Magister Artium - MA / The study explores the negotiation of identities through linguistic innovations such as codeswitching, code-mixing and differing language choices in different domains of home and school in Belhar. The focus is to examine how languages are used to negotiate class, age, generational, socio-economic, etc differences in selected schools and homes in the community of Belhar. The specific study objectives include the following: 1. To find out the linguistic options and identities (including hybrid identities), that are available to the Belhar community. 2. To explore how Afrikaans and English (and other languages) are used as linguistic resources in the community of Belhar. The Belvue Primary school was used as a vehicle to gain access to the families in Belhar which were used as case studies. The data was collected by observing learners in the classroom, interviewing educators, interviewing parents and observing linguistic practices in the homes/families of selected learners. Using poststructuralist coupled with the social constructionist approach the study is a clear departure from studies and paradigms current in vogue in South Africa, which have linked language and ethnic identity in unambiguous ways. These paradigms also see ethnic identity as fixed and communities as homogenous and language as having a one-to-one correlation with identity. However, these studies do not consider that identities are constructed and negotiated during interaction with others. In this regard it was found that individuals in the community of Belhar constantly construct and negotiate identity using language as central to the identity behaviour. Thus ultimately their language and identity cannot be described as pro-English or pro- Afrikaans.

This study seeks to report on the investigation into the need to use code switching as one of the language teaching strategies in the teaching and learning of Afrikaans as Additional Language in the FET band, in predominantly Xhosa-speaking environments in the Eastern Cape. The study was conducted in twelve secondary schools of the Transkei where Afrikaans is taught as an additional language. The sample of the study comprised the educators, the learners and the school managers of the twelve researched schools. The research was a case study of the selected schools. The participants were studied in their own environment and the data was collected by means of both the interviews and structured questionnaires. South Africa is a multilingual and multicultural country. This state of affairs calls for a serious re-evaluation of the existing teaching methodologies. Children acquire language skills in and outside the classroom in two different ways in multilingual societies. While children acquire proficiency in languages outside the classroom in a natural way, in the classroom they are constrained by rigid purist rules that compel them to learn languages in artificial ways. This manner of language acquisition in the predominantly Xhosa-speaking environments of the Eastern Cape, often goes hand in hand with code switching from source language to target language and vice versa. These children can be described as compound informal bilinguals (polyglots) as far as the indigenous languages are concerned since they acquire the indigenous languages from early childhood in natural settings. In the context of formal acquisition of European languages and Afrikaans in schools, they can be categorised as coordinate bilinguals. The linguistic disparities between classroom and natural acquisition practices were revealed in this investigation. In the classroom, code switching has two contradictory sides. On one hand code switching provides the teacher with ease of expression, confidence and satisfaction that the learners understand the lesson. Notwithstanding the dynamic attributes of code switching in the classroom, the learners are faced with the dilemma of having to avoid code switching as much as possible in the examinations since there is no room for code switching in the examinations. This investigation showed that despite the fact that non-mother tongue teaching is supposed to take place through the medium of the target language, both the teachers and the learners admitted that they code switch during Afrikaans classes and they perceive code switching as the best way to facilitate understanding. The findings of this study revealed that code switching was a natural and inevitable strategy in teaching an additional language. However, it also surfaced that some teachers resorted to using code switching because of their own lack of proficiency in the target language. Informed by the above findings, the study recommended that code switching be considered as one of the strategies to be used in the teaching and learning of Afrikaans as additional language. It was also recommended that learners be credited if they used code switching in the examinations since all respondents admitted that code switching was every-day practice in the classroom. This, however is to be done with extreme caution and with the sole purpose of assisting the learners achieve full mastery of the target language at the end of their learning career. Since this kind of exercise needs highly-skilled personnel, it was recommended that practising teachers be retrained and resource materials be expanded to all schools that offer Afrikaans as additional language. Although the arguments presented in this investigation do not reject the reality of the impeding effect code switching might have on the learning of an additional language, the study maintains that for purposes of mutual understanding, code switching is an enabling factor that impacts positively on the teaching-learning situation.

