This thesis is an investigation of the origins of the tenant farmer movement prevalent in Japan in the 1920 and '30s. This movement was a social movement of considerable importance. Accordingly, much research, both Japanese and Western, has been done on the movement. The concern of this thesis is with the origins of the movement at the rice-shoot level. The question addressed is; Why did the movement develop at this time in Japan's history? Events on the village level are investigated in search for the answer to this query. I have concerned myself with the 1920s alone since the developments in the 1930s merely represent an extension of those of the previous decade. The sociologist James Scott has recently developed a theoretical framework for investigating the origins of tenant unrest as a universal historical phenomenon. This framework was first published in an article in the Journal of Asian Studies entitled "The Erosion of Patron-Client Bonds and Social Change in South East Asia" I have found this framework to provide a useful means of organizing the material relating to the origins of tenant unrest in Japan. The basic premise of Scott's theory is that the vertical ties of loyalty binding the client to his patron are based on the receipt of basic goods and services from the patron. The client's minimum demands are subsistence guarantee and protection. This bond can lose its legitimacy if the patron no longer supplies the goods and services expected by the client. Under these conditions the potential for tenant unrest is created. This potential, however, is not always realized. Whether the patron loses his legitimacy without a client reaction or not depends on several factors. Three of the more important factors that are investigated herein are the state of the client's economy, the means for the client to mobilize and influences beyond the village that either encourage or discourage the expression of his discontent, I argue herein that the 1andlord-tenant relationship in Japan is a patron-client relationship and that changes in Japanese society generally and Japanese rural society specifically led to the loss of legitimacy of that relationship. Four specific changes contributed to that development. The increase in absentee landlordism, the increasing tendency for landlords to invest their money outside of the rural sector, the steady decline in the number of cultivating landlords and the increasing political identification of the landlord with the prefectural bureaucracy all combined to alter the quality of and 1ord-tenant relations and gradually divided the village along class lines. It was this loss of legitimacy of the landlord-tenant relationship that created the potential for tenant unrest. The realization of this potential in the form of organized tenant farmer movement depended primarily on three factors. First, the economic conditions prevailing in Japan in the 1920s were such that the tenant desperately needed the goods and services traditionally provided by the landlord. In the absence of an alternate source of supply the tenant was forced to react against the loss of the services. Second, the existence of a village level tenant farmer union enabled the tenants to successfully mobilize their resources and confront the landlords with their demands in form of a collective bargaining unit. Finally, in order for the movement to have developed it was also necessary that the tenant farmer's traditional attitude toward his landlord change. This change was fostered in large part by the breakdown in the traditional landlord-tenan relationship, but other political changes in Japanese society were not without effect. The labor movement and tenant participation within it was particularly important in fostering changes in tenant farmer consciousness and the development of a class conscious tenant farmer movement. These three conditions are the factors crucial to the realization of the potential for tenant unrest that led to the development of the tenant farmer movement in the 1920s. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

With the advent of technology cloud computing has become the next generation of network computing where cloud computing can deliver both software and hardware as on-demand services over the Internet. Cloud computing has enabled small organizations to build web and mobile apps for millions of users by utilizing the concept of “pay-as-you-go” for applications, computing, network and storage resources as on-demand services. These services can be provided to the tenants in different categories: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS). In order to decrease the costs for the cloud users and increase resource utilization, cloud providers try to share the resources between different organizations (tenants) through a shared environment which is called Multi-Tenancy. Even though multi-tenancy‟s benefits are tremendous for both cloud providers and users, security and privacy concerns are the primary obstacles to Multi-Tenancy.Since Multi-Tenancy dramatically depends on resource sharing, many experts have suggested different approaches to secure Multi-Tenancy. One of the solutions is resource allocation and isolation techniques. In most cases, resource allocation techniques consider but are not sufficient for security. OpenStack community uses a method to isolate the resources in a Multi-Tenant environment. Even though this method is based on a smart filtering technique to segregate the resources in Compute nodes (the component that the instances are running on it in OpenStack), this method is not flawless. The problem comes up in the Cinder nodes where the resources are not isolated. This failure can be considered as a security concern for a Multi-Tenant environment in OpenStack. In order to solve this problem, this project explores a method to secure MultiTenancy for both sides in the Compute node and for backend where Block Storage devices for the instances can be isolated as well. / Med tillkomsten av teknik har molnberäkning blivit nästa generation nätverksberäkning där molnberäkning kan leverera både mjukvara och hårdvara som on-demand-tjänster över Internet. Cloud computing har gjort det möjligt för små organisationer att bygga webboch mobilappar för miljontals användare genom att använda begreppet ”pay-as-you-go” för applikationer, datoranläggningar, nätverksoch lagringsresurser som on-demand-tjänster. Dessa tjänster kan tillhandahållas hyresgästerna i olika kategorier: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) och Software as a Service (SaaS). För att minska kostnaderna för molnanvändarna och öka resursanvändningen, försöker molnleverantörer att dela resurserna mellan olika organisationer (hyresgäster) genom en delad miljö som kallas Multi-Tenancy. Men fördelarna med flera hyresgäster är enorma för både molnleverantörer och användare, säkerhetsoch integritetsfrågor är de främsta hindren för Multi-Tenancy. Eftersom Multi-Tenancy dramatiskt beror på resursdelning har många experter föreslagit olika metoder för att säkra Multi-Tenancy. En av lösningarna är resursallokering och isoleringstekniker. I de flesta fall beaktar resursallokeringstekniker men är inte tillräckliga för säkerhet. OpenStack community använder en metod för att isolera resurserna i en Multi-Tenant-miljö.Men denna metod är baserad på en smart filtreringsteknik för att separera resurserna i Compute-noder (komponenten som instansen körs på den i OpenStack), den här metoden är inte felfri. Problemet kommer upp i Cinder-noderna där resurserna inte är isolerade. Detta fel kan betraktas som ett säkerhetsproblem för en Multi-Tenant-miljö i OpenStack. För att lösa detta problem försöker detta projekt säkra Multi-Tenancy för båda sidor i Compute-noden och för backend där Block Storage-enheter för instanserna också kan isoleras.

