Baigiamajame bakalauro darbe išanalizuoti 1077 edukologijos terminai, išrinkti iš L. Jovaišos Enciklopedinio edukologijos žodyno (2007). Jų sandara, kilmė, daryba ir kirčiavimas iki šiol plačiau nenagrinėti. Edukologijos terminai sandaros atžvilgiu suskirstyti į vienažodžius ir sudėtinius (dvižodžius, trižodžius ir keturžodžius) terminus, nustatytos jų kirčiuotės. Dauguma edukologijos terminų yra vienažodžiai terminai – 655 (60,8 proc.), sudėtinių terminų rasta 422 (39,2 proc.). Daugiau nei pusė vienažodžių edukologijos terminų yra lietuviški žodžiai – 378 (57,7 proc.). Net 592 vienažodžiai terminai (90,4 proc.) yra pirmosios ir antrosios kirčiuočių – atitinkamai 363 ir 229. Trečiosios kirčiuotės rasti 35, o ketvirtosios – 26 terminai. Lietuviški vienažodžiai pirmosios kirčiuotės edukologijos terminai dažniausiai turi priesagą -imas (60), reiškiančią veiksmų pavadinimus. Tarp antrosios kirčiuotės lietuviškų edukologijos terminų daugiausia turinčių priesagas -umas (56), kuri reiškia ypatybių pavadinimus, ir -imas (47), reiškiančią įvairius veiksmus. Iš tarptautinių pirmosios kirčiuotės vienažodžių edukologijos terminų daugiausia yra su baigmeniu -ija (74), antrosios kirčiuotės – su baigmeniu -izmas (22). Iš sudėtinių edukologijos terminų daugiausia yra dvižodžių terminų – 355 (84,1 proc.). Tarp jų vyrauja terminai su prepoziciškai prijungtais dėmenimis. / The bachelor thesis analyzes 1077 terms of education which were selected from Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Education (Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas) by L. Jovaiša (2007). Their structure, origin, formation and accentuation have not been analyzed in detail yet. In regard to the structure, terms of education are divided into one-word and compound (consisting of two, three and four words) terms. Their accentuation classes have been determined. Most terms of education are one-word terms – 655 (60,8%), 422 (39,2%) compound terms have been found. More than a half of one-word terms of education are Lithuanian words – 378 (57,7%). 592 (90,4%) one-word terms, respectively 363 and 229 ones, are of the first and second accentuation classes. There have been found 35 terms of the third accentuation class and 26 ones – of the fourth accentuation class. Lithuanian one-word terms of education belonging to the first accentuation class often have the suffix -imas (60) which expresses the names of actions. Lithuanian terms of education belonging to the second accentuation class generally have the suffixes -umas (56) (expresses the names of characteristics) and -imas (47) (expresses various actions). International one-word terms of education belonging to the first accentuation class have the ending -ija (74), while the terms of the second accentuation class have the ending -izmas (22). A vast majority of compound terms of education are two-word terms – 355 (84,1%). Terms with... [to full text]

The main goal of this thesis is to explore basic methods which is using for extraction of important words from articles. After that try to understand character of using keywords from the available set of testing English articles. Based on these findings, try to design and to implement a system which is using this methods. Then created system testing on the real English articles and after that try to analyse results.

