abstract: Historians typically view the postwar suburban metropolis from one of two vantages: from the vantage of urban capital as it flowed out of central cities into new automobile suburbs, where a new suburban culture emerged and flourished after 1945, or from the vantage of central cities, which become progressively hollowed out, leaving behind badly deteriorated inner-city services and facilities. Rarely, however, do historians view the postwar suburban metropolis from the vantage of peripheral small towns and rural countrysides. This study looks at the “metropolitan revolution” from the outside in, as the metropolis approached and then absorbed a landscape of farms and ranches centered on a small farm-service town. As a case study, it focuses on Tempe, Arizona, a town and rural countryside eight miles east of Phoenix. During the postwar period, Tempe became part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Agricultural production in Tempe yielded to suburban development, as a producer-oriented landscape of farms and ranches became a consumer-oriented landscape of residential subdivisions and university buildings. Intangible goods such as higher education eclipsed tangible goods such as grain, dairy, and cotton. Single-family houses supplanted farmland; shopping centers with parking lots undermined main street businesses; irrigation water became domestic water; and International-style university buildings displaced vernacular neighborhoods rooted in the early history of the settlement. In Tempe, the rural agricultural landscape gave way to a suburban landscape. But in important ways, the former shaped the latter, as the suburban metropolis inherited the underlying form and spatial relationships of farms and ranches. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation History 2016

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Le projet s’addresse à la résignification kantienne du concept de “metaphysique”, à partir de l’évolution de la notion d’ontologie dans les Vorlesungen über Metaphysik contenues dans le volume XXVIII de l’Akademie Ausgabe. Á la base de la recherche on entende mettre en relation Kant entre la tradition logique du siècle 17º et 18º, pour comprendre la façon dans laquelle Kant (peut) se confront avec la terminologie de la tradition, et en particulier avec la médiation de Wolff et Baumgarten de la metaphysique leibnizienne.An (peut) traiter de passer d’une conception de la metaphysique de façon deductive capable de rendre la raison de la réalité sur la base de principes qui s’imposent à celle-là, sans en être des déscrivés, à une conception inductive, dans laquelle est par l’examen de la réalité même qu’on peut en tirer les lois.Les Leçons semblent le lieu dans laquelle l’ontologie plus émerge comme instrument de cette résignification, qui voit intéressés: approche méthodologique, autonomie de la raison et l’absolue urgence d’une exigence normative. / The aim of the project is to study the new meaning gained by the concept of “metaphysics” through the evolution of the notion of ontology in the Vorlesungen über Metaphysik, placed in the XXVIII volume of the Akademie Ausgabe. As foundation of the research, we want to put into relationship Kant and the logical tradition of the 17º and 18º century, in order to understand the way in which Kant confronts himself with the technical terms of the tradition, in particular with the mediation of the leibnizian metaphysics represented by Wolff and Baumgarten. Here there is a step from a deductive conception of metaphysics to an inductive one. While the first can explain the reality starting from principles imposed on it, in the last the laws of reality are gained through an analysis of the reality the same.The lessons seem to be the place in which the ontology emerges in the best and clearest way as the instrument to get the new meaning of the metaphysics, we are target to: here we find a methodological approach, the autonomy of reason and the absolute urgency of a normative exigency.

abstract: Tempe experienced rapid growth in population and area from 1949 to 1975, stretching its resources thin and changing the character of the city. City boosters encouraged growth through the 1950s to safeguard Tempe’s borders against its larger neighbor, Phoenix. New residents moved to Tempe as it grew, expecting suburban amenities that the former agricultural supply town struggled to pay for and provide. After initially balking at taking responsibility for development of a park system, Tempe established a Parks and Recreation Department in 1958 and used parks as a main component in an evolving strategy for responding to rapid suburban growth. Through the 1960s and 1970s, Tempe pursued an ambitious goal of siting one park in each square mile of the city, planning for neighborhood parks to be paired with elementary schools and placed at the center of each Tempe neighborhood. The highly-publicized plan created a framework, based on the familiarity of public park spaces, that helped both long-time residents and recent transplants understand the new city form and participate in a changing community identity. As growth accelerated and subdivisions surged southward into the productive agricultural area that had driven Tempe’s economy for decades, the School-Park Policy faltered as a planning and community-building tool. Residents and city leaders struggled to reconcile the loss of agricultural land with the carefully maintained cultural narrative that connected Tempe to its frontier past, ultimately broadening the role of parks to address the needs of a changing city. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis History 2019

Thesis (D. Min.)--Temple Baptist Seminary, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-118).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Temple Baptist Seminary, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-118).

abstract: Tempe political and business leaders implemented a series of strategies, composed of interconnected economic, political, and cultural factors that contributed to the city's growth over time. Influenced by a new economic opportunities and challenges, changing ideas about redevelopment and the role of suburbs, and Tempe's own growth issues after 1960, Tempe leaders and citizens formed a distinct vision for downtown redevelopment. Modified over time, the redevelopment strategy depended on effective planning and financing, public-private collaboration, citizen participation, and a revised perception of growth. After 1980, the strategy gained momentum enabling leaders to expand their ambitions for downtown. Redevelopment manifested through riverfront redevelopment, art and culture, and historic preservation redirecting the city's growth, creating economic development, and revitalizing downtown as Tempe began flourishing as a mature supersuburb. The strategy showed considerable economic success by 2012 and the completion of the Rio Salado Project, the Tempe Center for the Arts, and the preservation of the Hayden Flour Mill made downtown an attractive and diverse urban destination. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. History 2014