Les processeurs graphiques (GPU), originellement dédiés à l'accélération de traitements graphiques, ont une structure hautement parallèle. Les innovations matérielles et de langage de programmation ont permis d'ouvrir le domaine du GPGPU, où les cartes graphiques sont utilisées comme des accélérateurs de calcul pour des applications HPC généralistes.L'objectif de nos travaux est de faciliter l'utilisation de ces nouvelles architectures pour les besoins du calcul haute performance ; ils suivent deux objectifs complémentaires.Le premier axe de nos recherches concerne la transformation automatique de code, permettant de partir d'un code de haut niveau pour le transformer en un code de bas niveau, équivalent, pouvant être exécuté sur des accélérateurs. Dans ce but nous avons implémenté un transformateur de code capable de prendre en charge les boucles « pour » parallèles d'un code OpenMP (simples ou imbriquées) et de le transformer en un code CUDA équivalent, qui soit suffisamment lisible pour permettre de le retravailler par des optimisations ultérieures.Par ailleurs, le futur des architectures HPC réside dans les architectures distribuées basées sur des nœuds dotés d'accélérateurs. Pour permettre aux utilisateurs d'exploiter les nœuds multiGPU, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des schémas d'exécution appropriés. Nous avons mené une étude comparative et mis en évidence que les threads OpenMP permettent de gérer de manière efficace plusieurs cartes graphiques et les communications au sein d'un nœud de calcul multiGPU. / Graphic cards (GPUs), initially used for graphic processing, have a highly parallel architecture. Innovations in both architecture and programming languages opened the new domain of GPGPU where GPUs are used as accelerators for general purpose HPC applications.Our main objective is to facilitate the use of these new architectures for high-performance computing needs; our research follows two main directions.The first direction concerns an automatic code transformation from a high level code into an equivalent low level one, capable of running on accelerators. To this end we implemented a code transformer that can handle parallel “for” loops (single or nested) of an OpenMP code and convert it into an equivalent CUDA code, which is in a human readable form that allows for further optimizations.Moreover, the future of HPC lies in distributed architectures based on hybrid nodes. Specific programming schemes have to be used in order to allow users to benefit from such multiGPU nodes. We conducted a comparative study which revealed that using OpenMP threads is the most adequate way to control multiple graphic cards as well as manage communications efficiently within a multiGPU node.

La forêt ivoirienne connait une dégradation très avancée. Pour la préserver, la Côte d’Ivoire a élaboré la loi n° 65-425 du 20 Décembre 1965 portant code forestier et ses textes d’application. Mais ce premier instrument juridique de protection n’a pas eu l’efficacité escomptée. En effet, de portée sectorielle, la loi forestière ne peut régir tout le domaine forestier. D’autres légalisations sectorielles telles la loi de 1965 sur la chasse, le code de l’eau, la loi de 1998 sur le droit foncier rural devront intervenir pour combler le déficit législatif du code forestier. Il en résulte une législation relative à la forêt et ses ressources non coordonnée et non intégrée dont les conséquences sont les risques évidents de chevauchements de compétence, sources de conflits et de blocage et les doubles emplois. Pour assurer un cadre juridique idoine à la protection de la forêt ivoirienne, cette intégration juridique doit pouvoir prendre en compte toutes les dimensions sociopolitiques et conomiques des forêts, assurer la participation de tous les acteurs, permettre l’intégration du contenu des textes et requérir unecoopération des structures de gestion / The Ivorian forest is facing advanced degradation. To preserve it, Côte d’Ivoire has drafted Law No. 65 - 425 dated 20 december 1965 on the Forest Code and its implementing regulations. But first legal instrument of protection was not as effective as expected. Indeed, sectoral scope , forest law can govern the entire forest area. Other sectoral legalization as the 1965 Law on hunting, the Water Code, the 1998 Law on rural land law will step in to fill the legislative gap in the forestry code. The result is a law on the forest and its uncoordinated and non-integrated resources, the consequences are obvious risks of overlapping jurisdiction, sources of conflict and blocking and duplication. To ensure appropriate legal framework for the protection of the Ivorian forest, this legal integration must take into account all socio-political and economic dimensions of forests, ensuring the participation of all stakeholders, allow the integration of text content and require a cooperation of management structures

