This diploma thesis is about financing of terrorism and the countermeasures of the international community. First, the issue is described from a general perspective. The first half of the thesis deals with the definition of terrorism and general ways how terrorist groups finance themselves. The following part is a summary of the most important countermeasures at universal and regional levels. The second part deals with the case of the terrorist group ISIL. First, the development of the group and its financial resources are explained. In the final part there is a list of international measures against ISIL and, given the still ongoing development, so far limited evaluation of their effectiveness and how they could develop in the future. The aim of this thesis is to cexplain how ISIL obtains the necessary funding and what are currently international countermeasures.

The purpose of this mini-dissertation is to analyse and establish the potential money laundering and terrorism financing risks and implications of virtual currencies on the prevalent South African regulatory and supervisory architecture. The South African financial system is exceedingly regulated and supervised to ensure that it is prudent and reputable, and to enhance the safety and soundness thereof. Recently, technological innovations and developments have created immense issues especially from a financial regulatory and supervisory perspective. Financial technology has produced mysterious phenomena such as blockchain, insuretech, crowdfunding and virtual currencies. Presently, virtual currencies, which will be the focus of this study, do not fall within the ambits of the South African financial regulatory or supervisory regime and have thus created a regulatory arbitrage. This poses a significant number of risks and implications to the South African context, namely tax evasion; crossborder illicit flow of funds; contravention of exchange control regulations; financial instability; monetary policy uncertainty; inaccurate economic statistics; non-reporting of balance of payment requirements; and money laundering and terrorist financing (ML/TF). The study aims to construct a clear description and categorisation of virtual currencies within a South African context. Secondly, the study will set out the risks and implications that virtual currencies pose to the South African financial system from a ML/TF perspective. Finally, the study will present a possible solution to close the current regulatory arbitrage presented by virtual currencies in the South African financial sector. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Mercantile Law / LLM Banking Law / Unrestricted

Le terrorisme est un phénomène complexe. La menace qu'il constitue pour les Etats et la communauté internationale conduit à ne plus limiter son appréhension à la seule répression de ses manifestations. Les politiques nationales sont ainsi dirigées vers une anticipation des actes terroristes. Dès lors, la prévention du terrorisme ne se contente plus d'une organisation juridique performante, mais oriente ses priorités sur des services de renseignements efficaces, sur la lutte contre le financement des activités terroristes et tend à anticiper les menaces nouvelles de type NRBC notamment. L'évidente insuffisance d'une prise en charge uniquement nationale du phénomène n'étant plus à démontrer face à un terrorisme transnational, une approche internationale apparait nécessaire. Bien qu'imparfaite, elle se matérialise par une prise en charge juridique du phénomène mais également par une coopération diplomatique, policière et judiciaire dont l'efficacité n'est souvent pas à la hauteur de la menace, demeurant ainsi largement perfectible. Dès lors, face aux difficultés et imperfections nationales et internationales existantes, l'amélioration de la prévention du terrorisme doit conduire à une réflexion sur ses causes afin de pallier les motivations terroristes et doit s'accompagner d'une étude sur les perspectives futures de manifestations terroristes afin d'anticiper et de prévenir au mieux le terrorisme d'aujourd'hui et ce que peut être le terrorisme de demain. / The terrorism is a complex phenomenon. The threat which it establishes for States and the international community leads not to limit any more its apprehension to the only repression of its demonstrations. The national politics are so managed towards an anticipation of the terrorist acts. From then on, the prevention of the terrorism contents itself no more than a successful legal organization, but direct its priorities on services of effective information, on wrestling against the financing of the terrorist activities and tends to anticipate type NRBC's new threats in particular. The evident incapacity of an only national coverage of the phenomenon not being any more to demonstrate in front of a transnational terrorism, an international approach seems necessary. Although imperfect, it materializes by a legal coverage of the phenomenon but also by a diplomatic, police and judicial cooperation, the efficiency of which is not often as high as the threat, remaining so widely perfectible. From then on, in front of difficulties and existing national and international imperfections, the improvement of the prevention of the terrorism has to lead to a reflection on its causes to mitigate the terrorist motivations and has to come along with a study on the future perspectives of terrorist demonstrations to anticipate and prevent at best the current terrorism and that can be the terrorism of tomorrow.

