This thesis proposes an exception to the common law efficiency hypothesis. In many cases, common law moves toward efficient legal rules through an evolutionary process of litigation incentives. Software patent law has departed from this trend, due to an asymmetric and unopposed set of litigation incentives by parties in precedent setting decisions. This paper evaluates the history of software patent legal rules, using an economic model of litigation incentives. It concludes that software patent law has been driven toward inefficiency due to an asymmetric set of interests between patent filers and administrative agencies.

According to legislation, common law and case law, South African educators have a responsibility to ensure the safety of learners. Above all, God has placed children in our care and it is our God-given duty to take care of them. For educators to be able to perform this duty of care as it should be, they need to be equipped with the necessary legal knowledge. However, the acquisition of this knowledge remains the primary responsibility of each educator. Other educational role-players also have some moral obligation and responsibility to assist educators in attaining such knowledge. As educators should acquaint themselves with the relevant legislation regarding duty of care, such legislation should be accessible to all educators. Principals should encourage educators to become acquainted with the content of the relevant education laws. All the determinants regarding duty of care ought to be general knowledge to educators. Principles such as what torts comprise of, the requirements of delictual accountability, reasonable foreseeability and preventability and the reasonable educator test should be as well-known as subject didactical knowledge. Real-life situations and case law should be used to ensure a clear understanding of these principles. Tendencies in international law should also be communicated to educators. This study determined that educators do not have sound legal knowledge to meet the minimum requirements set by legislation, common law and case law. Tertiary institutions will have to compile training programs urgently so that education departments, trade unions, governing bodies and principals can make it available to educators, who, in turn can empower themselves with relevant, practical education law knowledge. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

During the latter half of the 11th century through to the end of the 13th century, Europe was experiencing what is considered by some historians as “the” medieval renaissance, otherwise referred to as the European Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. The time appears to have been ripe for an explosion of cultural and intellectual advancement and change. Two fields that experienced significant development during that period were law and governance, both secular and ecclesiastical. In England, the period which most legal historians consider to be the key formative years of the common law was the reign of King Henry II. Indeed, Sir William Holdsworth credits Henry II for “substituting one common law for that confused mass of local customs of which the law of England had formerly consisted”. But as R.H. Helmholz said, “legal history, like any other, is a history of winners, and the history of the losing side is often overlooked. That we only hint of the history of the canon law by reference to the common law is a fact of life and not to be lamented”. However, he admonishes us not to ignore the intrinsic importance of the jurisdiction once exercised by the courts of the Church in the development of the law of England. I take up Helmholz’ challenge in this thesis and examine the relationship that developed between the English royal authorities and the Latin (Western) Christian Church from the beginning of the reign of Edward the Confessor to the end of the reign of King John. Through a review of cases reported by the Selden Society from the royal courts of Henry II, Richard I and John, I then focus my research on the 62 year period between the beginning of the reign of Henry II and the death of John, and consider the influence of the Church and State relationship on the structure and processes of the developing English royal law and its scope. / Graduate

No description available.

Table of cases: leaves [771]-783 / Bibliography: leaves [784]-795 / 2 v. (xix, 795 leaves) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Law School, 1988

Universiẗat, Diss.--Münster, 2007.

Zugl.: Uppsala, University, Diss., 2006. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [251]-258) and index.

