Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1959. / Typescript. Abstracted in Dissertation abstracts, v. 20 (1959) no. 2, p. 614-615. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-171).

This thesis is an examination of the structure of irreducible continua, with a particular emphasis on local connectedness and monotone maps. A continuum is irreducible if there exist a pair of points such that no proper subcontinuum contains both, with the arc being the most basic example. Being irreducible has a number of interesting implications for a continuum, both locally and globally, and it is these consequences we shall focus on. As mentioned above, the arc is the most straightforward example of an irreducible continuum. Indeed, an intuitive understanding of an irreducible continuum would be that it is structured like an arc, with the points of irreducibility at either end joined by a subspace with no loops or offshoots. In Chapter 2 we will see that for a certain class of continua this intuition is well founded by constructing a monotone map from an irreducible continuum onto an arc. This monotone map will preserve much of the structure of our continuum and as such will provide an insight into that structure. We will next examine a generalisation of irreducibility which considers finite sets of points rather than just pairs. A number of classical results will be re-examined in this light in Chapter 3. While the majority of these theorems will be shown to have close parallels in higher finite and infinite irreducibility there will be several which do not hold without further conditions on the continuum. Such anomalies will be particularly prevalent in continua which have indecomposable subcontinua dominating their structure. In Chapter 4 monotone maps will be constructed for finitely irreducible continua similar to the map to an arc mentioned previously. Chapters 7 and 8 will generalise irreducibility further to the infinite case and we will again construct monotone maps preserving the structure of our continuum. Along with the arc, another highly significant irreducible continuum is the sin 1 x continuum. Chapter 5 will focus on this continuum, which will be the basis for a nested sequence of continua. A number of results concerning continuous images of these continua will be presented before using the sequence of continua to define an indecomposable continuum. This continuum will be investigated, and it will be shown that the union of our nested continua form a composant of the indecomposable continuum. In Chapter 6 we will turn to the question of compactifications. If a space X is connected then any metric compactification of X will be a continuum. This chapter will answer the question of when a compactification is an irreducible continuum, with the remainder of the compactification consisting of all of the irreducible points. A list of properties will given such that a continuum has such a compactification if and only if it has each property on the list. It will also be demonstrated that each of these properties is independent of the others. Finally, in Chapter 9 we will revisit the idea of structure-preserving monotone maps, but this time in continua which are not irreducible. Motivated by the fibres of the maps in previous chapters, we will introduce two categories of subcontinua of a continuum X. The first will be nowhere dense subcontinua which are maximal with this property and the second will be subcontinua about which X is locally connected and which are minimal with this property. Continua in which every point lies in a maximal nowhere dense subcontinuum will be examined, as well as spaces in which every point lies in a unique minimal subcontinuum about which X is locally connected. We will also look at the properties of monotone maps arising from partitions of X into such subcontinua, and will prove that if every point of X lies in a maximal nowhere dense subcontinuum then the resulting quotient space will be one dimensional.