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This thesis concerns the evolution of language. A proliferation of theoretical models have been presented in recent years purporting to offer evolutionary accounts for various aspects of modern languages. These models rely heavily on abstract mechanistic models of the production and reception of language by modern humans, drawn from various approaches in linguistics which aim at such models. A very basic and ubiquitous assumption is that expressions have meaning in virtue of being associated with internal representations, and that therefore the evolution of language can be modelled on the basis of individuals trying to produce external manifestations of these internal “meanings”. I examine the role of this assumption in language evolution theorising, and review evidence from neuroscience and first language acquisition relevant to the validity of this assumption. The chaotic nature of the relationship between “meaning” and the brain undermines the supposition that the evolution of language was driven by spontaneous association between internal structures and external forms. I then turn to the philosophical basis of language evolution theorising, adopting a Wittgensteinian perspective on the cognitive interpretation of linguistic theories. I argue that the theoretical apparatus of such approaches is embedded in language games whose complicated rules relate to linguistic behaviour (and idealisations of that behaviour) but not to neural organisation. The reinterpretation of such descriptions of language as descriptions of the internal structures of language users is rejected as a grammatical confusion: if the rules for constructing linguistic theory descriptions do not mention neural structures, then theoretical descriptions of the linguistic abilities of an individual say nothing non-trivial about their internal brain structure. I do not deny that it would, in principle, be possible to reduce linguistic theories (reinterpreted as mechanistic descriptions) to neural structures, but claim that this possibility is guaranteed only by leaving the practice of re-describing physical brain descriptions entirely unconstrained. Thus the idea that we can reasonably infer the behaviour of humans and prehumans in more primitive communicative environments by manipulation of the models of linguistic theories is unfounded: we have no idea how such a manipulation would translate into statements about neural organisation, and so no idea how plausible such statements about earlier neural organisation (and the resultant behaviours) are. As such, cognitive interpretations of linguistic theories provide no better ground for statements about behaviour during earlier stages in the evolution of language than guessing. Rejecting internal-mechanism based accounts as unfounded leaves the evolution of language unexplained. In the latter parts of this thesis, I offer a more neutral approach which is sensitive to the limited possibilities available for making predictions about human (and pre-human) behaviour at earlier stages in the evolution of language. Rather than focusing on the individual and imputed internal language machinery, the account considers the communicative affordances available to individuals. The shifts in what individuals can learn to do in interaction with others, that result in turn from the learning of interactive practices by others, form the basis of this account. General trends in the development of communicative affordances are used to account for generalisations over attested semantic change, and to suggest how certain aspects of modern language use developed without simply assuming that it is “natural” for humans to (spontaneously) behave in these ways. The model is used in an account of the evolution and common structure of colour terms across different languages.

The problem in this study has been to analyze the vocabulary needs in the field of Library Service and to develop a professional tool, including an English-French glossary of approximately fifteen hundred terms concerning the making, the acquisition, and the organization of books as related to Library Service.

The aim of this thesis is to implement source terms to numerical model for curent sheet in solar atmosphere. The chapters are structured in the way that can present us with basic knowledge of the Sun and processes in its atmosphere. Than we present important equations for numerical solution and for the initial equilibrium of our simulation. One of the last chapters is dedicated to software we use for our numerical simulations called FLASH. In the end of the thesis we present results of our numerical simulations.

Putting fractions in lowest terms is a common problem for basic algebra courses, but it is rarely discussed in abstract algebra. In a 1990 paper, D.D. Anderson, D.F. Anderson, and M. Zafrullah published a paper called Factorization in Integral Domains, which summarized the results concerning different factorization properties in domains. In it, they defined an LT domain as one where every fraction is equal to a fraction in lowest terms. That is, for any x/y in the field of fractions of D, there is some a/b with x/y=a/b and the greatest common divisor of a and b is 1. In addition, R. Gilmer included a brief exercise concerning lowest terms over a domain in his book Multiplicative Ideal Theory. In this thesis, we expand upon those definitions. First, in Chapter 2 we make a distinction between putting a fraction in lowest terms and reducing it to lowest terms. In the first case, we simply require the existence of an equal fraction which is in lowest terms, while the second requires an element which divides both the numerator and the denominator to reach lowest terms. We also define essentially unique lowest terms, which requires a fraction to have only one lowest terms representation up to unit multiples. We prove that a reduced lowest terms domain is equivalent to a weak GCD domain, and that a domain which is both a reduced lowest terms domain and a unique lowest terms domain is equivalent to a GCD domain. We also provide an example showing that not every domain is a lowest terms domain as well as an example showing that putting a fraction in lowest terms is a strictly weaker condition than reducing it to lowest terms. Next, in Chapter 3 we discuss how lowest terms in a domain interacts with the polynomial ring. We prove that if D[T] is a unique lowest terms domain, then D must be a GCD domain. We also provide an alternative approach to some of the earlier results using the group of divisibility. So far, all fractions have been representatives of the field of fractions of a domain. However, in Chapter 4 we examine fractions in other localizations of a domain. We define a necessary and sufficient condition on the multiplicatively closed set, and then examine how this relates to existing properties of multiplicatively closed sets. Finally, in Chapter 5 we briefly examine lowest terms in rings with zero divisors. Because many properties of GCDs do not hold in such rings, this proved difficult. However, we were able to prove some results from Chapter 2 in this more general case.

