L’intelligence économique (I.E) peut-elle contribuer à mieux lutter contre le blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme (LBC/FT) et, si oui, comment ? Un diagnostic a permis de mettre en évidence des carences qui, au plan institutionnel se matérialisaient par des réponses insuffisantes en raison non seulement de l’absence de contraintes à l’échelle mondiale, mais aussi en raison de la primauté d’intérêts politico-économiques au détriment des dynamiques régionalistes et corporatives. Au plan opérationnel, il est apparu que les faiblesses sont liées à l’absence de prise en compte de l’I.E. Placée au cœur du renseignement, cette thèse soutient que l’I.E peut s’adapter au contexte de la lutte contre la criminalité financière et servir à mieux lutter contre le phénomène. Elle a cherché à montrer en quoi les méthodes et outils d’investigation, d’analyse de l’environnement, d’anticipation, d’influence et de contre-influence de l’I.E pouvaient répondre aux besoins des acteurs de la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme. Elle s’est également projetée sur le rôle que pourraient jouer les acteurs de l’I.E dans la LBC/FT. / Competitive and Strategic Intelligence (CST) can it contribute to better anti-money laundering - combating the financing of terrorism (AML / CFT), if so, how ? A diagnosis has helped highlight deficiencies that, institutionally are materialized by insufficient responses not only because of lack of constraints on a global scale, but also because of the primacy of political and economic interests to the detriment of regionalist and corporate dynamics. Operationally, it appeared that the weaknesses are related to the failure to take into account the CST. Placed at the heart of intelligence, this thesis argues that CST can adapt to the context of the fight against financial crime and serve to better the fight against the phenomenon. It sought to show how the methods and tools of investigation, analysis of the environment, anticipation, influence and influence-against CST could meet the needs of stakeholders in the AML/CFT. It also projected on the potential role of CST actors in AML / CFT.

Ineffective compliance programs expose banking and trust companies to increased risk of money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF). Using risk management theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore compliance strategies that Bahamian bank and trust company managers use to reduce ML/TF risks. Study participants comprised 7 senior risk and compliance managers experienced in risk strategy development and implementation. Semistructured interview data were triangulated with data collected from internal policy and procedural documents, publicly available papers of the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), and the Central Bank of The Bahamas. Thematic coding resulted in 3 emergent themes including developing compliance strategies, overcoming operational challenges, and strategy success and measurement. Findings showed that effective compliance strategies resulted from risk and compliance managers' assessments of ML/TF risks posed by potential and existing clients. The implications for social change include the potential to prevent reputation damage attributed to ML/TF risks, reduce the failure rate of Bahamian bank and trust companies, and thus positively impact employment and tax revenue used for social programs in The Bahamas.

Much of the first generation literature on counter terrorist financing made sweeping generalisations and observations regarding these interventions based on relatively limited case study data. Given that the UK approach to counter terrorism clearly attests to the symbiosis between terrorism and money, this thesis evaluates the contemporary relevance of Cicero's aphorism that “the sinews of war are infinite money.” Drawing on a series of discussions and formal interviews with CTF practitioners into several of the most recent high profile terror attacks in the United Kingdom, it confirms a notable shift in terrorist financing methodology in recent years and underscores the trend towards increasing operational independence and financial autonomy. It thus considers the continuing centrality of money in the terrorism equation and has been framed specifically to examine the financing challenges posed by domestic terror cells in the UK, given the trend towards low cost terrorism with its emphasis on self sufficiency and the emergence of more discreet and ‘criminally sterile' funding methodologies. This thesis is primarily concerned with reviewing the efficacy of the UK counter terrorism-financing (CTF) model as perceived by practitioners, both in policy terms and in the context of operational outcomes. The increasing emphasis on new funding methodologies and the ensuing lack of visibility and opportunities for interdiction at the conspiracy phase of terrorist plots, further highlights the operational challenges posed for practitioners in confronting these ‘new' threats. As such, this research encourages several new perspectives, including a review of UK corporate knowledge on previous CTF interventions and consideration of military ‘threat finance' practice to deliver greater operational impact. In particular, it advocates a new focus on micro CTF interventions to address changes in the ‘economy of terror'. Finally, this thesis strongly attests to the continued relevance of finance or more specifically, the 'financial footprint' to inform and provide intelligence insight for counter terrorism responses generally. In doing so, it also considers the impact on privacy from increasingly intrusive financial and digital data collection and the trade-offs that inevitably emerge when liberty and security collide.