GUIMARÃES, Anderson Vieira. Mecanismos de fratura em materiais multifásicos. 2014. 75 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-08-29T19:55:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_avguimaraes.pdf: 11579215 bytes, checksum: f6245c912d49cbd6300b532985e1ab7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-08-29T20:31:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_avguimaraes.pdf: 11579215 bytes, checksum: f6245c912d49cbd6300b532985e1ab7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-29T20:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_avguimaraes.pdf: 11579215 bytes, checksum: f6245c912d49cbd6300b532985e1ab7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The understanding about the fractures processes in materials has a big importance for physics and civil construction industries. Through the fractures processes, we can better understand the materials’ elastics properties as its macroscopic Young module, rupture tension and rigidity module. We can define the fractures processes as those which divide a system into two or more parts, destroying the global connection of the elements that constitute it. In this context, in the first chapter, we can find a mathematical description of continuum mechanics equations. The second chapter discusses the model of Discrete Element(DEM), which is a numerical method capable of describing the mechanical behavior of granular materials. In the third chapter, we built the computational model for studying the mechanicals properties of three types of samples, crystalline, amorphous and multiphase. The computational model showed itself quite interesting and presented results which we can consider satisfactory. / O entendimento sobre os processos de fraturas em materiais é de grande importância para a física e indústrias da construção civil. Através dos processos de fraturas podemos compreender melhor as propriedades elásticas dos materiais, como seu módulo de Young macroscópico, tensão de ruptura e módulo de rigidez. Podemos definir os processos de fraturas como sendo aqueles que dividem um sistema em duas ou mais partes, destruindo a conexão global dos elementos que o constituem. Nesse contexto, no primeiro capítulo é feito uma descrição matemática das equações da mecânica do contínuo, no segundo capítulo aborda-se o modelo de elementos discretos (DEM) que é um método numérico capaz de descrever o comportamento mecânico de materiais granulados. No terceiro capítulo, construímos o modelo computacional para estudar, as propriedades mecânicas de 3 tipos de amostras, cristalina, amorfa e multifásica. O modelo computacional utilizado se mostrou bastante interessante e apresentou resultados que podemos considerar como sendo satisfatórios.

O contínuo mediático atmosférico é um ponto de partida, uma abertura na busca por compreensão de um fenômeno do mundo contemporâneo que se inicia com as multidões, os públicos, as massas e as maiorias. O contínuo mediático atmosférico é esse novo campo de batalha do mundo atual onde querem ocupar, e nele permanecer, o Estado, o mercado, as maiorias. O contínuo mediático atmosférico é constituído por quatro elementos: 1. O campo das ideias, valores e crenças; 2. A esfera pública; 3. As massas e 4. Os grandes meios de comunicação, com a finalidade de: 4.1 Atuar no imaginário, produzir fascinação e glamour e 4.2 Cooptar as massas para as causas políticas e outros ativismos. A esse novo momento, a esse novo campo de batalha constituído, onde se procura a tudo conectar, tudo energizar, tudo transformar em um medium de comunicação, damos o nome de contínuo mediático atmosférico. Essa nova situação provocada pelo contínuo mediático atmosférico nos faz pensar e problematizar o presente. / The atmospheric mediatic continuum is a starting point, a breaking through the search for understanding of a phenomenon of the contemporary world that begins with the crowds, the public, the masses and the majorities. The atmospheric mediatic continuum is this new battleground of the present world which wants to occupy, and remain in it, the State, the market, the majorities. The atmospheric mediatic continuum consists of four elements: 1. The field of ideas, values and beliefs; 2. The public sphere; 3. The masses; and 4. The major media. This last one, with the purpose of: 4.1 Acting on the imaginary, producing fascination and glamor; and 4.2 Co-opting the masses for political causes and other activism. To this new moment, to this new battleground constituted, where everything is sought to connect, to energize, to transform into a medium of communication, we call the atmospheric mediatic continuum. This new situation provoked by the atmospheric mediatic continuum leads us to think and problematize the present.