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The Glossary is a fictocritical work which accompanies the novel, New Moon Through Glass, written for my doctorate that encorporates fiction, poetry, analytic and critical text, and which ‘writes back’ to the novel without the interpretive gesture and in doing so interrogates the art of fiction via a fictocritical critique. The generic glossary (a collection of glosses) encapsulates the ‘interpretive gesture’ par excellence — the hermeneutical exercise that criticism’s role has widely been thought to be. Its earliest, medieval form as a commentary (or series of commentaries), translation or exegesis in the margins of or between the lines of a text, reiterates the glossary’s ostensible purpose to explicate rather than create ‘meaning’. As a fictocritical work, The Glossary therefore both interrupts the monolithic architecture of the text through the techniques of the cut and the stitch, and also, by ‘reading between the lines’ of the novel, provides alternative readings; a space for other voices, other texts. In the process the project repositions the glossary before the novel (a reversal of the usual order) inciting a series of readings and re-readings which establish a practice of critical fictionalising and the fictionalising of the critical and an incitement to read in this manner. In the performance, The Glossary ventures to open this Pandora’s Box and in the process reflects on what, as a practitioner, writing is, what reading is, and what is critical practice and what creative. The Glossary is a performance of a distinction put by Bathes as a ‘thinking through’ rather than ‘a residue of critical thought’ (1985: 284) and therefore demands to be read as a fictocritical The Glossary was arrived at after much research and experimentation in my fiction writing practice with footnotes, asides and summarizing (‘the story so far’ style) prefaces or segues and above all definitions, a fascination which might be summarised by the distinction that Charlotte Brontë drew between writing that was ‘real’ and writing that was ‘true’. Fiction often requires realism in order to ring true, and yet the elements of language that give it force owe nothing to realism — its power lies in its imagery, its symmetry, its poetry all of which foreground textuality and intertextuality in a manner congruent with the fictocritical project. The Glossary, ostensibly there to confirm and stabilise knowledge, language and reading practices, shows, by fictionalising the critical, the dependent ordering and silences through the art of character in this knowledge architecture. Far from keeping an ‘objective’ distance, The Glossary generates a parallel text to the novel in which the voice of the author ‘speaks’, and in doing so has much to say, by its multi-vocal presence, about authorial intentions (and anxieties), slippages, ruptures and textual transparencies, opacities and excess; about the ways in which writing is both knowledge and being, knowing and making. The Glossary grew (rhizomically though not randomly) from textual asides, after thoughts and back stories, parallel and divergent interests, arguments, lyricisms, associations, allusions and theories. Eventually The Glossary became a piece of writing performing what could not ‘make it’ into the work of fiction. That a glossary is made up of ����entries���� proved an enlivening form, which generated a different kind of writing practice and a different kind of writing, perhaps not dissimilar to a web log. In making this comparison I am referencing Kerryn Goldsworthy’s comments that ‘blogging’, as ‘dynamic thinking-in-action’, sets its form apart from traditional writing and ‘creates a shift away from the consumer-producer model’ by destabilising the notion of a one-way transaction, ‘active writer producer to passive reader-consumer’. Each entry in The Glossary is a jumping off point for text to grow either from the point-of-view of the writer or reader, and each item simultaneously encourages a non-linear reading with regard to itself out of which possibilities are generated — as a body of text; the ‘self’ to which it constantly refers — and the novel it appends. The Glossary allows space for ‘undisicplined’ writing which does not conform to the teleological narrative of the thriller genre and in doing so, offers a radically democratic opportunity for the reader (who along with the writer also composes the story) to join in the process and the practice and understand how in ‘working through’ any text we are subconsciously glossing and deducing as we go. Some entries in The Glossary relate to specifics in the novel. Others to novels which haunt the text or other texts dreamed of, wished for or forgotten. Many of the subjects of The Glossary are familiar terms in literary and critical discourse examined in the process of writing. Still others relate to identity and to doubling, as a fictional device, but also as textual possibility. The counterpoint between the two texts — glossary and novel — holds other dialogues and polylogues: the intimate linkage between love and murder or desire and violence; disappearances — both textual and familial; childhood, memory and, motherhood; voice, reading, writing- (as well as reading-)blocks; the flâneur; psychoanalysis and dreams; collage; and the house as a metaphor for the body or the text. Certainly The Glossary presents an occasion for writing, an exercise, an exegesis and, where necessary, an excuse: ‘Only paper offers the tactile complexities of the origami life, the papier mache existence. (The Glossary p. 84) / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)