Money laundering can be defined as a process of converting the proceeds of illegal activities to legitimate money or other assets, or as a process whose aim is to conceal the origin and ownership of proceeds that come from illegal activities. Its main phases are placement, layering and integration. The main sources of dirty money are drug trafficking, procuring, arms trafficking, extortion, robbery and property crimes. The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the fight against money laundering in terms of financial law and from institutional point of view, evaluation of its success and the formulation of my own opinions on the possible improvement of the system components. The first part of thesis deals with the term of money laundering, its phases and characteristics and history. The second part analyses the legislation at international, EU and national level. Attention is paid to the AML Directives and to the AML Act. Main obligations prescribed by Directives and AML Act to obliged persons are identification obligation, due diligence, preservation of information, reporting of suspicious transactions, postponement of client's order, creation of internal policies and staff training. Then follows characterization of individual authorities and institutions involved in combating money laundering....

Magister Legum - LLM

This study focuses on examining the security implications of money laundering and countermeasures, with reference to South Africa. The purpose of this study was to establish the following: <ul> <li> What is the extent, and what are the security implications of money laundering in South Africa;</li> <li> whether the current money laundering countermeasures in South Africa were effectively implemented from 1994 up to the end of 2006;</li> <li> if South Africa could implement better money laundering controls when compared to the G7/8 countries; and</li> <li> what the factors were that influenced money laundering in South Africa, compared to the G7/8 countries</li> </ul> This study also examined the validity of the following assumptions: <ul> <li>That there are still shortcomings in the practical application of money laundering countermeasures in South Africa, despite these countermeasures being based on the legislative measures adopted by the G7/8 countries; and</li> <li> money laundering promotes crime and corruption in South Africa.</li> </ul> An analysis of the South African anti-money laundering legislation indicated that South Africa had legislatively adopted all of the Financial Action Task Force money laundering recommendations. It was found that despite the strong legislative framework to combat money laundering in South Africa, these efforts were undermined by a lack of capacity; poor coordination that led to a large volume of reports being filed without a corresponding track record of successful prosecutions; and the failure to adopt advances in information technology. This led to a lack of effectively and efficiently translating the anti-money laundering legislation into practice in South Africa. / Dissertation (M(Security Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Le terme offshore est communément utilisé pour désigner la mise en place d'une entité juridique dans un pays où celle-ci n'exerce aucune activité. Par cette implantation, cette entité pourra bénéficier de certains avantages fiscaux. Or ce mécanisme d'optimisation fiscale peut être contourné de manière illégale. De nombreuses juridictions offshore ont alors été pointées du doigt pour leur manque de transparence et jugées responsables de l'évasion fiscale. Parmi ces centres financiers offshore, Maurice se distingue des autres places financières dans la mesure où elle s'attache à respecter les normes internationales tout en continuant de développer son secteur offshore. Ainsi, l'intérêt de cette thèse est de présenter les caractéristiques de chaque entité offshore et leur fonctionnement afin de comprendre comment elles peuvent être détournées de leur objet initial. Cette présentation passe dans un premier temps par l’analyse des entités offshore et leur exploitation puis dans un second temps leur régulation. On constate alors que la juridiction mauricienne est injustement qualifiée de paradis fiscal et encourent les mêmes risques que les plus grandes places offshore. Maurice a su ainsi concilier ses intérêts en trouvant un équilibre entre l’exploitation économique de son secteur offshore et l’application rigoureuse des normes internationales. / The term offshore is commonly used to refer to the establishment of a legal entity in a country where it has no business.For this implementation, this entity can entain certain tax benefits. But this tax optimization mechanism can be bypassed illegally. Many offshore jurisdictions were then blamed for their lack of transparency and held for tax evasion. Among these offshore financial centers, Mauritius differs from other financial markets as it strives to meet international standards while continuing to develop its offshore sector. Thus, the interest of this thesis is to present the characteristics of each offshore entity and its operations in order to understand how they can be diverted from their original purpose. This presentation is an analysis of each offshore entities, their operations and their regulation. We can found that the Mauritian juridiction is unfairly labeled as tax havens and face the same risks as the largest offshore places. Mauritius has thus reconcile its interests by finding a balance between the economic exploitation of its offshore sector and the strict application of international standards.

