The current trends in the road transport sector show a growth in axle loads as well as vehicle numbers on all types of roads in highly industrialised countries as well as in developing countries. This increase in axle loads and numbers has forced road agencies to amend their design standards adopting designs that provide roads with higher load bearing capacity. However, the rapid depletion of natural road construction gravel, as well as strict environmental conservation laws have resulted in many agencies in-charge of road construction and maintenance to resort to use of alternative materials that will be economically feasible and environmental friendly. The use of natural pozzolans for stabilising pavement layers fulfils this requirement. This research study was performed with the aim of evaluating the engineering properties of aggregate-lime-natural pozzolan (ALP) mixtures at varying compaction degrees of saturation and to compare them with conventional cement-stabilized aggregates. Two types of pozzolans found in Tanzania were used. The laboratory investigation was carried out in two parts, namely a pilot investigation where the strength behaviour with time, shrinkage and CBR were determined at three degrees of saturation for a washed river sand specimen followed by the main investigation using two different types of sands at four varying degrees of saturation. The study showed that the compaction degree of saturation for ALP mixes plays an important role in their tensile and compressive strengths development regardless of their optimum moisture contents. The ratio between tensile and compressive strengths for ALP mixes was also found to closely obey the relation given by Fulton (2001) for concrete. The ALP mixes were also observed to develop their strength similar to cement mixes with the formation of tobermorite crystals with the additional of water and appropriate activator. Both pozzolan mixes developed significant tensile and compressive strength after 28 days of curing similar to cement mixes. High CBR values for the two ALP mixes were obtained in mixes moulded at degrees of saturation lower than that corresponding to their optimum. Similarly, the shrinkage of the mixes was found to decrease with a decrease in the degrees of saturation. The CBR and shrinkage of the ALP mixes were found to show similar trend to that of the control cement mixes. The ALP mixes showed no significant strength loss with an increase in the fines content in unwashed sand mix in comparison with that of washed sand mixes. No significant strength loss was observed in the ALP mixes as in the control cement mixes at all moulding degrees of saturation. Finally the study concluded that the ALP mixes could be used in stabilization of pavement layers. However, care must be taken in deciding the compaction degrees of saturation as the specifications used in conventional cement stabilization does not necessarily yield desirable strength development in ALP mixes. / Dissertation (MEng (Transportation))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

A pipe consisting of Inconel 600 welded to grade 106-B Carbon-Steel using Inconel 182 weld filler is used to transport heavy water in nuclear reactors. A confidential report concluded that cracking is one of the problems these pipes are currently facing. Before cracking can be fully understood the mechanical properties of the weld must be determined. This thesis analyzed the pipe at various length-scales using optical microscopy, micro-hardness testing, small and large scale tensile testing and digital image correlation (DIC). This thesis successfully achieved it goals of determining the mechanical properties and creating a model of the Inconel dissimilar metal weld. It partially met the goal of observing fracture mechanisms as it was able to observe fracture in tensile samples but was not able to successfully track crack growth.

This project aimed to address the lack of research into the mechanical properties and degradation mechanisms for historical tapestries at the fabric level and understand how effective conservation support strategies can be in the preservation of these artifacts. The research incorporated a large range of techniques from diverse disciplines including weaving, ageing, computer modeling, biochemistry and conservation science. The successful manufacture and ageing of relevant samples provided an excellent opportunity to include testing of historical samples for comparison. Tensile testing of all samples provided a valuable insight into the characteristics of degraded historical samples compared to artificially aged samples. Although individual ageing processes – including UV ageing, Relative Humidity (RH) – thermal cycling and mechanical strain ageing produced a reduction in strength, the historical samples showed a far greater loss of strength due to the combination of all types of ageing in addition to handling and pollution damage. A proteomic analysis of the wool fibres resulted in a greater understanding of the degradative “dark” wool ageing process which suggests that wool yellowing and tendering can be produced not just through photo-chemical reaction. Additionally, the chemical analysis laid an important foundation for future research into linking chemical mechanisms of damage with mechanical loss of strength. Analysis using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) provided an insight into the free radical chemistry of a range of wool/wool samples. It was observed that the light aged samples produced thiyl radicals whereas thioperoxy radicals were seen in the heat-humidity aged samples. This implies separate chemical reactions occur to produce degradation in the different ageing regimes. EPR analysis of some historical samples produced a carbon-based radical peak linked to a soot calibration signal. Further research on historical samples found phenolic radicals, possibly linked to the complex dye chemistry. Further research needs to be undertaken to fully clarify these findings. A world-wide questionnaire to textile conservators has provided a useful resource in terms of a survey of methods and materials used across the world – including technical data as well as more “ethical” motivations for conservation. The results of this survey were used along with the physical data collated in the mechanical testing as information inputted into a finite element model (FEA) to undertake the digital modeling of a tapestry hanging under its own weight. Although more research is needed to fully develop this model, a preliminary investigation has been established which can be used in future research as a tool for textile conservators across the world.

