Esta pesquisa investiga o comportamento temporal de sentenças com os verbos modais poder, dever e ter que no português brasileiro (PB). Tomamos como ponto de partida as noções de perspectiva e orientação temporal, de Condoravdi (2002), que podem ser definidas, grosso modo, como o momento de avaliação modal de uma sentença e o momento de realização da proposição sob o escopo do modal. Os dois objetivos principais deste trabalho são (i) identificar as fontes da perspectiva e orientação temporal de sentenças modais e (ii) identificar e explorar a natureza de potenciais restrições à interpretação temporal dessas sentenças. Em relação à fixação da perspectiva temporal, os dados do PB corroboram a proposta amplamente aceita na literatura de que modais epistêmicos são interpretados acima de TP e de AspP, ao passo que modais raiz são interpretados abaixo dessas duas projeções funcionais. Devido a essa diferença de altura, modais epistêmicos sempre ancoram sua perspectiva temporal no momento de fala, enquanto modais raiz fixam sua perspectiva a partir do Tempo e aspecto da oração. Quanto à orientação temporal, mostramos que as propriedades de cada classe de modais também podem ser facilmente derivadas dessa diferença sintática. Modais epistêmicos podem ter orientações verdadeiramente passadas, que surgem quando o núcleo temporal sob seu escopo é pretérito. Modais raiz, por outro lado, utilizam apenas operadores aspectuais alojados em seus prejacentes para definir sua orientação temporal, o que explica por que esses modais só podem ter orientações presentes, futuras ou perfeitas. Com respeito às restrições à interpretação temporal de sentenças modais, propomos que elas são muito mais circunscritas do que sugerem trabalhos anteriores (Werner (2006), Klecha (2016), entre outros). Assumimos que tendência de modais raiz terem orientação futura é de natureza extralinguística: as noções normalmente transmitidas por esses modais são naturalmente orientadas ao futuro, mas em contextos adequados, orientações presentes e perfeitas podem ser obtidas. A única restrição realmente atestada é a impossibilidade de modais epistêmicos universais serem orientados ao futuro. Seguindo Giannakidou e Mari (2018), explicamos essa restrição como sendo um efeito de bloqueio causado pela competição com o auxiliar do futuro perifrástico ir, que seria a forma especializada de expressão de necessidade epistêmica futura. / This research investigates the temporal behavior of modal sentences with the verbs poder, dever and ter que in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We take as a starting point the notions of temporal perspective and temporal orientation (Condoravdi (2002)), which can be roughly defined as the moment of modal evaluation of a sentence and the moment of realization of the proposition under the scope of the modal. The two main objectives of this work are (i) to identify the sources of temporal perspective and orientation of modal sentences and (ii) to identify and explore the nature of potential constraints to the temporal interpretation of these sentences. When it comes to the source of temporal perspective, the data from BP corroborates the widely-accepted assumption that epistemic modals are interpreted above TP and AspP, while root modals are interpreted below these two functional projections. Because of this difference in height, epistemic modals always anchor their temporal perspective in the speech time, whereas root modals use tense and aspect to define theirs. As for temporal orientation, we have shown that the properties of each class of modals can also be easily derived from this syntactic difference. Epistemic modals can have truly past orientations, which arise when the tense head under their scope is past. Root modals, on the other hand, use only the aspectual operadors hosted in their prejacents to define their temporal orientation, which explains why these modals can only have present, future or perfect orientations. With respect to constraints to the temporal orientation of modal sentences, we propose that they are far more circunscribed than what previous works have suggested (Werner (2006), Klecha (2016), among others). We assumed that the tendency of root modals to be future-oriented is extralinguistic: the notions normally conveyed by these modals are naturally oriented to the future, but, given an appropriate context, present and perfect orientations can be obtained. The only constraint we actually identified is the impossibility of universal epistemic modals being oriented to the future. Following Giannakidou e Mari (2018), we explained this constraint as a blocking effect caused by competition with the perifrastic future auxiliary ir, which would be the specialized form for the expression of future epistemic necessity

The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic has influenced in an unprecedented way society and human health on a global scale. Government policies and recommendations from health authorities across the world have been implemented in the effort to limit the spread of the disease. The aim of this study is to examine the relation of public perceptions on COVID19 with the adoption of behavioural actions focusing on the role of emotion and also to explore whether temporal perspectives regarding the coronavirus pandemic interact with emotional distress. Two sample from Greece (n = 85) and Sweden (n = 85) participated in a web survey. An online questionnaire was used to gather responses during a period of two weeks. Results indicated that the perception of emotion was related positively to infection management behaviour in Swedish and Greeks participants, while trust in authorities was found to be significant different in the two samples. When reflecting on the pandemic situation from a temporal point of view, both samples populations tend to focus more on their ideal future and less in the concrete impact of the pandemic situation. / Utbrottet av coronaviruspandemin har globalt påverkat samhällen och människors hälsa på ett aldrig tidigare skådat sätt. Regeringsbeslut och rekommendationer från hälsomyndigheter världen över har implementerats världen över i syfte att begränsa virusspridningen. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan allmänhetens uppfattningar av covid-19 och beteendemönster med fokus på känslors roll och även undersöka eventuella samband mellan tidsperspektiv beträffande coronaviruspandemin och upplevelse av känslomässig nöd. Två populationer fokuseras i studien varav den ena representerar Grekland (n= 85) och den andra Sverige (n= 85). Respondenterna deltog i en webbenkät som fanns tillgänglig på internet under en tvåveckorsperiod. Resultaten visade ett positivt samband mellan känsloupplevelse och beteende för att hantera smittrisken såväl beträffande den svenska populationen som den grekiska. Förtroende för myndigheter skiljde sig däremot signifikant mellan populationerna. Sett i ett temporalt perspektiv verkar båda populationerna såtillvida att respondenterna fokuserade på en ideal framtid och mindre på den konkreta påverkan av pandemisituationen.

La représentation de la consommation d’électricité et des comportements associés est abordée sous l’angle des anticipations que l’individu met en œuvre. Selon la théorie des niveaux de construit (Trope & Liberman, 2003) nous avons demandé à des individus d’apprécier leur consommation d’électricité en termes de gestes (bas niveau de construit) et de consommation (haut-niveau de construit) à différentes échelles temporelles (d’aujourd’hui à 15 ans). Dans un premier programme de recherche, les estimations étaient exprimées en termes comparatifs (se comparer à quelqu’un de votre âge). Une distance temporelle longue entraîne des estimations plus désirables dans le sens où les individus (population étudiante et générale) déclarent davantage d’actions chez eux que leurs pairs. Les participants déclarent effectuer plus de gestes et consommer moins d’électricité à long terme plutôt qu'à court terme. Cet effet est annulé par des habitudes pro-environnementales fortes et disparait au-delà de 50 ans. Des feedbacks normatifs permettent de corriger ces estimations. Un second programme de recherche portait sur l’influence de feedbacks normatifs sur la mise en veille de son ordinateur dans un contexte professionnel. Ce type de feedback permet d’obtenir une augmentation importante de mise en veille (jusqu’à un mois après) chez les individus effectuant peu par le passé ce comportement. La promotion de la réduction de la consommation d’électricité peut être renforcée par les niveaux de construit et les feedbacks normatifs. / The representation of electric energy consumption and the-related behaviours is addressed from the perspective of the individual's forecasting. According to the construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2003) we asked individuals to assess their electric energy consumption in terms of actions (low level of construal) and consumption (high level of construal) at different time perspectives (from today to 15 years from now). In a first research program, the assessments were expressed comparatively (same as people of my age). A long temporal distance leads to more desirable assessments in that the individuals (students and general population) reported more actions relatively to their peers. Participants stated that they would perform more actions and consume less electric energy consumption in long term rather than short term. This effect is cancelled through strong pro-environmental habits and disappears beyond 50 years old. Normative feedbacks allow for correcting these assessments. A second research program dealt with the influence of normative feedbacks on the use of the computer sleep mode within a professional context. This type of feedback provides significant increase in setting up sleep mode (up to one month after) for individuals that previously didn't do it much. The promotion of energy conservation can be enhanced by construal levels and normative feedbacks.

La repetición escolar es un fenómeno escolar percibido, pero no atendido en América Latina, esto se evidencia en la escasa producción científica de la población en relación con las variables autoeficacia y perspectiva temporal. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar la relación entre la autoeficacia y perspectiva temporal en estudiantes de nivel secundaria que han repetido de año escolar. Realizada con base en un diseño correlacional, se hizo uso de la Escala de Autoeficacia General (Grimaldo, 2005) y el Inventario de perspectiva temporal (Díaz-Morales, 2006). La muestra constó de 157 estudiantes escolares repitentes. Los resultados indican una relación moderada entre autoeficacia y la dimensión futuro (r = 0,48) y pasado positivo (r = 0,32); y una relación pequeña entre autoeficacia y presente hedonista (r = 0,30), pasado negativo (r = 0,22) y presente fatalista (r = 0,27). En conclusión, la relación encontrada entre la autoeficacia y la dimensión futuro refiere una visión positiva sobre las capacidades que posee el estudiante y así considera los problemas futuros como un desafío solucionable. Mientras que la relación entre la autoeficacia y presente fatalista implica que a pesar de tener una actitud negativa y abatida hacia el futuro, esta no afecta la percepción sobre las propias capacidades; así como, la relación entre autoeficacia y pasado negativo constituye que una visión negativa y desfavorable del pasado no implica bajas creencias de la capacidad personal. Por último, se recomienda incrementar la muestra e incluir instituciones privadas. / School repetition is a perceived school phenomenon, but not attended in Latin America, this is evidenced in the limited scientific production of the population in relation to the variables self-efficacy and time perspective. The present research aims to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and temporal perspective in high school students who have repeated a school year. Carried out based on a correlational design, the General Self-efficacy Scale (Grimaldo, 2005) and the Time Perspective Inventory (Díaz-Morales, 2006) were used. The sample consisted of 157 repeating school students. The results indicate a moderate relationship between self-efficacy and the future dimension (r = 0.48) and positive past (r = 0.32); and a small relationship between self-efficacy and hedonistic present (r = 0.30), negative past (r = 0.22) and fatalistic present (r = 0.27). In conclusion, the relationship found between self-efficacy and the future dimension refers to a positive vision about the abilities that the student possesses and thus considers future problems as a solvable challenge. While the relationship between self-efficacy and fatalistic present implies that despite having a negative and dejected attitude towards the future, it does not affect the perception of one's own abilities; Likewise, the relationship between self-efficacy and negative past constitutes that a negative and unfavorable view of the past does not imply low beliefs of personal capacity. Finally, it is recommended to increase the sample and include private institutions. / Tesis