26 / Chapter 3 --- RESULTS --- p.27 / Internal Consistency of Measures --- p.27 / Mean Prevalence Rates: Proportion of Participants Using Substances --- p.27 / Poly Substance Users --- p.31 / Means Comparison for Drug Use Frequency --- p.32 / Means Comparison for Psychosocial Variables --- p.35 / Intercorrelations Among Psychosocial Variables --- p.37 / Correlations Between Psychosocial Variables and Drug Use Frequency --- p.41 / Multiple Regression Analyses on Drug Use Measures --- p.47 / Distal and Proximal Antecedents of Drug Use: A Structural Model --- p.51 / Chapter 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.64 / REFERENCES --- p.74 / APPENDICES --- p.82 / A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE STUDY --- p.82

by Chun-fat Lin. / Thesis submitted in: December 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-108). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Appendices --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1 --- Background of the Problem / Chapter 1.1 --- Stress and Secondary School Students --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Coping Behaviour of Secondary School Students --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3. --- Gender and Age Difference in Coping Behaviour --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4. --- The Influence of Family Environment on Coping Behaviour --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1. --- Adolescent Coping / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Conceptualization of Adolescent Coping --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Situational and Dispositional Factors in Adolescent Coping --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Development of Adolescent Coping Instrument (COPE) --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Gender and Ethnic Differences in Coping / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Coping Behaviour of Males --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Coping Behaviour of Females --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Age Differences in Coping --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Ethnic Differences in Coping --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Family Environments and Adolescent Coping / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Family Environments as Sources of Stress and Support --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Influence of Parenting Styles on Adolescent Coping --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- The Influence of Family Environments on Adolescent Coping --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Family Environment Scales ( FES ) --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Relationships Between Family Environment Subscales and Coping Strategies --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Relationships Between Family Environments and Coping Strategies --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- "Chinese Confucian Culture, Family Relations and Adolescent Socialization" / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Essences of Chinese Confucian Culture --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Family Structure and Adolescent --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Adolescent Socialization in Family Context --- p.40 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY / Chapter 3.1. --- Overview of the Study --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Significance of the Study --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3. --- Subjects / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Pilot Study --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Main Study --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Instruments / Chapter 3.4.1 --- COPE --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Family Environment Scale (FES) --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5 --- Procedure --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- RESULTS / Chapter 4.1 --- Descriptive Statistics of the Whole Sample --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- Coping Strategies of Adolescents / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Rank Order of Question Items of COPE --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Descriptive Statistics of COPE --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Gender and Age Difference in Coping --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Gender Difference in Coping --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Age Difference in Coping --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3. --- Family Environments Perceived by Adolescents --- p.66 / Chapter 4.4 --- Family Environment Types (FETs) / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Demographic Information of FETs --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Description of FETs Based on FES Subscales --- p.70 / Chapter 4.5 --- Family Environment Types and Coping Strategies --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 5.1 --- Coping Strategies of Adolescents --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- Family Environments Perceived by Adolescents --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3 --- Relationship between Coping Strategies and Family Environments --- p.80 / Chapter 5.4 --- Family Environment Types --- p.81 / Chapter 5.5 --- Family Environment Types and Coping Strategies --- p.82 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Expressive FET --- p.83 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Conflictual-Controlling FET --- p.84 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Permissive FET --- p.84 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Cohesive-Organized FET --- p.85 / Chapter 5.5.5 --- Crucial Role of Control in FETs --- p.86 / Chapter 5.6 --- Implications of Findings --- p.87 / Chapter 5.7 --- Limitations of the Study --- p.91 / Chapter 5.8 --- Directions of Future Research --- p.92 / REFERENCES --- p.95 / APPENDICES / Appendix 1 Number of Items and Descriptions of Items of COPE Subscales --- p.109 / Appendix 2 Number of Items and Descriptions of Items of FES Subscales --- p.110 / Appendix 3 Reliability Coefficients of COPE in Other Studies --- p.111 / Appendix 4 Inter-correlations between subscales of COPE --- p.112 / Appendix 5 Reliability Coefficients of FES in Other Studies --- p.113 / Appendix 6 Inter-correlations between subscales of FES --- p.114 / Appendix 7 Inter-correlations between subscales of FES and COPE --- p.115