Cette thèse s'intéresse au Continuum Random Cluster Model (CRCM), modèle gibbsien de boules aléatoires où la densité dépend du nombre de composantes connexes de la structure. Ce modèle est une version continue du Random Cluster Model introduit pour unifier l'étude des modèles d'Ising et de Potts. Le CRCM fut introduit pour sa relation avec le modèle de Widom-Rowlinson, fournissant une nouvelle preuve de la transition de phase pour ce modèle. Dans cette thèse nous étudions dans un premier temps l'existence du CRCM en volume infinie. Dans le cas extrême des rayons non-intégrables, nous démontrons un résultat de non-unicité du CRCM en petite activité. Nous conjecturons de plus que l'unicité serait obtenue en grande activité. Une version faible de cette conjecture est démontré en dimension 1. Dans un second temps nous étudions la percolation du CRCM, qui s'intéresse aux propriétés de connectivité et en particulier à l'existence d'une composante connexe infinie. La percolation est d'autant plus cohérente pour le CRCM dont l'interaction dépend directement de la connectivité de la structure. Nous montrons dans cette thèse l'absence de percolation en petite activité et la percolation en grande activité. Ce résultat permet de généraliser la transition de phase du modèle de Widom-Rowlinson à des rayons non bornés. / This thesis focuses on the Continuum Random Cluster Model (CRCM), defined as a Gibbs model of random balls where the density depends on the number of cluster in the structure. This model is a continuum version of the Random Cluster Model introduced to unify the study of the Ising and Potts model. The CRCM was introduced for its links with the Widom-Rowlinson model, which led to a new proof of the phase transition for this model. In this thesis we first study the existence of the model in the infinite volume regime. In the extreme setting of non integrable radii, we prove for small activities the non-uniqueness of a CRCM. We conjecture that the uniqueness would be revovered for large activities. A weak version of the conjecture is proved.We alson study the percolation of the CRCM, which is the existence of at least one unbounded connected component. Percolation is more relevant for the CRCM since the interaction depends on the connectivity of the structure. We prove the absence of percolation for small activities and percolation for large activities. This results leads to the phase transition of the Widom-Rowlinson model with unbounded radii.

The advent of the 4th generation X-ray sources paves the way for a new phase of experimental investigation of Hot-Dense plasmas. At the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), pulses of keV X-rays, shorter than 100 fs, and with intensities up to 10¹⁸ W·cm^-2, are routinely produced, allowing for the production of uniform samples of solid-density plasmas. The simple single-photon X-ray absorption mechanism can be easily modelled, so that the plasma conditions can be accurately retrieved, without relying on diagnostic techniques that are not benchmarked in this high density regime. The work presented here describes the results of the first experiment where the LCLS interacts with a solid Al target, isochorically heating it at temperatures up to 190 eV. The system is described by the SCFLY non-LTE model, where the density and temperature are computed self consistently, as a consequence of the detailed atomic processes, rather than imposed by the user. The approximations affecting the simulations are discussed in detail. The code is first validated, by modelling the charge state distribution measured in a previous experiment (L. Young et. al), where the LCLS interacts with a Ne gas, a simplified (collisionless) problem. Then it is used to model the K-alpha spectroscopic data obtained for Al. The plasma evolution, explained by SCFLY simulations, is found to be primarily determined by collisions, whose visible effects on the experimental spectra are discussed. By varying the wavelength of the laser and observing the change in the K-alpha fluorescence, the K-edges for different ions in the plasma were determined, leading to a charge resolved measurement of continuum lowering in the HDM system. The results disagree with the widely used Stewart-Pyatt model, with the disagreement increasing for higher charge states, but are consistent with the older Ecker-Kroell model. These results have profound implications for dense plasma modelling.

Read the summary in the section 00front of this document. / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

The work presented in this dissertation was carried out at the Division ofMechanics, Department of Management and Engineering at Link¨oping University,between 2003 and 2008. It was supervised by Prof. Anders Klarbring,head of the division, and financially supported by the National GraduateSchool of Scientific Computing (NGSSC) and the Swedish Research Council(VR). There are many people to whom I would like to express my gratitude: firstand foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Anders Klarbring forhis help, support and endless patience during our discussions, and for alwayshaving time to read and comment on the numerous drafts that eventually ledto the research manuscripts presented in this thesis. I would also like to thankmy co–supervisor Dr. Thomas Borrvall for all his help regarding numericalissues, especially with the implementation of the models. Moreover, I wouldlike to thank present and former colleagues for their inspiration and assistanceduring my time as a graduate student at the division. Last but not least, I am very grateful for having a family that has alwaysbeen there to support me, and for all my friends who enrich my life outsidethe office walls in more ways then I can say.