The main objective of this work is to treat the modular arithmetic of whole numbers, and show evidence of some types of elementary code such as Cesar's, A m, of Vigenere's, Hill's, RSA, Rabin's, MH and ElGamal, those found in cryptography, highlighting the mathematics which exists behind the function of each of them. We have studied the concepts of modular arithmetic and applied them to the study of matrices and determinants that are necessary for the function of these codes and for the evolution of cryptography. We also present some codes found in our day-to-day life, aiming to stimulate the curiosity of the reader into discovering these codes. Finally, for complementary information purposes, we reveal a brief collected history of cryptography. / O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo tratar de aritmética modular dos inteiros e evidenciar alguns tipos de códigos elementares, a exemplo dos Códigos de César, Afim, de Vigenère, de Hill, RSA, de Rabin, MH e ElGamal, existentes na criptografia, ressaltando a matemática que existe por trás do funcionamento de cada um deles. Estudamos conceitos de aritmética modular e os aplicamos ao estudo de matrizes e determinantes que se fazem necessários para o funcionamento desses códigos e para a evolução da criptografia. Apresentamos ainda alguns códigos encontrados no nosso dia a dia, buscando estimular a curiosidade do leitor pelo conhecimento dos códigos. Por fim, a título de informação complementar, expomos um breve apanhado histórico da criptografia.

La période allant de 1887 aux indépendances (1960) permet d’aborder la question de la justice en Afrique occidentale française en mettant en évidence la transformation des règles et de l’exercice de la justice, ainsi que la rencontre entre le système occidental et le pluralisme juridique local. Au Sénégal, comme dans les autres territoires de l’Afrique occidentale française, l’évolution juridique et judiciaire révèle l’opposition de deux tendances : celle de l’assimilation et celle de l’adaptation. Dans le cadre de cette confrontation, des juridictions non connues en métropole sont créées dans les colonies afin de remédier à l’insuffisance de personnel et des moyens financiers des juridictions. Pour ces mêmes raisons, la collégialité demeure très rare et la justice est souvent organisée autour d’un seul juge qui prend en charge la poursuite, l’instruction et le jugement. L’organisation de la justice pénale indigène, mise en place en 1903, répond avec pragmatisme à la volonté de maintenir les institutions indigènes. Toutefois, le désir d’assimilation conduit à y réaliser des réformes qui tendent à affaiblir les institutions indigènes. / The period going from 1887 to the independences (1960) allows us to approach the question of the justice in French West Africa by highlighting the transformation of rules and the exercise of the justice, as well as the meeting between the Western system and the local legal pluralism. In Senegal as in the other territories of the French West Africa, the legal and judicial evolution reveals the opposition between two trends: that of the assimilation and that of the adaptation. Within the framework of this confrontation, jurisdictions that are unknown in the mainland France are created in the colonies in order to remedy with the lack of staff and with the financial means of the jurisdictions. For these same reasons the collegiality remains very rare and the justice is often organized around only one judge who is in charge of the pursuit, the investigation and the judgement. The organisation of the native penal justice set up in 1903, practically meets with the will of keeping the native institutions. However, the desire of assimilation leads to achieve around it reforms which tend to weaken the native institutions.

