Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-08-17T13:21:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Otávio Brasil de Moraes.pdf: 5548770 bytes, checksum: f76d20e7f7854b63714dd8e1030f214f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T13:21:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Otávio Brasil de Moraes.pdf: 5548770 bytes, checksum: f76d20e7f7854b63714dd8e1030f214f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM / In this dissertation, our general objective is to propose the usage of the notions of microstructures and macrostructures in the production of summaries of opinion articles. Throughout the research, developed together with students of a secondary school in the city of Manaus, we have highlighted significant differences between summaries produced in the “traditional” manner and those produced according to our proposal. Our theoretical framework is Textual Linguistics of text grammars, especially the proposal by Van Dijk (1996). We have also considered the concept of text developed in the 1970’s and 80’s by Van Dijk and Kinstch. Moreover, we have highlighted more recent studies, such as Marquesi (2004), Delphino (1991) and Machado (2004). Methodologically, the research was developed as follows: initially, in the first class, we requested that students produced an abstract of an opinion article following the traditional perspective in teaching how to produce summaries, in which it is generally emphasized only the selection of the main ideas in a text. In the second class, we discussed the concepts of microstructures and macrostructures for the production of summaries, and, in the third class, we requested that students produced a second summary using those notions. We then analyzed twenty-eight summaries produced by 14 students, which allowed us to verify positive contributions from the proposal of working with textual macrostructures. The data analysis chapter contains as examples 6 summaries chosen among the 28 that were analyzed, of which 3 (three) were written with the traditional perspective and the other 3 (three) were written in the framework of microstructures and macrostructures. After, we discuss the results, which clearly point out the contributions of the studies of textual microstructures and macrostructures to the production of summaries / Nesta dissertação, temos como objetivo geral propor a utilização das noções de micro e macroestruturas para a produção de resumos de artigos de opinião. Ao longo da pesquisa, desenvolvida junto aos discentes do ensino médio de uma escola estadual da cidade de Manaus, destacamos diferenças significativas entre os resumos produzidos de forma “tradicional” e aqueles produzidos segundo a nossa proposta. Para tanto, tomamos como base teórica a Linguística Textual das gramáticas de texto, sobretudo a proposta de van Dijk (1996). Consideramos também o conceito de texto desenvolvido durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980 por van Dijk e Kinstch. Ademais, destacamos trabalhos mais recentes que tratam da produção de resumos de textos segundo a perspectiva desses estudos, tais como Marquesi (2004), Leite (2006), Delphino (1991) e Machado (2004). Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se desenvolveu da seguinte forma: inicialmente, na primeira aula, solicitamos aos alunos que produzissem um resumo de um artigo de opinião, obedecendo à perspectiva tradicional de ensino de produção de resumo, na qual de modo geral se enfatiza apenas a identificação das ideias principais do texto; na segunda aula, trabalhamos os conceitos de micro e macroestruturas para a produção de textos-resumo e, na terceira aula, solicitamos aos discentes que produzissem um segundo resumo, no caso considerando a utilização das noções de micro e macroestrutura. Após essa etapa, analisamos vinte e oito resumos produzidos por 14 alunos, o que nos permitiu verificar os pontos positivos da proposta que considera o trabalho com as macroestruturas textuais. No capítulo de análise, apresentamos a título de exemplificação a análise de 6 (seis) resumos escolhidos entre os 28 analisados, sendo 3 (três) elaborados segundo a perspectiva tradicional de ensino de produção de resumo e 3 (três) elaborados pelo viés micro/ macroestrutura. Em seguida, discutimos os resultados que sinalizaram claramente as contribuições da perspectiva que considera os estudos de micro e macroestrutura textual para a produção de resumos