China is preponderantly a nation of farmers; 74.5 percent of her people are engaged in agriculture, and the largest single source of her national income is derived from farming. The agricultural problem is fundamental to her national livelihood. Only through its solution can the level-of-living of the Chinese people be gradually raised. / Master of Science

黃永豪. / 手稿本, 複本影印手稿本. / 香港中文大學硏究院歷史學部碩士論文. / 參考文獻 : leaves 227-239. / Huang Yonghao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 沙田的壯貌與鄉紳的作用 --- p.15 / Chapter 第三章 --- 沙田的租佃關係 --- p.62 / Chapter 第四章 --- 東莞明倫堂與萬頃沙　 --- p.82 / Chapter 第五章 --- 大梁龍氏與東海十六沙 --- p.116 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.153 / 附錄 --- p.158 / 注釋 --- p.176 / 徵引書目 --- p.227

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of History, August 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

For individuals with multiple and complex needs, leaving homelessness is recognised as a dynamic and complex process. Furthermore, despite the provision of supports, tenancies may not be maintained and individuals return to using homelessness services. Tenancy sustainment—the maintenance of a tenancy to avoid a premature end of tenure—is fundamental to the resolution and prevention of homelessness. There is a paucity of research about the occupations of individuals as they establish and maintain tenancies. This thesis aimed to understand the transition process from homelessness, and tenancy sustainment, from an occupational perspective, to inform a potential occupational therapy intervention. Underpinned by the Medical Research Council (2008) framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions, a systematic review and a constructivist grounded theory study were conducted in a convergent mixed method study design. The systematic review synthesised the evidence on tenancy sustainment following homelessness from a broad range of studies. It presented positive determinants of tenancy sustainment at individual, interpersonal, community and structural levels. The constructivist grounded theory study was conducted with people who were experiencing or had experienced multiple exclusion homelessness as well as staff in homelessness services. Individuals (n=35) were purposively sampled and interviews using reflexive photography were conducted. A substantive theory about the core process of tenancy sustainment was conceptualised as ‘Making a Home’. This was enacted through identified occupational strategies of ‘putting your stamp on it’, ‘seeing a new self’ and ‘living the life’. Tenancy sustainment was experienced as ‘feeling at home’, which had two sub-categories: ‘belonging’, which was a sense of connection to place, as well as, ‘having connections’ to other people. The key mediating factor to enable tenancy sustainment was taking control over activities. The findings were synthesised to propose a framework of factors that influence successful tenancy sustainment. Engagement in occupations, as individuals established and sustained tenancies, provided a sense of well-being, a sense of control as well as social connections. This indicates the value, to all who support individuals leave homelessness, of providing opportunities and supporting tenants to engage in personally meaningful occupations. In addition, this thesis provides a foundation for the development of an occupational therapy intervention for tenancy sustainment following homelessness.

abstract: Multi-tenancy architecture (MTA) is often used in Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and the central idea is that multiple tenant applications can be developed using compo nents stored in the SaaS infrastructure. Recently, MTA has been extended where a tenant application can have its own sub-tenants as the tenant application acts like a SaaS infrastructure. In other words, MTA is extended to STA (Sub-Tenancy Architecture ). In STA, each tenant application not only need to develop its own functionalities, but also need to prepare an infrastructure to allow its sub-tenants to develop customized applications. This dissertation formulates eight models for STA, and proposes a Variant Point based customization model to help tenants and sub tenants customize tenant and sub-tenant applications. In addition, this dissertation introduces Crowd- sourcing to become the core of STA component development life cycle. To discover fit tenant developers or components to help building and com posing new components, dynamic and static ranking models are proposed. Further, rank computation architecture is presented to deal with the case when the number of tenants and components becomes huge. At last, an experiment is performed to prove rank models and the rank computation architecture work as design. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2017

In January, 1986, Portugal became a part of the European Community. Although this will have many beneficial effects on Portugal's industrial sector, the agricultural sector will be negatively impacted by the regulations under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) due to take affect in 1996. The Entre Douro e Minho (EDM) region, in particular, will be hard hit by the CAP regulations. Modeling of the EDM suggests that farm operators can offset many of the negative impacts through increases in farm investment and farm size. However, legislation in both the credit and land markets hinder this process. This study analyzes the rental-market legislation in light of tenancy theory. The analysis suggests that changes in the method of calculating maximum rent along with changes in the security of tenure provisions will stimulate the rental markets and lead to the desired increases in farm investment and farm size.