Reaktiv programmering är ett programmeringsparadigm som har utvecklats för att underlätta byggande av händelsedrivna reaktiva applikationer. Dess förespråkare hävdar att det kan leda till ökad kodkvalitet, men få studier har utförts för att underbygga dessa påståenden empiriskt. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka skillnaden i kodkomplexitet och kodläsbarhet mellan traditionell imperativ programmering och reaktiv programmering. En fallstudie utfördes där koden för ett befintligt öppen källkodsprojekt omstrukturerades, vilket resulterade i en imperativ version och en reaktiv version av samma kod. Verktyg för statisk källkodsanalys användes för att undersöka om några förändringar i kodläsbarhet och kodkomplexitet kunde upptäckas. Vidare diskuteras huruvida resultaten av den senaste teknikens läsbarhetsmätvärden ger en exakt förutsägelse av kodläsbarheten i reaktiva kodbaser, eller om kanske dessa mätvärden behöver modifieras för att göra dem tillämpliga på det reaktiva paradigmet. Våra resultat visar att läsbarheten påverkades negativt av reaktiv programmering när den mättes med senaste teknikens läsbarhetsmätvärden, men kodkomplexiteten minskades betydligt. / Reactive programming is a programming paradigm that has been proposed to facilitate building eventdriven reactive applications. It is claimed by its proponents to increase code quality, but few studies have been performed to substantiate these claims empirically. This study aimed to explore the difference in code complexity and code readability between traditional imperative programming and reactive programming. A case study was performed where the code of an existing open source project was restructured, resulting in an imperative version and a reactive version of the same code. Static analysis tools were used to investigate if any changes in code readability and code complexity could be detected. Furthermore, it is discussed whether the results of the state-of-the-art readability metrics give an accurate prediction of code readability in reactive code bases, or if perhaps these metrics need to be modified to make them applicable to the reactive paradigm. Our findings show that the readability was negatively affected by reactive programming when measured with state-of the-art readability metrics, however code complexity was decreased significantly

Diploma thesis "Self-regulation Motives of Czech Journalists along with Routine Professional Decision" deals with regulators which show up in daily pofessional work of journalists at present, i.e. in period when this diploma thesis was written. Motives and influences of each regulator are examined in sample of three nationwide publishers - Mlada fronta Dnes, Pravo and Lidove noviny. Sixteen journalists participated in this survey, which was made in period from March, 16th 2008 to May, 5th 2008. This work is focused on Codes of Conduct (Codes of Ethics) of the surveyed publishers and explores their effects on professional manners of each editor. Furthermore, this diploma thesis is also about journalists personal professional limits which work as personal self-regulators. It investigates what is excusable for editors and what is not, within the survey. This diploma thesis answers on question which regulators influence editors and how editors react. In conclusion this work also deals with self-regulation aspects, if they are considered important by editors or not. This diploma thesis compares results among the above mentioned surveyed publishers as well as within the hierarchy of each publisher.

Syftet med detta projekt har varit att skapa en jämförelse mellan två olika webbutvecklingsmetoder, no code och klassisk webbprogrammering, jämförelsen har skapats via en fallstudie hos företaget Lyxrummet där två webbutiker har skapats med dessa två olika metoder. No code-plattformen som använts har varit Wordpress och den klassiska webbprogrammerings metoden som använts har varit med språken PHP, HTML och CSS. För att kunna få fram resultatet av jämförelsen mellan webbutikerna så har användartester med 8 deltagare utförts samt mätningar på utvecklingstiden och kodrader. Slut resultatet visade att klassisk webbprogrammering var en mer lockande sida för deltagarna från användartestet men no code webbutiken var en snabbare och billigare variant för utveckling då ingen teknisk kunskap krävs. / The purpose of this project has been to create a comparison between the two different web development methods, no code and classical web development. The comparing has been done through a case study with the company Lyxrummet where two web shops have been created with these two methods. The no code platform that has been used is WordPress who is a leading platform for web development, and for the classical web development the language PHP, HTML, and CSS has been used. To be able to reach a result by the comprising between the web shops user testing have been done of 8 participates and measurement of the development time and code lines. The finishing result showed that the classical web developed web shop was the most liked by the user testing, but the no code web shop was a faster and cheaper alternative for web development because no technical knowledge person is needed.

Main goal of this thesis is to create disassembler for Visual Basic 6 binary .exe files. There is description of Portable Executable files, description of disassembler, as well as functions of Windows API calls. Visual Basic disassembler should provide as much information about Visual Basic 6 file as possible. There is detailed structure specification of Visual Basic 6 binary files.