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur olika ordföljdsprinciper i ett förstaspråk påverkar inlärningen av ordföljden i andraspråket svenska. Två grupper jämfördes där den ena hade ett förstaspråk med en bunden ordföljd baserad på den grammatiska principen och den andra ett förstaspråk med en fri ordföljd baserad på tema-rema-principen. Respondenterna bestod av elever inom den kommunala vuxenutbildningen i en västsvensk kommun som gick och läste på Sfi och SAS Grund. Varje respondent fick i uppgift att fritt skriva en kort uppsats. Texterna analyserades därefter ingående för att kunna identifiera vilka sats- och textgrammatiska ordföljdsfel som hade gjorts. Resultatet visade att de båda grupperna gjorde ungefär samma typ av satsgrammatiska fel men att gruppen med ett förstaspråk med fri ordföljd gjorde något fler textgrammatiska fel. Medan flera andra studier lyfter fram övergeneralisering av tema-rema-principen som det största problemet ur textgrammatisk synvinkel för denna senare grupp, fann jag att det snarare var underanvändning av tema-rema-principen som var problematiskt. / The purpose of this study was to examine how different word order principles in a first language influence the learning of word order in Swedish as second language. Two groups were compared in which one had a first language with a bound word order based on the grammatical principle and the other a first language with a free word order based on the topic-comment-principle. Respondents consisted of students in municipal adult education in a western Swedish municipality who studied at SFI and SAS Basic. Each respondent were asked to freely write a short essay. The texts were then analyzed in detail to identify which batch- and text grammatical word order inaccuracy that had been made. The results showed that both groups did about the same type of grammatical errors, but that the group with a first language with free word order did some more text grammatical errors. While several other studies highlight the generalization of the topic-comment-principle as the biggest problem for this latter group, I found that it was rather the lack of use of the topic-comment-principle that was problematic.

L’esprit, comme forme de la conversation, est au XIXe siècle une notion fondamentalement ambiguë. Hérité du XVIIe siècle et de l’âge d’or de la conversation, profondément marqué par les bouleversements de l’âge post-révolutionnaire, bousculé par le développement de la mystification, du persiflage, de la blague, et de la raillerie journalistique, le trait d’esprit prend tendanciellement un tour agonistique et instrumental dans les luttes sociales de l’époque. Balzac, journaliste, blagueur, mais aussi conservateur et amoureux des « conversation[s] entre onze heures et minuit » paraît emblématique de cette ambiguïté. Le trait d’esprit, parole brillante et concise, qui se veut singulière, peut être appréhendé comme un énoncé détachable. Notre approche stylistique sera donc en premier lieu celle d’une analyse des figures, au niveau de l’unité-énoncé et des catégories syntactico-sémantico-lexicales de la phrase. Cependant, suite aux acquis de la grammaire du texte, il apparaît que la signification même de ces catégories ne peut être comprise que par rapport à des structures extra-énoncives : nous tenterons ainsi de replacer systématiquement ces énoncés dans leur contexte discursif. Considérant que le trait d’esprit, en tant que performance sociale, doit être défini en partie par les conditions mêmes de son énonciation, nous tenterons de comprendre le fonctionnement de cet acte socio-discursif grâce aux acquis de l’analyse du discours. Notre travail privilégiera donc une approche conversationnelle (ou interactionnelle, selon les terminologies) et pragmatique, en s’attachant à étudier non seulement ce que dit le trait d’esprit, mais aussi ce qu’il communique, qu’il s’agisse des traits d’esprit des personnages ou de ceux du narrateur. L’interaction dialectique de ces deux niveaux nous permettra d’interroger la valeur romanesque du trait d’esprit, parole ambiguë, entre référence sérieuse et jeu métalinguistique, caractéristique du réalisme paradoxal de La Comédie humaine. / The notion of “esprit” (French wit), a feature of the art of conversation, was, all through the 19th century, an ambiguous one. The art of witticism – a legacy of the 17th century and of the golden age of conversation – was, however, deeply altered by the advent of other forms of wit such as mystification, persiflage, jokes and journalistic banter : “traits d’esprit” (witticisms) gradually took on an agonistic dimension and became instruments in the social struggles of the time. Balzac, a journalist, a joker but also a conservative writer and a lover of “conversations between eleven o'clock and midnight” is emblematic of this ambiguity. “Traits d’esprit” (Witticisms) – short and clever statements aimed at being remarkable – can be studied as stand-alone utterances. That is why I shall first proceed to an analysis of the stylistic devices at work at the level of utterance, and relying on syntactic, semantic and lexical categories. However, drawing from the findings of text grammar, it appears that the meaning of these categories can only be understood in relation to an extra-utterance context and structures. Therefore, I shall systemically attempt to contextualize these utterances within a larger discursive framework. “Traits d’esprit” being social performances, they have to be defined in regard to the situation of utterance. I shall therefore use the tools of discourse analysis in order to break down the mechanisms of such a socio-discursive act. The present work thus relies on a conversational (or interactional) and pragmatic approach. It attempts to tackle not only what is said but also what is conveyed in those “traits d’esprit”, whether they belong to the characters’ or the narrator’s discourse. It is through the dialectic interaction between these two levels of wit that I intend to assess the role of witticisms. Ambiguous utterances, “traits d’esprit” pertain to serious references as well as to metalinguistic games, and are thus characteristics of the paradoxical realism to be found in La Comédie humaine.