Orientador: Marcelo Giannini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T02:35:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ayres_AnaPaulaAlmeida_M.pdf: 3452977 bytes, checksum: c1245f8af84e3e9b42ae18f3eb096ed8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à dentina de sistemas restauradores contendo ou não fluoretos em sua composição e o comportamento do esmalte e da dentina adjacentes às restaurações, quando submetidos ao desafio cariogênico in vitro. Adicionalmente, durante o desafio cariogênio foi mensurada a liberação de fluoreto dos adesivos. Para o estudo foram utilizados 64 dentes terceiros molares humanos e quatro sistemas restauradores: FL-Bond II/Beautifil II, Bond Force/Estelite Sigma, GC Fuji II LC e Adper Easy Bond/Filtek Z350 XT. No estudo de resistência da união à dentina, utilizou-se a dentina coronária, onde foram aplicados os materiais restauradores (n=8). Os dentes foram seccionados para obtenção dos espécimes e o teste de microtração foi realizado em dois tempos: imediato e após um ano de armazenamento em saliva artificial. Para o estudo da microdureza longitudinal, foram confeccionadas cavidades na região cervical, as quais foram restauradas com os quatro sistemas propostos, de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes (n=8). Os dentes restaurados foram submetidos à ciclagem térmica (3.000 ciclos) e, posteriormente, à ciclagem de pH durante oito dias. A mensuração da microdureza subsuperficial foi realizada em esmalte e em dentina, em três distâncias da parede cavitária e em seis profundidades em relação à superfície submetida à ciclagem de pH. As soluções desmineralizantes e remineralizantes utilizadas nessa ciclagem foram utilizadas para análise de concentração catiônica de flúor. A análise estatística de resistência de união dentinária mostrou que os valores médios não foram afetados após um ano de armazenamento em saliva artificial para nenhum dos sistemas restauradores. Os resultados de microdureza longitudinal em esmalte apresentaram diferença estatística significativa apenas para a distância 50 ?m. Mas os valores médios de microdureza Knoop em esmalte foram semelhantes para os quatro sistemas restauradores quando avaliados nas mesmas distâncias e profundidades. O mesmo padrão de resultado foi encontrado na dentina, mas os valores médios de microdureza não apresentaram diferença estatística entre as distâncias da restauração. A análise catiônica de flúor detectou liberação de fluoreto nos espécimes restaurados com GC Fuji LC II e FL-Bond II/Beautifil II. A partir dos resultados desse estudo in vitro é possível afirmar que os sistemas restauradores avaliados apresentaram estabilidade da união por um ano, porém apresentaram pouca capacidade de inibição de cárie secundária em esmalte e em dentina, independentemente da liberação ou não de fluoretos / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength to dentin of restorative systems containing or not fluoride in their compositions and the performance of enamel and dentin around the restorations, when submitted to cariogenic challenge in vitro. Additionally, the fluoride released was measured during the pH cycling. This study used 64 third molars human teeth and four restorative systems were selected: FL-Bond II/Beautifil II, Bond Force/Estelite Sigma, GC Fuji II LC and Adper Easy Bond/Filtek Z350 XT. For the bond strength evaluation, it was used oclusal dentin in which the restorative materials were applied (n=8). The "restored" teeth were sectioned for obtaining bonded beam specimens and the microtensile test was performed in two times: imediate and after one year of storage in artificial saliva. For the cross-sectional microhardness test, cervical cavities were prepared and filled with the restorative systems according to the manufacturer's instructions (n=8). The restored teeth were submitted to thermo cycling (3.000 cycles) and subsequent pH-cycling during eight days. The cross-sectional microhardness analysis was performed in enamel and dentin, at three distances from cavity wall and at six depths regarding the surface submitted to pH-cycling. The desmineralizing and remineralizing solutions of this pH-cycling regimen was used for fluor cationic concentration analysis. The statistical analysis of bond strength to dentin showed that means were not reduced after one year of storage in artificial saliva for no restorative systems. The results of cross-sectional microhardness measurements in enamel presented significant statistical difference only at the distance of 50 ?m. However, means of Knoop microhardness measurements were similar for the four restorative systems when compared to the same distances and depths. The same pattern of results was found in dentin, but the means of microhardness measurements showed no significant statistical differences between the distances from the restorations. Fluor cationic concentration analysis detected fluoride releasing by the specimens restored GC Fuji LC II and FL-Bond II/Beautifil II. The results of this in vitro study suggest that the restorative products tested presented bond stability after one year, but showed little ability to inhibit secondary caries around restoration, independently on