Hyperthermia based cancer treatments delivered under various modalities have the potential to become an effective option to eradicate the disease, maintain functionality of infected organs, and minimize complications and relapse. Moreover, hyperthermia therapies are a form of minimally invasive cancer treatment which are key to improving the quality of life post-treatment. Many modalities are available for delivering the heat source. However, the ability to control the energy deposition to prevent damage to adjacent healthy tissue is a limiting factor in all forms of thermal therapies, including cryotherapy, microwave, radio-frequency, ultrasound, and laser. The application of a laser heat source under the guidance of real-time treatment data has the potential to provide unprecedented control over the temperature field induced within the biological domain. The computational infrastructure developed in this work combines a computational model of bioheat transfer based on a nonlinear version of the Pennes equation for heterogeneous media with the precise timing and orchestration of the real-time solutions to the problems of calibration, optimal control, data transfer, registration, finite element mesh refinement, cellular damage prediction, and laser control; it is an example of Dynamic-Data-Driven Applications System (DDDAS) in which simulation models interact with measurement devices and assimilates data over a computational grid for the purpose of producing high-fidelity predictions of physical events. The tool controls the thermal source, provides a prediction of the entire outcome of the treatment and, using intra-operative data, updates itself to increase the accuracy of the prediction. A precise mathematical framework for the real-time finite element solution of the problems of calibration, optimal heat source control, and goal-oriented error estimation applied to the equations of bioheat transfer is presented. It is demonstrated that current finite element technology, parallel computer architecture, data transfer infrastructure, and thermal imaging modalities are capable of inducing a precise computer controlled temperature field within a biological domain. The project thus addresses a set of problems falling in the intersection of applied mathematics, imaging physics, computational science, computer science and visualizations, biomedical engineering, and medical science. The work involves contributions in the three component areas of the CAM program; A, Applicable Mathematics; B, Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing; and C, Mathematical modeling and Applications. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide the medical community a minimally invasive clinical tool that uses predictive computational techniques to provide the optimal hyperthermia laser treatment procedure given real-time, patient specific data. / text

This thesis describes three different design projects that are intellectually connected by the fact that they all involve the development of apparatus to facilitate the precise control of sample temperature in modern microscopes. The first project is a low-temperature sample stage, for a beetle-type scanning tunnelling microscope. The design for this sample stage, and images taken on it with atomic resolution at 114 K are presented. This stage has the capability for variable-temperature sample cooling, which is also discussed. The second project is a set of low- and variable-temperature isothermal radiation shields for a new microscope that is currently being designed and assembled by our research group. These shields provide temperature control between 5 K and room temperature, with measured stability better than +/- 0.1 K. Controlled and stable temperature changes at rates up to 1.5 K per minute have been produced. The shields are modular and can easily accommodate future modifications. The design for the shields, along with their cooling and temperature control capabilities, is presented. The third project is a new stage design for heating, cleaning, and transferring metal and semiconductor samples. Also for use with the new microscope, this stage uses electron bombardment to provide precision temperature control between room temperature to temperatures in excess of 1250 C‰. With this stage, the sample temperature can be determined by measuring the power applied to the sample. The design of this stage, its heating performance, and a method to calculate the sample temperature is presented. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2008-06-03 12:47:18.808

Smart Grid has emerged a very important concept in modern power systems. The integration of different loads such as residential, commercial and industrial into the smart grid and their optimal operation has a significant effect on the system's reliability, stability, peak power demand and energy price. This work presents the mathematical modeling of a Centralized Temperature Control System (CTCS) of a Multi-Unit Residential Building (MURB) and its optimal operation considering electricity prices and weather variations. The model considers comfort levels, preference settings and activity of residents in different units of the building to determine the optimal operation schedules of the CTCS, minimizing its total energy consumption cost. Multi-objective operation of the MURB is also investigated when residents in different units have conflicting interests, and the impact of such conflicting preferences on the operation of CTCS is analyzed. A case-study on optimal energy management of a single unit house considering net-metering is also presented. The proposed CTCS model is a Mixed Integer Non Linear Programing (MINLP) model, where some of the constraints are linearized to reduce the computational complexity arising from the non-linearity, for real-time applications. The model is studied for various customers' preferences using a realistic MURB model. Simulation results show that significant cost savings can be achieved using the proposed mathematical model.