In this Thesis, we present work on the diffuse Galactic emission in the 23−43 GHz frequency range. We studied the polarised emission, which is dominated by synchrotron radiation at these frequencies. We also present work on the anomalous microwave emission (AME), both in total intensity and polarisation. These observations are useful to quantify the CMB foreground contribution and give us information about the ISM of our Galaxy. Polarisation observations are affected by a positive bias, particularly important in regions with low signal-to-noise ratio. We present a method to correct the bias in the case where the uncertainties in the Q, U Stokes parameters are not symmetric. We show that this method successfully corrects the polarisation maps, with a residual bias smaller than the random uncertainties on the maps, outperforming the methods that are previously described in the literature. We use the de-biasing method to set upper limits for the polarisation of AME in the ρ Ophiuchi and Perseus molecular clouds. In both clouds the AME polarisation fraction is found to be less than 2% at 23 GHz and33 GHz. We use data from the WMAP satellite at 23, 33 and 41 GHz to study the diffuse polarised emission over the entire sky. This emission is due to synchrotron radiation and it originates mostly from filamentary structures with well-ordered magnetic fields. We identify new filaments and studied their observational properties, such as polarisation spectral indices, polarisation fraction and Faraday rotation. We explore the link between the large scale filaments and the local ISM, using the model of an expanding shell in the vicinity of the Sun. We also quantify the level of contamination added by the diffuse filaments to the CMB E- and B-mode power spectra. The Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET) observed the polarised sky at 43 and 95 GHz, in order to measure the CMB spectra. We describe the instrument, the observations and data processing, focusing on two regions of the Galactic plane. We study the foreground contamination in a region of the sky. We also discuss some properties of the diffuse synchrotron emission observed on the Galactic plane by QUIET. Using interferometric observations at 31 GHz, we studied AME in the translucent cloud LDN 1780. Interferometric data at 31 GHz and different ancillary data were used. We study the connection between the radio emission and the interstellar dust present in the cloud. The spinning dust hypothesis for the origin of AME is tested and we conclude that it can explain the radio properties observed in this cloud.

This research was conducted to identify whether South African 3 star and above hotels are interested in forming alliances. The objective of this study was to group South African independent 3 star and above hotels on the alliance framework continuum, namely; cooperation, collaboration, coordination and coadunation; and to identify whether South African independent 3 star and above hotels are interested to progress from one simple form of alliance to the next complex, formal type of alliance. Hypotheses were proposed to determine the significance of the differences in preference of South African 3 star and above independent hotels. Thus, this study is descriptive in nature, to test the proposed hypotheses. An extensive investigation into the relevant literature was done. An empirical study was also conducted and the measuring instrument consisted of a selfadministered questionnaire. The population selected consisted of managers of these South African 3 star and above independent hotels. The major findings included: South African independent 3 star and above hotels seem to prefer niche personality and potential non-financial relationship, while they try to avoid economic and cultural integration with a partner firm and not interested in shared management control with the partner firm. Besides, four factors confirmed the alliance continuum developed by Bailey and Koney (2000), namely; cooperation, coordination, collaboration and coadunation. Friedman’s test indicated that there is significant difference among the different dimensions of alliance formation, namely; cooperation, collaboration, coordination and coadunation and that South African independent 3 star and above hotels are interested to form cooperation form of alliances mostly, followed by coordination form of alliances. South African independent 3 star and above hotels are neutral on whether to form collaboration type of alliances and they are not interested to involve in the coadunation form of alliances. Chi-square test indicated that there is no significant difference on the opinion of the respondents on whether the hotel they work for needs to progress from simpler form of alliances into more formal and complex format of alliances. However, those who preferred that their hotel has to progress from simpler form of alliance are higher in number than those who did not prefer. It was, inter alia, recommended that as South African 3 star and above hotels choose lower form of alliance, value chains seem the most applicable form of alliance. Hotels could share a name, reservation information and some basic IT facilities (point of sale IT reservation equipment and back office IT equipments). Finally, the study concludes by recommending that South African independent 3 star and above hotels should take alliances as an option for growth and justification of expenditures and decide the level of alliance continuum they want to engage in. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted