Background: The present study considers some of the underlying mechanisms that may be acting in postnatal depression (PND). It has been suggested that rumination predicts problem solving ability and that child temperament and maternal attributions predict mother-infant bonding. This study aims to investigate the role that brooding and reflective rumination may play in predicting and mediating these relationships in postnatal women. Methods: Postnatal women were recruited to complete an online survey.190 women responded and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Maternal Attribution Scale (MAS), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), Parental Problem Solving Task (PPST), Rumination Response Scale (RRS), Infant Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ) and a confidence in problem solving using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: Analyses showed that reflective rumination mediated the relationship between low infant soothability and high negative attributions, on maternal problem solving. Reflective and Brooding Rumination also predicted confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding. Analyses showed that infant temperament (soothability and distress) and maternal attributions (positive and negative) predicted confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding Limitations: This study employed a correlational design and therefore all inferences regarding possible causal pathways are tentative. Limitations include the use of self report measures to assess mother-infant bonding and infant temperament. Additionally the PPST is a new measure which needs further validation. Conclusions: Reflective rumination may act as an adaptive strategy for women in the postnatal period when faced with difficult child temperaments, and for those employing negative attributions, when faced with parent specific problem solving tasks. In addition, Brooding and Reflective Rumination may be important in predicting difficulties in mother-infant bonding. Difficult Infant temperaments and less positive or more negative maternal attributions, may affect problem solving, confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding in the postnatal period. Future research should look to replicate these findings and explicate possible causal relationships within a postnatal population.

Although research is unequivocal concerning the important role of parenting in the prediction of a range of youth psychosocial outcomes, few empirical studies have examined potential contributions of parental individual differences factors to variability in parenting behaviors. Among the few studies that have, individual differences in affective dimensions of temperament (i.e., Negative Temperament [NT] and Positive Temperament [PT]) and executive functioning (EF) have individually emerged as potential key processes underlying parenting behaviors; however, they have yet to be examined jointly. Thus, using a latent variable approach, within a racially and ethnically diverse community sample of 166 parents, the current study examined the joint and interactive contribution of temperament and EF in the explanation of parenting. Further, despite conceptual overlap, parenting research has historically employed two distinct conceptual approaches: parenting practices and styles. The current study thus fitted a single integrative three-factor model (i.e., positive parenting, negative parenting, and corporal punishment) of parenting behaviors that included both styles and practices. Results suggested that parenting behaviors can be conceptualized within a single, three-factor model, allowing for the incorporation of historically distinct conceptions of parenting. Further, results revealed that affective dimensions of temperament and EF were uniquely but differentially associated with all parenting domains and EF moderated the associations between both NT and PT and positive parenting. All told, the current study provides support for an integrative model of parenting behaviors and parental temperament and EF, and their interaction, as potential critical processes associated with individual variability across parenting behaviors.

The present study was made to determine the relationship between the level of teaching effectiveness of beginning elementary teachers and three individual characteristics of prospective teachers. A secondary purpose was an attempt to improve the service rendered by the School of Education at North Texas State College, Denton, Texas, in the selection and guidance of students who indicate a desire to enter the program for preparing elementary teachers.

The present study is an investigation into the interrelatedness of student teachers' temperament traits, their attitudes toward youth, as measured by appropriate testing instruments, and the interpersonal teacher-pupil problems encountered by the respondents during their student teaching experience.

This research examined the influence of psychological temperament and family-of-origin socialization influences on relationship adjustment in marriage. The major goals were to determine: (a) if there was a relationship between the temperament of one mate in the marriage and the temperament of his or her spouse, and (b) if there was a relationship between the marital adjustment scores of a mate relative to either personal temperament or that of his or her spouse. A secondary purpose was to determine if certain family-of-origin socialization experiences influenced adjustment in marriage. One hundred seventy-nine couples (H = 358) completed three test instruments including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Myers, 1962), Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), and the Socialization Background Questionnaire (Church, unpublished), along with a demographic questionnaire. The subjects, volunteers from 12 churches in a large metropolitan area, had mean ages of 35.3 and 33.6 years for husbands and wives, respectively, and had been married for an average of 10.1 years. Five hypotheses and two research questions were tested at the .05 level of significance. The results gathered did not support the hypothesis that there was a relationship between temperament type and mate selection. Similarly, no support was evidenced for any specific relationship between temperament and marital adjustment. On the Socialization Background Questionnaire, one relationship at the prescribed level of significance was present between husbands' self-concept and their marital adjustment scores. At the .10 significance level, there was also indication that husbands' marital adjustment was related to the acceptance they did or did not receive as children., regardless of the expectations held for them. Neither of these relationships was present with regard to wives' marital adjustment scores. The overall conclusions are that couples do not choose mates based on temperaments, that no relationship exists between temperament combinations and marital adjustment, and that socialization experiences affect marital adjustment differently for husbands and wives.