ABSTRACT Bioreactor landfill operation has been promoted as a means of accelerating the degradation of waste for over 30 years. Accelerating the degradation of waste enables better predictability in biogas production and reduces aftercare costs. Most bioreactor landfill trials focus on the effect of leachate recirculation on otherwise conventional landfill cells. However, there is a range of design and operational measures that can be implemented with standard landfilling machinery to further enhance degradation. This thesis explores degradation rates that can be achieved in a landfill cell, designed to maximise degradation rate, with the constraint that it be constructed by standard earthmoving equipment, the waste be crudely shredded by sheep foot compactors to expose waste, and leachate recirculation be operable by landfill personnel. The major departures of these test cells from a conventional landfill cell operation were: the cells were only 3m deep; MSW loaded into the cell was crushed and bags ruptured with a sheep foot compactor; MSW was pre-mixed prior placement with digested sludge, as a ratio such that the buffering capacity of the sludge was equivalent to an amount of NaHCO3 known to successfully buffer the digestion of packed beds of MSW (10gL-1 NaHCO3 in packed bed at field capacity moisture content plus excess leachate equal to 10% of the bed volume (Lai et al 2001); and the waste was placed rather than compacted into the cell. The thesis examines the performance of two test cells, the second only containing MSW and inoculated and buffered by sequencing with the first. These performances are compared with an exhaustive set of control digestions in 200L laboratory reactors. The laboratory reactors were packed with 50kg sub-samples of the waste used in the cells, shredded to sub 5cm size. The laboratory reactors primarily focussed on the effect of temperature on degradation rates, to identify the optimum degradation rate for this sludge and MSW mixture. The laboratory scale reactors produced 231 L and 202 L of methane per kgVS at the mesophilic temperatures of 38°C and 45°C respectively. The degradation was faster in the 45°C reactor where methane production was completely exhausted after 35 days. A laboratory reactor operated at 55°C reactor showed little degradation activity. The pH of this reactor was initially over 8.5, and ammonia inhibition was suspected. However, the reactor did not respond to pH adjustments with hydrochloric acid, and subsequent step decreases in temperature did not have an effect until 47°C, where degradation suddenly accelerated. This suggests the methanogenic consortia in the sludge could not adapt to thermophilic temperatures. This was confirmed in the 63°C reactor which acidified and did not produce methane, until leachate from this reactor was transferred to the 45°C reactor where an established methanogenic community converted the soluble COD to methane. In order to compare laboratory reactor performance with the general literature, pure cellulose was added in a fed-batch fashion to the stabilised 38°C and 47°C leach-beds. The beds were fed under starved conditions, to clearly distinguish degradation products from the cellulose from background levels. This also allowed for the estimation of biomass growth by measuring the uptake of NH4-N, as all other bio-available N sources such as protein and amino acids were reduced to NH4-N under these starved conditions. Hydrolysis rates were determined to be 0.12±0.01 d-1 and 0.14±0.026 d-1 at the 38°C and 47°C temperatures. Degradation in the two test cells was completed within a 7 month period. Temperature in the cells was maintained between 25 – 30°C by biological activity, levels that were above ambient temperatures, but below ideal mesophilic conditions. Methane composition rapidly approached 50% in both cells, and biogas flow rates were consistent with a degradation timeframe in the order of less than year. Full flow rate data was not obtained from these trials due to mechanical problems with flow meters, however vigorous gas production was evident throughout the trial by monitoring gas composition, and the ballooning effect of the top cover. To confirm the degradation rates in the test cells, samples were collected from the second test cell and digested in laboratory reactors. Methane yields were only 2.4 and 6.4 L CH4 kgVS-1 confirming virtual exhaustion of biogas potential within 7 months of sequencing this MSW cell with the first MSW:sludge test cell. This is the first systematic experimental program that places the degradation performance of a test cell in the context of the potential degradation rate achievable with fine shredding, temperature control and thorough inoculation and buffering. Economically, in cases where degradation residues are left insitu as in landfills, the degradation enhancement in the test cells would effectively yield as much benefit as enhancing the degradation rate to a two to three week timeframe typical of an anaerobic digester (Clarke 2000).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [217]-221). Also available on the Internet.

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Submitted by JOÃO RICARDO LHULLIER LUGÃO null (joaolhullier@gmail.com) on 2016-03-15T16:09:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lugao_mestrado_final.pdf: 1607482 bytes, checksum: 491a719f2f4f3a0afea89af732d1753c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-15T18:11:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lugao_jrl_me_ilha.pdf: 1607482 bytes, checksum: 491a719f2f4f3a0afea89af732d1753c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T18:11:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lugao_jrl_me_ilha.pdf: 1607482 bytes, checksum: 491a719f2f4f3a0afea89af732d1753c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Sistemas de controle de temperatura são necessários em diversos setores da indústria e pesquisa científica. Neste trabalho propõe-se um sistema de controle de temperatura para líquidos, que será utilizado em uma célula de medição de propriedades de líquidos por ultrassom. O sistema de controle tem como requisito atingir uma variação máxima de 0,01 ◦C em regime permanente. Os atuadores térmicos empregados são células de efeito Peltier e utilizam-se circuitos de potência do tipo ponte H para injetar ou retirar calor do objeto de interesse. São utilizados sensores de temperatura do tipo resistivos (RTDs), que são lineares e muito utilizados na indústria como referência para medição de temperatura. É utilizado um controlador proporcional, integral e derivativo (PID) digital, sintonizado a partir de um experimento em que o sistema é realimentado através de um controlador do tipo relé. A partir dos resultados desse experimento utilizam-se métodos diretos, como o de Ziegler-Nichols, para a sintonização dos coeficientes. Em seguida um ajuste fino é feito a partir dos coeficientes gerados por esses métodos. Um controlador PID capaz de atingir as meta de variação máxima de 0,01 ◦C é implementado. Com essa baixa oscilação no regime permanente concluiu-se que é possível realizar medidas de velocidade de fase de ondas de ultrassom propagando-se em água destilada com variação máxima de 0,05 m/s em torno do valor médio. / Temperature control systems are required in several industry and scientific research areas. This work proposes a liquid temperature control system applied to an ultrasonic mea- surement cell for liquids. The control system requires a maximum steady state deviation of 0,01 ◦ C. Thermoelectric coolers (TEC) work as thermal actuators with H bridge power circuits to pump heat to or from the object of interest. Resistive temperature detectors (RTD) are used in this work, which are linear and widely used in the industry as temperature measurement reference. A proportional, integral and derivative (PID) digital controller is tuned using relay feedback identification with direct tuning methods, such as Ziegler-Nichols’. To improve the results a fine tuning is implemented from the parameters estimated by the direct methods. A PID controller capable of achieving the 0,01◦ C maximum variation goal is implemented. With this low steady-state oscilation it is possible to measure phase velocity of ultrassound waves in distilled water with maximum variation of 0,05 m/s around the mean value.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-04-10T14:26:55Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T14:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3541450 bytes, checksum: 30c9c0221d9245f540ca0645363552fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work deals with the analysis and development of a closed-loop system for the effective control of water temperature on the output of an electric shower, independently of both the water flow or water temperature at its entrance. The system targets low cost, small physical dimensions and high efficiency. The goal is a system with physical dimensions small enough to be directly incorporated into existing electric showers, without the need for the manufacturer to reformulate their product. The high efficiency ends up being of paramount importance because it contributes effectively in both the size and cost of the solution: the lower the losses (greater efficiency) the smaller the heatsink needed, reducing the size and cost of the solution. Based on these criteria, we decided to use a TRIAC as a power switch and turning it on only at the zero crossings of the mains. For the design and development of the system, we adopted as tools Scilab and the Arduino platform. Prior to the assembly of the prototype, several simulations of circuits and programming codes were performed using the Proteus and Scilab together. For the experimental tests, a prototype with a nominal power of 3.2 kW was built employing a commercial electric shower. Experimentally, we obtained an efficiency greater than 99 %, which in turn required a heatsink with a volume of 63 cm³, and effective control of water temperature on the output device. Moreover, no noticeable flicker was observed when considering an electrical installation in accordance with Brazilian standards. / O presente trabalho trata da análise e desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle em malha fechada para o controle efetivo de temperatura da água na saída de um chuveiro elétrico, independentemente do fluxo de água ou temperatura da água em sua entrada. O sistema vislumbrado tem como premissa ser de baixo custo e alta eficiência, além de apresentar dimensões físicas reduzidas o suficiente para que possa ser incorporado diretamente nos chuveiros elétricos existentes, evitando que o fabricante precise reformular seu produto. A alta eficiência acaba sendo de suma importância, pois contribui efetivamente tanto no custo quanto no tamanho da solução, uma vez que quanto menor a eficiência, maiores as perdas, e consequentemente, maior será o dissipador de calor agregado ao sistema, elevando-se o custo e tamanho da solução vislumbrada. Baseado nestes critérios, optou-se por utilizar o TRIAC como chave de potência, e acioná-la sempre nos cruzamentos por zero da rede elétrica. Para a concepção e desenvolvimento do sistema, adotou-se como ferramentas o Scilab e a plataforma Arduíno. Antes da construção do protótipo, várias simulações dos circuitos e códigos de programação foram realizadas, utilizando-se o Proteus e o Scilab em conjunto. Para os testes experimentais, um protótipo com potência nominal de 3,2 kW foi construído, empregando-se um chuveiro elétrico comercial. Experimentalmente, verificou-se uma eficiência maior que 99 %, o que exigiu um dissipador com volume de 63 cm³, e controle efetivo da temperatura da água na saída do equipamento. Além disso, não se observou cintilação quando considerada uma instalação elétrica de acordo com as normas brasileiras.