fluoride releasing or not / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Luís Alexandre Maffei Sartini Paulillo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T07:41:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coppini_ErickKamiya_M.pdf: 3349153 bytes, checksum: e0323d6512c30cee2e8ea17128a4c6e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cavosuperficial enamel acid-etching influence in class I cavities, filled with composites on microtensile bond strength, Knoop microhardness and nanoleakage after thermomechanic ageing. It was selected 76 sound molar splitted on: 32 teeth to microtensile test (n=8); 32 teeth to Knoop microhardness (n=8); and 12 teeth (n=3) to nanoleakage analysis. The cavities were prepared on a standard cavity preparation machine. Half of the teeth had the cavosuperficial enamel etched with 35% phosphoric acid and restored with a Silorane restorative system or a Methacrylate restorative system. After the conclusion of the restoration procedures, the teeth were taken to a thermomechanic cycling machine where the artificial ageing was performed with 200.000 mechanical cycles with an 80 N load in a 2HZ frequency and thermocycling by filling the chambers for 30 seconds and 15 seconds drainage with the temperatures varying between 5ºC and 55ºC. The samples were submitted to the microtensile bond strength test, Knoop microhardness and nanoleakage evaluation. To statistical analysis it was performed the ANOVA two-way and Tuckey test (p ? 0,05). The group restored with methacrylate without acid-etching showed the lowest values of microtensile bond strength and it was statistically different to the other groups that have no difference between them. The methacrylate composite presented statistically higher values on Knoop microhardness compared to silorane composite. The nanoleakage analysis showed low infiltration to silorane restorative system and moderate infiltration to the methacrylate restorative system. The methacrylate group restored without enamel acid-etching showed the formation of Water Trees. It can be concluded that the acid-etching improved the bond strength to the methacylate system. The methacrylate composite has bigger Knoop microhardness than silorane composite. The methacrylate restorative system showed moderate infiltration on nanoleakage analysis / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cavosuperficial enamel acid-etching influence in class I cavities, filled with composites on microtensile bond strength, Knoop microhardness and nanoleakage after thermomechanic ageing. It was selected 76 sound molar splitted on: 32 teeth to microtensile test (n=8); 32 teeth to Knoop microhardness (n=8); and 12 teeth (n=3) to nanoleakage analysis. The cavities were prepared on a standard cavity preparation machine. Half of the teeth had the cavosuperficial enamel etched with 35% phosphoric acid and restored with a Silorane restorative system or a Methacrylate restorative system. After the conclusion of the restoration procedures, the teeth were taken to a thermomechanic cycling machine where the artificial ageing was performed with 200.000 mechanical cycles with an 80 N load in a 2HZ frequency and thermocycling by filling the chambers for 30 seconds and 15 seconds drainage with the temperatures varying between 5ºC and 55ºC. The samples were submitted to the microtensile bond strength test, Knoop microhardness and nanoleakage evaluation. To statistical analysis it was performed the ANOVA two-way and Tuckey test (p ? 0,05). The group restored with methacrylate without acid-etching showed the lowest values of microtensile bond strength and it was statistically different to the other groups that have no difference between them. The methacrylate composite presented statistically higher values on Knoop microhardness compared to silorane composite. The nanoleakage analysis showed low infiltration to silorane restorative system and moderate infiltration to the methacrylate restorative system. The methacrylate group restored without enamel acid-etching showed the formation of Water Trees. It can be concluded that the acid-etching improved the bond strength to the methacylate system. The methacrylate composite has bigger Knoop microhardness than silorane composite. The methacrylate restorative system showed moderate infiltration on nanoleakage analysis / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

As traffic loads increase and bridges age the need for structural health monitoring is growing. With the digitalization of our society, new non-contact full-field measurement techniques have been developed. These techniques have the potential to be used in monitoring of existing bridges. Today visual inspections are carried out every sixth year. These only give a rough estimate of the structure's health and only provide information about the surface of the structure. In addition to these inspections, traditional sensors like linear variable differential transformers and strain gauges are used to measure parameters such as displacement and strain. For existing bridges in reinforced concrete it is especially important to monitor reinforcement strains, as high strains could be indicative of overloading of the