Hydrogeologically important features of fault zones include undamaged country rock, the damage zone, and the core zone. Fault cores generally have low porosity and permeability, and often act as a barrier to groundwater flow. The damage zone, by contrast, consists of small faults and fracture networks, which can act as conduits. Timpoweap Canyon near Hurricane, Utah has superb exposures of the fault core and damage zone of the Hurricane Fault. Also within the canyon, springs discharge from the damage zone into the Virgin River, providing an ideal natural laboratory for the study of groundwater discharge from a fault zone. The Hurricane fault is an active, steeply dipping, normal fault that is 250 km long, and exhibits about 2500 m of displacement. The damage zone in Timpoweap Canyon controls thermal groundwater (~40°C) and CO2 gas discharge from highly fractured limestone. Total spring discharge is 260 L/s. Approximately 4 L/s of CO2 gas also discharges with the springs. The δ^2H and δ^16O composition of the springs exhibits a geothermal shift from the global meteoric waterline. This suggests that the circulation depth is about 3 km below the ground surface (bgs) in basement bedrock. The CO2 gas discharging originates from either magmatic sources or from diagenesis. The fracture density in a typical damage zone decreases with increasing distance from the fault, thus spring discharge should also decrease with increasing distance from the fault. The damage zone in Timpoweap Canyon does not follow this pattern because pre-existing fractures that developed from Laramide and Sevier Orogeny stresses suppress the pattern. Collapse structures from gypsum dissolution and large fractures also control the location of spring discharge.

The research herein focuses on the characterization of a PFCB/PVDF-HFP (70:30 wt:wt) blend fuel cell membrane including the constitutive and morphological properties, how these properties predict the stresses incurred under fuel cell operating conditions, and how these properties change over time under fuel cell operating conditions. Characterization was performed to mimic temperature and moisture conditions found in operating fuel cells to understand how these materials will behave in service.  This included thermal and hygral expansion, mass uptake, and the stress relaxation modulus.  These constitutive properties were chosen for characterization such that a model could be created to predict the stresses incurred during fuel cell operation, and examine how these stresses may change under different operating conditions and over time.  Based on the results of this model, lifetime predictions were made resulting in recommendations to further extend the operating time of this membrane beyond the DOE 5000 hr requirement. Stress predictions are useful, however if the material properties are changing over time under the fuel cell operating conditions, they may no longer be valid.  Therefore, PFCB/PVDF-HFP membranes were conditioned for different amounts of time under conditions similar to those commonly found in operating fuel cells.  These conditioned membranes were then characterized and compared with solvent exchanged membranes, the same materials used for previous material characterization.  The properties examined included stress relaxation modulus, bi-axial strength, mass uptake, water diffusion, and proton conductivity.  To further understand any changes noted in these properties after different environmental exposures, morphological analysis was performed.  This included small angle x-ray scattering, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was initially found that the proton conductivity decreased severely when the material was immersed at high temperatures over short time periods.  This was consistent with changes noted in other properties, and morphological analysis showed a decrease in the ionic network as well as an increase in the phase separation of the PFCB block copolymer as well as the PVDF-HFP crystallinity.  These large morphological changes could be very detrimental while in service, resulting in early termination of the fuel cell.  However, it was also noted that if these materials are annealed at high temperature (140"C), the negative property changes are abated.  This abatement is again tied to the morphology of the material, as annealing the material at high temperature creates stronger physical crosslinks, and induces a small amount of chemical crosslinking via condensation of the sulfonic acid groups, thus allowing the stress predictions performed earlier to have greater validity.   Therefore, it is important to not only understand the properties of a material during characterization, but also the underlying polymer structure, and how this structure can change over time, as all of these items control the long term material performance while in service. / Ph. D.

World War II had a dramatic impact on Americans, including Mexican Americans in Arizona. It challenged families and communities to make sacrifices during wartime. Mexican Americans served in large numbers and with distinction in the war, and after it ended they sought to defend their rights as Americans, and to eliminate the discriminatory behavior and acts that kept them within ethnic boundaries. The segregation at Tempe Beach, the “brilliant star in Tempe’s crown,” and its “No Mexicans Allowed” policy, initiated in 1923, was one of them. Another ethnic boundary was the segregated housing policy for veterans established by the City of Phoenix in 1946. In Tempe and Phoenix, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Council 110, led by Placida Garcia Smith, and the American Legion Thunderbird Post 41, led by Ray Martinez, were at the front lines in the fight against racism and discrimination in the 1940s. Mexican Americans confronted public elected officials over racist practices and policies of exclusion, and utilized the court system to provide them equal justice under the law. They exercised their right to seek equality after years of segregation, and to secure their civil rights as Americans. Their actions are examples of American-style civic activism, a devotion to the United States and the ideals of freedom and democracy. The search for that freedom and holding the government accountable to its laws and ideals are what drove LULAC Council 110 and American Legion Thunderbird Post 41 as they organized and agitated for the civil rights of Mexican Americans in Tempe and Phoenix during the 1940s.