We live in a world where criminality is a part of our everyday life. In order for criminality to continue, it is essential for criminals to be able to use the financial system to launder money and finance terrorism. Money laundering means that funds of illegal origin are laundered in the financial system in order to later become legal. Unlike money laundering, funds used to finance terrorism can have both illegal and legal origins. Transactions linked to money laundering and terrorist financing are suspected to account for 1% of the EU’s annual economic activity and thus pose a threat to the EU’s financial stability.  Today, the responsibility for monitoring and supervising money laundering and terrorist financing is decentralized to the Member States. EU-regulation is currently not clear enough or efficient. Member States’ enforcement of the regulation is asymmetric, the supervisory work of national authorities is insufficient and cross-border cooperation is deficient. In order to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, it is essential that the supervisory work is effective in order to detect and prevent these crimes. A change is needed and in July 2021 the European Commission therefore presented a proposal for a legislative package containing a number of measures to prevent the financial system from being used for money laundering and terrorist financing. The most central part of this package contains a proposal to centralize the supervision by setting up an EU-level authority. The authority shall monitor the supervisory work of national authorities and be responsible for direct and indirect supervision. This thesis examines how monitoring and supervision should be organized within the EU in order to prevent the financial system from being used for money laundering and terrorist financing. In addition, the thesis discusses whether a change in the institutional structure can lead to a more efficient supervisory work for national supervisory authorities.  The conclusion of this thesis is that a change in the institutional structure is necessary in order to change the supervisory work of national authorities and make it more efficient. Centralized monitoring and supervision at EU-level must therefore be considered as beneficial. The commission’s proposal to set up an EU-level authority is currently the most effective way of organizing monitoring and supervision. The authority can, by adopting guidelines and by exercising direct and indirect supervision, contribute to a reduced uncertainty regarding the application of the regulation and the exercising of supervision. Hence, the commission’s proposal most likely will lead to a decrease in money laundering and terrorist financing. / Vi lever i en värld där kriminalitet är en del av vardagen. För att kriminaliteten ska kunna fortlöpa är det essentiellt för de kriminella att de kan utnyttja det finansiella systemet för att tvätta pengar och finansiera terrorism. Penningtvätt innebär att medel med illegalt ursprung tvättas i det finansiella systemet för att sedermera bli legala. Till skillnad från penningtvätt kan medel som används för att finansiera terrorism härröra från såväl illegal som legal verksamhet. Transaktioner kopplade till penningtvätt och finansiering av terrorism misstänks utgöra 1% av EU:s årliga ekonomiska aktiviteter och utgör ett hot mot EU:s finansiella stabilitet.  Ansvar för övervakning och tillsyn av penningtvätt och finansiering av terrorism är i nuläget decentraliserat till medlemsstaterna. EU-regleringen är i dagsläget inte tillräckligt tydlig och effektiv. Medlemsstaternas tillämpning av regleringen är asymmetrisk, nationella myndigheters tillsynsarbeten är otillräckliga och de gränsöverskridande samarbetena är bristfälliga.  För att kunna bekämpa penningtvätt och finansiering av terrorism är det essentiellt att tillsynen är effektiv i syfte att upptäcka och förhindra dessa brott. En förändring behöver ske och Europeiska kommissionen lade därför i juli 2021 fram ett förslag till lagstiftningspaket innehållande ett antal åtgärder för att förhindra att det finansiella systemet utnyttjas för penningtvätt och finansiering av terrorism. Lagstiftningspaketets mest centrala delinnehåller ett förslag till att centralisera tillsynen genom att inrätta en myndighet på EU-nivå. Myndigheten ska övervaka nationella myndigheters tillsynsarbeten samt ansvara för direkt och indirekt tillsyn. I uppsatsen utreds hur övervakning och tillsyn bör organiseras inom EU för att förhindra att det finansiella systemet utnyttjas för penningtvätt och finansiering av terrorism. Dessutom utreds huruvida en förändring av den institutionella strukturen kan leda till att nationella tillsynsmyndigheters arbeten effektiviseras.  Slutsatsen i denna uppsats är att en förändring av den institutionella strukturen är nödvändig för att förändra och effektivisera nationella myndigheters tillsynsarbeten. Att centralisera övervakning och tillsyn på EU-nivå får därför anses fördelaktigt. Kommissionens förslag att inrätta en myndighet på EU-nivå är i dagsläget troligen det mest effektiva sättet att organisera övervakning och tillsyn på. Myndigheten kan, genom att anta riktlinjer samt utöva direkt samt indirekt tillsyn, bidra till att osäkerheten avseende tillämpningen av reglering och utövandet av tillsynen minskas. Kommissionens förslag kan därför med stor sannolikhet förväntas leda till en minskning av såväl penningtvätt som finansiering av terrorism.