structure or even that a failure is about to occur. The methods available to measure reinforcement strain in existing bridges today are not very effective and have some limitations. The aim of this thesis is thus to evaluate the possibility to predict reinforcement strain based on surface strain measurements obtained by a non-contact full-field optical measurement system. In this study the software ARAMIS was used to measure surface strains, and traditional strain gauges were used to measure reinforcement strain. Strain distribution were evaluated at the initiation of cracks, during sections of cyclic loading and at a load close to the yielding point of the reinforcement. A correlation factor between the strain registered in the software and the strain obtained from the strain gauges was introduced. Based on the results in this study it is not possible to predict exact reinforcement strain based on surface measurements. Digital image correlation does however show potential to be used as a non-contact full-field measurement technique for in-situ measurements. Before this is reality there is still a need for further research in this area.

Orientadores: Simonides Consani, Lourenço Correr Sobrinho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T00:04:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dantas_LucasCostadeMedeiros_D.pdf: 1456971 bytes, checksum: 92555fabf5fb3ce889e0f529fd098830 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Diferentes métodos de ensaio para verificação da resistência de união entre materiais odontológicos são descritos na literatura como meios de predizer o comportamento destes materiais em meio oral. Entre os métodos utilizados, os mais mencionados são os de microtração e microcisalhamento. Apesar de amplamente estudados, existe uma grande variação nos protocolos de confecção de espécimes e de ensaio mecânico, dificultando a comparação entre os estudos. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da interface de união entre cerâmica odontológica e dois cimentos resinosos sob influência de diferentes ensaios de resistência de união, potências de fotoativação e realização de ciclagem térmica. Utilizando o método de elementos finitos, no capítulo 1, dois modelos, um simulando o ensaio de microcisalhamento e o outro o ensaio de microtração, foram analisados quanto à distribuição de tensões na região de união dos espécimes. Assim, no capítulo 2, o ensaio de microcisalhamento foi utilizado para avaliar a resistência de união entre dois cimentos resinosos e uma cerâmica odontológica variando a potência do aparelho fotoativador, e a simulação de envelhecimento por meio de ciclagem térmica. Por meio de teste in vitro, os ensaios de microtração e microcisalhamento foram utilizados para avaliar a resistência de união entre os mesmos materiais e com os mesmos protocolos de confecção, variando o tipo de cimento resinoso e a potência do foto ativador. O método de elementos finitos revelou a presença de uma tensão uniaxial para o modelo de microtração. Nos ensaios laboratoriais o ensaio de microcisalhamento resultou em maiores valores de resistência de união. O método de envelhecimento de amostras diminuiu a resistência de união. Desta forma, conclui-se que a utilização da baixa potência de fotoativação favoreceu o resultado de resistência de união imediato e que o ensaio de microtração performado neste estudo apresentou tensões melhores distribuídas indicando melhor utilização no ensaio / Abstract: Different test methods to verify the bond strength of dental materials are described in the literature as a means to predict the behaviour of these materials in the oral environment. Among the methods used, the most mentioned are the microtensile and microshear. Although widely studied, there is a large variation in the preparation of specimens and mechanical testing protocols, making it difficult to compare studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour of the adhesive interface with two resin cements and curing powers and performing thermal cycling, assessed by two different tests of bond strength. Using the finite element method, in chapter 1, two models were made, one simulating the test microshear and the other microtensile test were analysed for the stress distribution in the adhesive region of the specimens. Thus, microshear test, in chapter 2, was used to evaluate the bond strength of two resin cements and dental ceramics by varying the power of curing unit device and the simulation of ageing by thermal cycling. By the means of in vitro assay tests microtensile and microshear were used to evaluate the bond strength of the same materials and with the same protocols of specimens preparation by varying the type of resin cement and the power of the photoactivator. The finite element analysis revealed the microtensile model a uniaxial stress. In laboratory, microshear results in higher values of bond strength. The ageing method promoted reducing in bond strength values, while the low power of photoactivation increases these values. It may be concluded, that low intensity of photoactivation leads to an immediately higher bond strength and microtensile bond strength test performed in this study showed the stresses distributed in correct axis indicating better use to bond strength evaluation / Doutorado / Materiais Dentarios / Doutor em Materiais Dentários

