Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-141). Also available via the Internet.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2009. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (M. S.)--Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Co-Chair: Beckham, Haskell; Committee Co-Chair: Cook, Fred; Committee Member: Collard, David; Committee Member: France, Stefan; Committee Member: Griffin, Anselm

The textile industry in South Africa is a significant contributor to the chemical load that public wastewater treatment plants have to process, and the discharge of toxic substances, especially to the aquatic environment. In order to address this issue at factory level, the processes at a textile plant, JMV Textiles were chosen for investigation into the possibilities of minimization of discharges of harmful substances into the environment. The study followed the principles of cleaner production, and the processes that were investigated and revised were: The conventional peroxide bleaching process employed a peroxide stabilizer that did not biodegrade easily. The bleaching process was changed, so that the prevailing conditions in the fabric and dyebath facilitated bleaching without the addition of peroxide stabilizer, and also reduced the alkali and energy requirements. Polyester‐viscose fabric was pretreated by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, which seemed to be unnecessarily rigorous, because polyester and viscose, unlike natural fibres, are relatively clean and have good whiteness in comparison with natural fibres. The proposed alternate pretreatment was a scour with detergent and alkali. The pretreatment for all polyester‐cotton fabrics was also a hydrogen peroxide bleach. Due to the ability of medium and dark shades to mask the natural tint of cotton fibres, a simpler alternate pretreatment, consisting of an alkaline scour with sequestering agent, was trialled. An unacceptable proportion of the dyeings on polyester was rejected for dye‐stains and dye‐marks. A possible solution exploited the properties of using the finishing auxiliary chemical to alleviate dye‐stains and dye‐marks during the dyeing stage, instead of using the chemical after dyeing. The highly toxic carrier that was used to facilitate level dyeing of polyester fibres that had unacceptable variation in their dyeing properties, was replaced by a less toxic carrier. The formulation for dyeing polyester was simplified to eliminate the auxiliary chemicals that were not essential to the dyeing process. Pale reactive dyed shades on cellulose and polyester‐cellulose were washed off only with hot water instead of detergent. The revised procedures consequential to the study, offered significant environmental benefits by reducing the concentration and volume of effluent produced, substituting a highly toxic carrier with a less toxic one and saving energy and water. Implementation of the suggested changes also offered financial benefits. The management of the factory, however, accepted and implemented some changes, but wanted further investigations for others and a phased approach to the other suggested changes.

Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:11:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_JoseGeraldode_M.pdf: 906811 bytes, checksum: ac36e65d7b8b81bace165c355c2d5f59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O tratamento térmico, que na indústria têxtil é mais conhecido como termofixação, é um processo muito importante para garantir a estabilidade dimensional do tecido de poliéster durante os processos de beneficiamento e no uso. Mas o processo de termofixação modifica algumas propriedades do tecido e entre elas podemos destacar: Hidrofilidade, comportamento tintorial, alongamento e ruptura. Essas propriedades são influenciadas pelas variáveis tempo e temperatura de termofixação. Nesse sentido o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as alterações proporcionadas pela termofixação nas propriedades físico-químicas do tecido de poliéster. O poliéster é um material que apresenta superfície quimicamente inerte, não porosa e com baixa energia de superfície (43 mN/m). O tratamento com descarga corona vem propor aumentar a energia de superfície, melhorar a hidrofilidade, o comportamento tintorial e a adesão do tecido termofixado e sem termofixar. Submeteram-se amostras de tecido plano de poliéster á termofixação em diversas combinações de tempo e temperatura dentro dos intervalos de 120 a 220°C e de 30 a 120 segundos. Após a termofixação mediu-se o encolhimento das amostras e submeteram-se as mesmas a testes de alongamento e ruptura. Trataram-se amostras de tecido de poliéster termofixadas e sem termofixar com descarga corona, e em seguida, submeteu-se as mesmas a testes de hidrofilidade, tingimento, estampagem, alongamento e ruptura. Observou-se que a termofixação promove encolhimento, aumento do alongamento, diminuição da hidrofilidade e da absorção de corante em tingimento de tecido de poliéster. O tratamento corona aumenta a hidrofilidade, a absorção de corante, a ancoragem de pigmentos em amostras de tecido de poliéster termofixadas e sem termofixar / Abstract: The thermal treatment, which in the textile industry is known as heat setting, is very important to ensure the dimensional stability of polyester fabric during the process of improving and use. But the process of heat setting changes some properties of the fabric and among them we can highlight: Hidrophilicity, dyeability, elongation and strength. These properties are influenced by variables dwell time and heat setting temperature. In that sense this work has as objective to analyze the changes caused by heat in the physico-chemical properties of polyester fabric. Polyester is a material that presents the surface chemically inert, non-porous and low surface energy (43 mN / m). The treatment with corona discharge is proposing to increase the surface energy, improve the hidrophilicity, dyeability and adhesion of the polyester fabric with and without heat setting. Samples of polyester plan fabric underwent to heat setting on various combinations of time and temperature within the interval between 120 to 220 ° C, from 30 to 120 seconds. After the heat setting was measured the shrinkage of the samples and underwent the samples by tests of elongation and rupture. Samples of polyester fabric with and without heat setting were treated with corona discharge and in sequence the samples were tested by hidrophilicity, dyeing and printing. The heat setting promotes shrinkage and increase the elongation of polyester fabric. It was observed that the heat setting promotes shrinkage, increase of elongation, reduction of hydrophilicity and reduction of uptake of dye in the dyeing of polyester fabric. The corona treatment increase the hydrophilicity, the absorption of dye in pad-thermofix process and the pigment anchoring in polyester fabric samples with and without heat setting / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

A reactive-ionic functional group was incorporated into the structure of fiber finishes and colorants to provide high-yield add-on and permanency. The reactive-ionic group consists of a moderately strained, cyclic ammonium group which undergoes ionic assembly on the surface of negatively charged substrates. The ionic bond is then converted to a covalent bond at elevated temperatures via a ring-opening reaction. A reactive-ionic alkyl (wax) finish was prepared from octadecanol and N-phenyl pyrrolidine then applied to a glass slide to provide a permanent, hydrophobic surface with an average contact angle increase of approximately 40°. A reactive-ionic fluorinated finish was prepared from 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol and N-phenyl pyrrolidine and after application served as a permanent, non-wetting, anti-stain finish for nylon carpet. A reactive-ionic chromophore (dye) was prepared from C.I. Disperse Red 1 and quinuclidine. The reactive-ionic dye was applied to cellophane and nylon films and bleached cotton, nylon and silk fabrics. The percent exhaustion for a 1% owf dyeing of silk fabric was measured to be 98% using visible light absorbance spectrophotometry. K/S values obtained from reflectance spectrophotometric measurements of a 1% owf dyeing of nylon 6,6 fabric showed a 6% color loss after solvent extraction, indicating that the dyeing was indeed permanent.

New chemical substances being considered for use today are required by law to be evaluated for potential toxic effects upon disposal to the environment. A thorough evaluation, however, is complex, time-consuming, expensive, and impossible to perform on each new substance. In this study the potential toxic effects of a new carpet additive with antimicrobial properties and the associated process waste stream from a textile facility were considered. The wastewater from the rest of the plant was currently being treated in a land application disposal system. An assessment of the toxicity of the antimicrobial additive was made using conventional greenhouse studies. This assessment was compared to the results obtained from three short-term toxicity tests performed on the same set of solutions. The short-term tests used were a corn seedling bioassay, adenosine triphosphate measurements, and bacterial bioluminescence. These short-term tests were evaluated as to their utility as screening tools and as monitoring devices for toxic substances. / Master of Science