Le Canon de Scanderbeg n'est libellé ni proclamé par aucun organe législatif ou exécutif de l'État, il n'est décrété par aucun monarque et n'est imposé par aucun envahisseur : le droit coutumier est né de la nécessité de régler la vie des communautés rurales sur le plan judiciaire en l’absence de lois.Un rôle important y est accordé aux Anciens dans la gestion de la vie de la communauté rurale. Jusqu’à la création de l'État albanais, les us et les coutumes ont fonctionné comme des organes régissant les rapports entre personnes, entre membres d’une famille, d’une tribu, d’une région et entre les régions.Au fil du temps, ils sont devenus des normes, donnant naissance au droit coutumier albanais. L'évolution du droit coutumier non écrit s'est reflétée au cours des siècles dans les normes coutumières.Le Canon de Scanderbeg est conçu comme une unité organique comportant des éléments convergents et divergents avec les autres Canons. Cette diversité y a été représentée en une mosaïque de nuances définies en termes spécifiques.Le coutumier de Scanderbeg est riche en normes qui embrassent plusieurs aspects de la vie du peuple ; leur diversité témoigne de l'ancienneté de son usage.Bien qu’il offre l’aspect d’une unité organique indépendante, le Coutumier de Scanderbeg, au même titre que les autres coutumiers du peuple albanais, se rattache d'une part à une plus grande unité et d'autre part se subdivise à son tour en plusieurs subdivisions plus petites.Il confirme l’idée que les différents coutumiers du peuple albanais ont un grand nombre de points de contact entre eux ; cela justifie la thèse de l'existence d'un patrimoine commun comme une unité plus haute, que l'on peut appeler le droit coutumier du peuple albanais.Le Canon de Scanderbeg est donc considéré comme un corpus juris appliqué jusqu'à une période récente dans les régions placées sous la domination des Kastriotes, en particulier les régions de Mat, Krujë, Dibër, Kurbnesh, Bendë, Tamadhë et Martanesh.Le Canon de Scanderbeg comprend 225 pages ; il est reparti en 7 parties, 33 chapitres, 241 articles et 3534 paragraphes. Cette œuvre traite de l'organisation de la vie en famille, des droits et des devoirs de ses membres, des règles concernant le domicile et le patrimoine, du droit au patrimoine et à l'héritage, de la division de la famille, de la vente et l'achat d'une maison, des institutions de l'hospitalité et de la parole donnée, de l'organisation et de la cohabitation au niveau du voisinage et au niveau régional.Elle évoque aussi la hiérarchie et le fonctionnement de la vie au sein de la famille, de la tribu, du village, de la bannière, de la région, ainsi que des droits et des devoirs de l'individu et de la collectivité. Les normes coutumières de la vendetta, de la justice privée, des institutions, des garanties, du serment et de la réconciliation font l’objet de chapitres particuliers. On y trouve aussi des normes qui définissent la position des institutions religieuses, de l'église et de la mosquée. / The research on the canon law is an important aspect of the study of the history of Albanian people, particularly of their culture. Its evolution over the centuries has also been expressed in unwritten norms, inherited generation after generation, which reflect the socio-economic situation of different regions during the past periods and which in Albania were given the name of Greek-Byzantine origin”kanun” (canon).We know the Canon of Scanderbeg, the Canon of Dukagini, the Canon of Malsia e Madhe and of the Laberia. As early as the beginning of the XIXth century in the context of the research on the research on the Albanian history, language and culture, the first studies undertaken by foreign albanologists on the ethnocultural traditions became apparent.Among them, there were travelers and diplomats, as; Lik, Pukvil, A. Bue, Hekard, who fokuced genuine on the customary law. By the middle of the 19tth century an important step was made in this direction by the Austrian consul J.G Han who made known to the scientific world, the customary law and its institutions, the ancient character of which, as he pointed and was closely linked which the origin of the Albanian people.Han made an introduction of the law of the Mountains of the Canon of Scanderbeg which operated in Mat and Diber. In this wide territory lay in the past the principality of the Kastriots, whose memory, besides the documents is also preserved in numerous legends and toponyms, which Albanian people devoted to Scanderbeg. In this territory there exists a very detailed variant of the Canon, which Albanian people call the Canon of Scanderbeg. This canon contains similar fundamental principles of canonical law, but in the traces of its development, we also come across alien influences, especially those of the Sheriat.

The Ibero-American constitutions over the years have had multiple purposes from a formalistic conception to a materialistic conception. In these circumstances, it is vital to determine the new conception of these constitutions, due to the subsequent influence that could lead to the constitutions of countries of civil law tradition, such as Latin America. / Las Constituciones Iberoamericanas a lo largo de los años han tenido múltiples finalidades, desde una concepción formalista hasta una concepción materialista. En estas circunstancias, es de vital importancia determinar la nueva concepción de estas constituciones, debido a la influencia posterior que podría generar a las constituciones de países de tradición civil law, como el latinoamericano.