Suppressing the legalisation of the earnings of criminal activities along with the terrorism financing represent the essential aspect of terrorism and predicative crimes (from which the illegal earnings are obtained) prevention. Focusing on concealing the tracks of money transfers, the legalisation of the earnings of criminal activities and terrorism financing is being proceeded throughout a series of money transfers and with the help of other financial services. Therefore, it is crucial to mainly focus on the field of payment services providers when trying to supress these activities. For the purposes of supressing the legalisation of the earnings of criminal activities and terrorism financing the banks and other bodies on the financial market are relevant providers of the payment services. The key legal provision regulating the domain in question is the Act no. 253/2008 Coll. (regarding certain precautions against the legalisation of the earnings of criminal activities and terrorism financing) which puts the payment services providers in the role of liable subjects. The diploma theses analyses individual precautions against the legalisation of the earnings of criminal activities and terrorism financing, whose implementation is posed on the liable subjects by national legislation, as well as the...

This thesis deals with instruments in the fight against financing of terrorism, introduced on the international level. The thesis focuses on three key instruments in fight against terrorism financing, the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the resolution of the Security Council of the United Nations no. 1373 (2001) and the Nine Special Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force. The instruments are described with regard to the circumstances under which they were created and their progressive development. The thesis is trying to answers the question of the significance of dealing with the issue of terrorism financing from the view of international law as well as assessing the described instruments. The diploma thesis consists of an introduction, five chapters and the conclusion. The introduction briefly clarify the issue of terrorism and it's financing as well as expresses the reasons for the need to address these issues on the international level. The second chapter deals with the United Nation Organization and it's contributions in this issues and then leads on the look at the Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The chapter three provides an insight on the instruments - universal conventions in fight against terrorism...

This thesis attempts to provide a critical perspective on international efforts to prevent the financing of terrorism. The thesis argues that the fight against the financing of terrorism is a vital component of counter terrorism strategies and underlines the significance of international organizations in combating terrorist financing. The thesis examines the fund raising and movement activities of terrorist groups. Moreover, it analyzes the efforts of international organizations to combat terrorist financing and discusses the adequacy of these efforts. By arguing that international community&rsquo / s efforts are not adequate, the thesis makes some recommendations. Finally, the thesis tests to what extent neo-liberal institutionalist approach, which mainly concentrates on cooperation and regime formation regarding the global problems faced by the states, can explain the international fight against the financing of terrorism.

The thesis examines counter-terrorism financing measures adopted at UN level, by the EU and by the Czech Republic in the aftermath of 09/11/2001. The study answers such questions as which measures are effective in the Czech Republic and by what means they are implemented, what are the causes of their adoption and the objectives to be achieved. Trends determining ongoing evolution in this domain are also developed on the basis of the analysis.