La lutte internationale contre le blanchiment d’argent et le financement du terrorisme peut être définie comme l’ensemble des mesures qui concourent à l’éradication des flux financiers illicites.Le cadre juridique tel qu’il est défini de nos jours et intégré dans les ordres juridiques nationaux est une combinaison des conventions de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) et des Recommandations du Groupe d’Action Financière (GAFI). Il a été construit ces trente dernières années en raison de la menace que représentent certaines formes de criminalité : trafic illicite de stupéfiants, criminalité transnationale organisée, terrorisme et son financement.La présente étude se propose de matérialiser l’émergence d’un principe intrinsèque à la lutte contre les flux financiers illicites à travers le concept de sécurité financière internationale, qui apparait comme la finalité des mesures adoptées dans le cadre de la lutte internationale contre le blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme.Nous illustrons cette hypothèse à partir d’une analyse de la politique criminelle internationale, autrement dit, l’ensemble des procédés par lesquels la communauté internationale organise les réponses au phénomène de la criminalité financière. Celle-ci permet de dessiner les contours de ce que nous qualifions de sécurité financière et démontre que la réponse de la communauté internationale au phénomène de la criminalité financière, tend inexorablement vers l’instauration d’un ordre à l’échelle internationale.Cette sécurité financière est synonyme d’ordre. Un ordre qui s’établit aussi bien en droit international que dans les droits internes, un ordre qui est caractérisé par un « droit à texture multiple avec primauté de la soft law ».Cet ordre justifie et fonde à la fois les obligations préventives et répressives, malgré les restrictions qu’il apporte à certains droits fondamentaux. Cet ordre regroupe de fait, un ensemble de prescriptions dont l’objectif est de préserver la société internationale des facteurs de désordre que sont les flux financiers illicites, le crime organisé, et le terrorisme.La sécurité financière est à la fois un objectif à atteindre et une nécessité majeure.Nous consolidons cette hypothèse par une réflexion sur les enjeux que représente l’instauration d’une sécurité financière et sur les moyens susceptibles d’en garantir l’effectivité. / The international fight against money laundering and the financing of terrorism can be defined as the set of measures helping eradicate illicit financial flows.The legal framework as it is settled on and implemented into national legal orders is a combination of the United Nations (UN) conventions and the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).It was built over the past 30 years in response to the threat posed by certain forms of crime such as drug trafficking, transnational crime and the financing of terrorism.This work ambitions to highlight the emergence of an inherent principle to the fight against criminal financial flows through the concept of international financial security, which appears as the main goal of the measures adopted in the context aforementioned.We illustrate this assumption with an analysis of the international crime policy, in other words all the processes through which the international community organizes responses to the phenomenon of financial crime. This analysis permits to behold the shape of what we call “financial security” and demonstrates that the answer of the international community tends inexorably to the establishment of a sort of “international financial security”.This financial security stands for an order.An order established in both international law and domestic law, an order that is characterized by what we call "droit à texture multiple avec primauté de la soft law".This order justifies and bases both preventive and repressive obligations, despite the restrictions it imposes on fundamental rights. This order contains a whole set of prescriptions whose aim to protect the international society from the factors of disorder such us illicit financial flows, organized crime and terrorism.Financial security is as much a goal to reach as a necessity.We consolidate this premise with an afterthought on the challenge of establishing financial security and the means that can be used to guarantee its effectiveness.

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