In order to study the mechanical performance of dry-cast synthetic fiber reinforced concrete (SynFRC), samples of varying geometry, fiber content, and environmental exposure were developed and tested using the modified indirect tensile test. The samples created consisted of three different thicknesses (with two different geometries), and six different fiber contents that differed in either type, or quantity, of fibers. Throughout the duration of this research, procedures for inflicting detrimental materials into the concrete samples were employed at a number of different environments by implementing accelerated rates of deterioration using geometric adjustments, increased temperature exposure, wetting/drying cycles, and preparation techniques. The SynFRC samples studied were immersed in a wide range of environments including: the exposure of samples to high humidity and calcium hydroxide environments, which served at the control group, while the sea water, low pH, and barge conditioning environments were used to depict the real world environments similar to what would be experienced in the Florida ecosystem. As a result of this conditioning regime, the concrete was able to imitate the real-world effects that the environments would have inflicted if exposed for long durations after an exposure period of only 20-24 months. Having adequately conditioned the samples in their respective environments, they were then tested (and forensically investigated) using the modified indirect tensile testing method to gather data regarding each sample’s toughness and load handling capability. By analyzing the results from each sample, the toughness was calculated by taking the area under the force displacement curve. From these toughness readings it was found that possible degradation occurred between the fiber-matrix interface of some of the concrete samples conditioned in the Barge environment. From these specimens that were immersed in the barge environment, a handful of them exhibited multiple episodes of strain softening characteristics within their force displacement curves. In regard to the fibers used within the samples, the PVA fibers tended to pull off more while the Tuff Strand SF fibers had the highest tendency to break (despite some of the fibers showing similar pull off and breaking failure characteristics). When it comes to the overall thickness of the sample, there was clear correlation between the increase in size and the increase in sample toughness, however the degree to which it correlates varies from sample to sample. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

No description available.

The aim of this thesis is to attempt to solve technical and spatial issues in an architectural project by looking at a species of spider, Cyrtphora Citricola. This will be done using desk-based research, reference reading and testing models. The work of architect Frei Otto will also be used as a reference for technical and programmatic solutions in the architectural intervention. The thesis will attempt to answer the question, ‘What aspects of technical and spatial adaptability can be brought into an architectural context by studying spiders and their behavior?’ Spider silk is built up through a protein chain hierarchy, making for a unique structural material. As a species, spiders are particularly adaptable to different living conditions. The specific species Cyrtphora Citricola has a very unique way of building its web which has a tent-shaped formation. It is very adaptable to different sites and living conditions and shares similarities with the tent and netted roof structures designed by Otto. Being a pioneer in the fields of minimal architecture and tension construction, he claims architecture needs to integrate with nature as well as be light and minimal in order to solve the environmental problems we face in modern society. These theories have influenced this thesis and the resulting architectural project proposal. To gain further understanding of tensional structures, experiments using two different methods of model making have been explored. The first uses string and soap film to test the naturally occurring minimal surface of physical models and the second uses a similar method by programming computational software to act like the soap film. The project is summarized in one potential usage of the spider in architecture, an elementary school located in the planned neighborhood Tomtebo Strand, Umeå. The plot is currently all forest, which will be used in the project as a statement of adaptability. As a result of insufficient research surrounding spiders, the project developed into a modern recreation of Otto’s work with tensile construction. The purpose of the architectural project ‘NETWORK’ is to investigate how a large structure can adapt to any location, causing minimal impact. By studying spiders and spider technology and combining the research with the work of Otto; aspects of adaptability, technical function and aesthetical form have been combined to create a project which answers the thesis question.