This thesis is a collection of three essays, each of which analyses an economic institution in one or more developing countries. A careful analysis of institutions is crucial for the understanding of economic performance and for the design of effective policy measures. In the first essay, "On the Structure of Tenancy Contracts" I analyse the effect of crop and tenant characteristics on the form and on the length of tenancy contracts. Using a principal-agent model I show that highpowered incentives are used when, due to the characteristics of the crop, their benefit is high and/or when, due to the characteristics of the tenant, their cost is low. The theoretical predictions are consistent with the empirical evidence from a unique data set of 705 contracts. The purpose of the second essay, "Competing for Protection: Land Fragmentation and the Rise of Mafia in 19th Century Sicily", is to identify the conditions that fostered the development of the mafia. I argue that in the context of 19th century Sicily, land fragmentation was crucial for the rise of mafia. Using a menu-auction model I show that, by inducing landlords' competition for protection, land fragmentation increases the profits of mafia groups even if the assets in need of protection are unchanged. I show that the predictions of the theory are consistent with the available empirical evidence from a sample of 70 Sicilian villages. In the third essay, "Does Financial Reform Raise or Reduce Savings?", we analyse the effect of financial liberalisation on private savings in eight developing countries. To this purpose we construct an index which summarises the reform process and estimate an error correction model for savings. We find that the effect of financial reform on savings is ambiguous. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 1999. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

I Sverige finns många sommarstugeföreningar som direkt arrenderar ut mark till sina medlemmar genom bostadsarrende. Frågor kring bostadsarrendeställets skötsel finns inte reglerat i lag och inte heller alltid i arrendeavtalet. I vissa fall kräver arrendegivaren i arrendeavtalet att arrendatorn måste vara medlem i föreningen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att analyser om det går att inskränka en bostadsarrendators totalnyttjanderätt genom att föra in skötselregler i föreningens stadgar och i så fall med vilket majoritetskrav. Det ska även utredas vilken effekt en klausul som tvingar arrendatorn att vara medlem har på majoritetskravet. En bostadsarrendator anses ha totalnyttjanderätt och därmed själv kunna bestämma om arrendeställets skötsel. Genom gällande regler krävs två tredjedelars majoritet för en ekonomisk förening att ändra i stadgarna och i vissa fall högre majoritet. Vissa beslut kan dock vara så pass inskränkande i den enskilde medlemmens rätt att det inte borde gå att rösta igenom utan samtliga medlemmars samtycke. Inskränkning i arrendatorns totalnyttjanderätt genom att föra in regler i den ekonomiska föreningens stadgar borde gå att göra. Avtalsfrihet råder inom civilrätten och dessutom uppfyller skötselinförandet kravet på skriftlighet och syftet bakom det. Ett beslut om stadgeändring bör vid införande av skötselregler kräva full majoritet för att röstas igenom. Gränsen mellan att kräva enhällighet eller två tredjedelars majoritet är dock fin, men övervägande själ talar för enhällighet. Om det dessutom i arrendeavtalet skulle föreskrivas att arrendatorn ska vara medlem i föreningen, talar väldigt starka själ för att ett sådant beslut ska kräva enhällighet då en medlems möjlighet att gå ur föreningen blir illusorisk. / In Sweden, many co-operative societies lease land to its members through residential tenancy. How the residential tenancy should be looked after is not regulated by law and often not even in the tenancy contract. Sometimes the contract stipulates that the tenant must be a member of the co-operative society in order to rent. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the possibility for the co-operative society to restrict a residential tenants total right to use the tenancy by regulating how it should be looked after in the statutes and with which majority such a decision should be made. The clause stipulating that a tenant must be a member of the co-operative society is also analyzed to see what effect it has on the majority decision. A residential tenant is considered to have total right to use the tenancy a thus be able for himself to decide how the tenancy should be looked after. Current rules require two thirds majority for a co-operative society to change its statutes and sometimes even higher majority. Certain decisions can be very restrictive to the individual member's right and changing such a statute should not be possible unless all members agree to it. Restrictions on the tenant's total tenancy by inserting rules in the co-operative society’s statute should be possible. There is freedom of contract in civil law. The requirement of written contract and the purpose behind it is also fulfilled. A decision to introduce requirement on how to look after the tenancy should require full majority. The line between requiring unanimity or a two-thirds majority is fine, but most of the reasons speak for unanimity. If the tenancy contract stipulates that the tenant must be a member of the co-operative society in order to rent, very strong reasons speak for the decision to require unanimity as the members’ right to leave the co-operative society becomes illusory.