Orientador: Flávia de Campos Mello / Resumo: O estudo de como grupos e redes terroristas financiam suas atividades é crucial tanto para uma compreensão geral de sua operação quanto para atividades contraterroristas. Combater o terrorismo tornou-se uma questão não tanto do uso do poder militar, mas principalmente de uma abordagem sistêmica que visa, entre outros, acabar com os fluxos financeiros para terroristas e impor sanções a grupos e indivíduos por meio de sua inclusão em listas negras e do congelamento de ativos. O presente trabalho se debruça justamente sobre essa lógica, o nexo entre o poder financeiro e a segurança internacional. A partir de uma perspectiva crítica, propõe-se investigar os múltiplos processos e instrumentos políticos e que envolvem a regulação do combate ao financiamento do terrorismo em âmbito internacional. Os objetivos do trabalho são avaliar como se deu a construção da ameaça representada pelo terrorismo; identificar os principais atores e mecanismos institucionais internacionais que promoveram a qualificação do terrorismo como um crime financeiro; examinar como se dá a articulação da internalização de normas internacionais no âmbito nacional; e analisar que tipo de dinâmica sistêmica opera no combate ao financiamento do terrorismo. Dessa forma, é possível observar a constituição de uma institucionalidade global em torno do combate ao financiamento do terrorismo. Sugere-se a existência de uma rede regulatória global, evidenciada por meio de um regime internacional de combate ao financiamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Studying how terrorist groups and networks finance their activities is crucial for both a general understanding of its operation and also for counterterrorism actions. Fighting terrorism has be-come a matter not only linked to the use of military power, but mainly a systemic approach that aims, among others, at stopping financial flows for terrorists and imposing sanctions on groups and individuals through their inclusion in blacklists and assets freezing. This thesis focuses precisely on this logic, on the link between financial power and international security. From a critical perspective, it proposes to investigate the multiple processes and political instruments that involve the regulation of combating the financing of terrorism at the international level. The main goal of this thesis are to assess how the threat posed by terrorism was assemble; to identify the main international institutional actors and mechanisms that promoted the qualifica-tion of terrorism as a financial crime; to examine how the internalization of international stand-ards is articulated at the national level; and to analyze what kind of systemic dynamic operates in counter-terrorism financing. Thus, it is possible to observe the structure of a global institu-tional framework regarding countering terrorism financing. This thesis suggests the existence of a global regulatory network, verified by the existence of an international regime to countering the financing of terrorism, which also includes anti-... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: Estudiar cómo los grupos y redes terroristas financian sus actividades es crucial tanto para una comprensión general de su operación como para las actividades antiterroristas. La lucha contra el terrorismo se ha convertido en una cuestión no tanto del uso del poder militar, sino princi-palmente de un enfoque sistémico que tiene como objetivo, mientras otros, poner fin a los flujos financieros a los terroristas e imponer sanciones a grupos e individuos a través de su inclusión en las listas negras y el congelamiento de activos. El presente trabajo se centra precisamente en esta lógica, el vínculo entre el poder financiero y la seguridad internacional. Desde una pers-pectiva crítica, se propone investigar los múltiples procesos e instrumentos políticos que impli-can la regulación de la lucha contra el financiamiento del terrorismo a nivel internacional. Los objetivos del trabajo son evaluar cómo se construyó la amenaza que representa el terrorismo; identificar los principales actores y mecanismos institucionales internacionales que promovie-ron la calificación del terrorismo como delito financiero; examinar cómo se articula la interna-lización de las normas internacionales a nivel nacional; y analizar qué tipo de dinámica sisté-mica opera en la lucha contra el financiamiento del terrorismo. De esta manera, es posible ob-servar la constitución de un marco institucional global para combatir el financiamiento del te-rrorismo. Se sugiere la existencia de una red reguladora global, ... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Doutor

Money laundering and terrorist financing present major social problems that can negatively impact economic growth of both, the state and the households. The ever-increasing globalization and the trend of removing barriers to the free market make it harder for the authorities to detect and investigate abovementioned crimes. That is why, in recent years, efforts have been made to cooperate in the fight against money laundering, both globally and at European Union level. The European Union keeps constantly improving the AML/CTF legislation. Thanks to that, the Czech Republic can keep up with the rapidly evolving techniques the offenders come up with. This thesis present one of the new legal institutes in the Czech law - beneficial ownership. The idea of beneficial ownership came from the Directive 2015/849 that was implemented into the AML/CFT Act n. 253/2008. Under the Directive, corporates and other legal entities such as trusts will be required to maintain accurate and current information on their beneficial ownership. Beneficial owner is an entity that enjoys the possession and/or benefits of ownership (such as receipt of income). The first part of the thesis concerns the general anti-money laundering and combating financing of terrorism problematics. It also tackles the concept of ownership...

The master thesis "Basque terrorist organization ETA - its activity since 2004, tactics, internal structure and future perspectives of development" deals with the analysis of development of the Basque terrorist organization ETA after 2004, when the islamic fundamentalists attacked Madrid. The first part of this thesis briefly presents basic theoretical principles of terrorism. The second part is focused on the history of ETA and its development from the very beginning till the year 2004. The third and the main part analyses the current development of ETA and the modification of its structure and strategy and also the counter- terrorist provisions, which have been taken by the Spanish state in order to paralyse the organization. All kinds of aspects which had and still have an influence on this issue had been taken into account - the changes of the internal structure of ETA and its financing, the changes in legislation or the changes in security forces strategy. A special chapter concentrates on the analysis of the strategic importance of ceasefire and the negotiations with the government.