This thesis deals with the multimodality of verbal-visual texts. The theoretical section of the thesis presents multimodality as a phenomenon of the digital age and a research approach. Attention is also focused on the image as a text and the intermodal relationships between verbal and visual representation. The practical section of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of heterogeneous news texts within the discourse on drought in the Czech Republic, focusing on the mutual position of the image and the text and their news values.

No description available.

Le discours produit lors d’une visite touristique naît de différentes modalités de communication dont la visite assistée par un dispositif socio-technique et la visite-conférence dirigée par un médiateur. Ces deux modalités présentant des caractéristiques communes propres au genre discursif de la visite médiée, offrent aussi des différences significatives pour constituer un corpus d’étude subdivisé par les modalités de production et les langues sources : des textes écrits par des professionnels du domaine et des textes enregistrées en présence de visiteurs, en français et en espagnol. Plusieurs interrogations se posent dont celle d’une taxonomie des genres de discours liés au domaine spécialisé étudié, celle d’une unité de segmentation textuelle s’affranchissant du caractère scriptural ou oral du mode de production du texte, et celles liées à la catégorisation d’un texte dans un genre discursif. En effet, les valeurs des paramètres de caractérisation doivent permettre l’introduction d’un prototype indispensable à la catégorisation et à l’indexation textuelle du genre étudié.Cette recherche s’inscrit donc dans le cadre théorique de la linguistique textuelle et de l’analyse des pratiques discursives comme indices des praxis sociales, mais la méthodologie employée élargit cette base théorique à la linguistique contributionnelle post-gricéenne qui légitime l’introduction de la contribution comme unité de segmentation textuelle. En outre, le traitement quantitatif d’une compilation de textes sélectionnés trouve ses fondements au sein même de l’analyse de discours et de la linguistique de corpus. La méthode suivie, qui introduit les règles de segmentation textuelle dont l’annotation manuelle qualitative, et l’analyse quantitative permettent de proposer un modèle d’organisation de chaque genre considéré. Au-delà du grand intérêt que présente la caractérisation de nouveaux discours spécialisés, ce travail introduit d’un côté une méthode d’analyse à l’origine du développement d’un programme de segmentation, d’annotation et d’indexation ; et une valorisation didactique dans l’enseignement des langues sur objectifs spécifiques ; et d’un autre côté le développement d’interfaces proposant de nouvelles modalités de médiation dont le discours est pensé en amont de leur réalisation. / The discourse produced in a guided tour stems from different communicative modalities which include the visit assisted by a socio-technical device and the visit guided by an education and visitor service officer. These two modalities show common characteristics of a guided tour; they also offer significant differences. These differences allow us to compile a corpus divided according to its modalities of production and the languages: written text by professionals of the tourism sector, in French and in Spanish. Several issues arise such as the genre taxonomy of the discourse linked to the specific field studied, the unit of the text segmentation which has to free itself from the scriptural or oral feature of the text production, the textual categorisation and indexation of the studied genre. Indeed, the characterisation parameter value must introduce an essential prototype in order to categorise and index the texts of the studied genres. Therefore, as a sign of social praxis, this research suits the text linguistic and discourse analysis theoretical framework. In addition, the selected methodology enlarges this theoretical background to the post-Gricean linguistics of contribution which allows to define the contribution as the unit of textual segmentation. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of a selected text compilation is rooted in the discourse analysis and corpus linguistic approaches. The method followed here, which introduces textual segmentation rules such as qualitative manual annotation and quantitative analysis suggests structural patterns of each considered genre. Beyond the notable interest of categorising new specialized discourses, this investigation introduces a new analytical method. On the one hand, the methodological framework is the source of a segmentation, annotation, and indexation software development. On the other hand, it is the source of an application development recommending new modalities of guided tours where the priority is given to the elaboration of the discourse.