Literacy is a basic fundamental skill for academic, professional, and social success in our culture. Children with low exposure to reading can experience reading difficulties, diminished cognitive development, and poor academic outcomes. Inconsistency in the conceptualization of early literacy has hampered research and development of successful, translational early literacy interventions, particularly for children from low-income households. Preschoolers from low-income, urban backgrounds (n = 426), including 221 females and 205 males aged 35 - 60 months (M = 47.46, SD = 6.44) participated in an investigation of the latent factorial structure of early literacy. The study also explored whether children’s psychological strengths and their family’s literacy-related behaviors support improvement of early literacy skills following completion of a literacy development intervention. Results support a three-factor model of early literacy proposed by Sénéchal, LeFevre, Smith-Chant, and Colton (2001). This study also found that, despite the influence of age, sex, and family income, children’s psychological strengths and family literacy behaviors are predictive of early literacy skills comprised of this three-factor structure. However, only children’s psychological strengths predicted improvements in early literacy scores at post-test. Implications for preschool interventions and measurement of early and family literacy constructs are discussed.

Individual differences in temperament can be a risk or a protective factor for a child, especially for children at-risk who possess single or multiple risk factors that may interfere with their educational success and affect their healthy development and their life-long outcomes. This research study examined the concurrent and longitudinal relationships between temperament, school adjustment, and academic achievement in children at-risk. Seventy-seven children, ages five to 11 years, were reassessed two years after an initial study. Their teachers completed the Temperament Assessment Battery for Children (TABC), the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), and reported on the children's academic achievement. The results for the concurrent relationships showed significant relationships between the children's temperament and their school adjustment; negative emotionality significantly correlated with and predicted school adjustment. Children's temperament was also found to have a significant relationship with academic achievement; persistence and activity level had significant correlations with academic achievement. Persistence, however, was the only predictor of academic achievement. In contrast, the longitudinal relationship between the children's temperament and their educational outcomes in terms of both school adjustment and academic achievement showed no significance. The concurrent relationships were found to be consistent with previous research; whereas the longitudinal relationships were found to vary from previous research. Implications for practice and considerations for future research directions are discussed.

Minimal attention has been directed toward learning how children may influence parenting practices and styles within a divorce setting, and - more significantly - how children may influence the co-parenting practices and behaviors of divorced parents. The roles of child temperament, parenting, and their reciprocal interaction werereviewed as they relate to the development of externalizing and internalizing problems in childhood. Literature regarding the impact of divorce on the parent-child relationship was also discussed. A cluster analytic approach was utilized in order to identify three groups of individuals with internalizing, externalizing, and adaptive characteristics. Parenting features were then evaluated across both intact and divorced family settings to explore for any influence of the child and the environmental demands on parenting. Only one significant interaction was revealed between marital status and child characteristics in relation to maternal discipline. Significant findings were discussed within light of prior literature.

Annotation: The thesis deals with a problem of personality in the context of the top athletes' and top managers' activities. Comparison of the demands of these activities on the human and comparison of the personality profile results in a finding that there is a certain consensus in the personality profiles of top athletes and top managers and also to the conclusion that there is a noticeable difference between them in the emotional area. Title: Comparison of personality traits of top athletes and top managers. Objectives: Find a set of personality traits characteristic for particular groups of athletes and for a group of top managers and to determine which of the psychological characteristics of these groups are similar, respectively. Confirm the hypothesis: "It is possible to suppose that the personality traits of athletes match the demands of the sport sector, as well as the personality traits of the top managers correspond with the demands of their professional activities, and that there is a consensus in the personality characteristics of athletes and top managers, which corresponds to a consensus on demands of these two activities ". Methods: Cattell's 16 P. F. Questionnaire, correlation analysis according to Spearman, calculation of the statistical significance of the difference by the...

Title of project: Temperament Of Czech And German Flat Water Canoeist. Aims: The aim of this thesis is to identify character traits (temperament) in Czech and German kayakers. Methods of work: To determine the results of quantitative research was used, in the form of a standardized questionnaire Eyseneckova temperament characteristics, which we translate German probands separately. The evaluation was performed by adding three (score N, E, L) of the five dimensions and the results brought into the graph, where the quadrants are marked with the temperament traits. Results: The most common type of German temperament is sanguine competitors, extrovert with low neuroticism score, so emotionally stable. The Czech competitors no single prevailing temperament type. Keywords: Flat water canoeing, sports performance, charakter skills, temperament