De nos jours, la gestion des flux de matière autour de la zone decontact représente un des principaux verrous scientifiques pourl'amélioration des simulations des procédés d'usinage comme, parexemple, le procédé FSW. Les méthodes basées sur la mécanique desmilieux continus sont couramment utilisées dans ces simulations maiselles rencontrent de nombreuses difficultés dans les zones decontact. Une explication "physique" à ces difficultés estl'utilisation des équations issues de la mécanique des milieuxcontinus pour décrire des phénomènes discontinus. À ce point, laméthode des éléments discrets s'est révélée être une alternative auxapproches continues pour traiter le problème causé par cesdiscontinuités. Cette méthode est en revanche très gourmande en termede temps de calcul.Une solution à long terme passe par un couplage entre méthodescontinues et discrètes qui requiert une zone de recouvrement où lesdeux approches coexistent. Cette zone est classiquement placée dansune région continue et cela oblige à développer la méthode deséléments discrets pour qu'elle puisse opérer dans ce type derégion. Le travail de thèse présente une méthode pour simuler laconduction de la chaleur et le comportement mécanique des milieuxcontinus élasto-plastiques. Cette méthode peut travailler dans la zonecontinue de recouvrement et, en plus, elle peut être facilementcouplée avec les méthodes discontinues classiques.Le couplage entre l'aspect thermique et l'aspect mécanique estégalement étudié et comparé aux résultats expérimentaux issus de labibliographie.

Nonwoven-fabrics have been in use since 1930s. Their advantages over other web fonnation methods like knitting and weaving have attracted many industries such as aerospace, automotive, sports, geotextiles, composites, battery separators etc. to explore and increase their usage. During nonwoven manufacturing, most of the laid loose webs have an insufficient strength as fonned, and require an additional bonding procedure in order to provide the produced nonwoven with its intended properties. To achieve the desired properties of the nonwoven web, the bonding process is therefore, the most important part during production. The thennal bonding through air is one of the modem techniques which is incrementally improved to increase the yield of manufactured nonwoven properties. The system has a disadvantage which is, that the production capacity and energy efficiency is very low. The entitled research aims an industrial optimisation of the thermal bonding through air by entailing a strategic approach and encompassing the whole process chain of the thennal bonding process. The comprehensive and flexible optimisation opportunities provided by the CFD has been used to aid in the control and optimisation of the thermal bonding process and machinery. To optimise the process and product quality, the complex system composing of several components and various physical phenomena occurring during processing is simulated using a hierarchical methodology. More specifically a hierarchical decomposition procedure to recast the original multi scale problem as a sequence of three scale decoupled macro-, meso-, and micro scale subproblems is exploited. The methodology is applied in conjunction with the validation of experiments on through-air bonding product lines. 2D and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models based on the continuum modelling approach and the theory of porous media coupled with the theory of mixtures are developed to treat the flow behavior, heat transfer, phase change and air moisture transport within the whole through-air bonding system. The model is concluded to be an economic computational tool hence providing rapid process optimisation and valuable infonnation early in the process, which can replace costly experiments and ensure product consistency under variable process and climate conditions. 2D and 3D hybrid modelling considering parametric discrete and continuum parts is also perfonned using conjugate heat transfer analyses. The approach precisely permits the optimisation of the machine component design and the associated optimisation of consistent process and product properties.

Psychological and behavioral characteristics of female undergraduates with varying levels of disordered eating, as measured by the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Q-EDD; Mintz, O'Halloran, Mulholland, & Schneider, 1997), were investigated. Results suggest that the Q-EDD is an appropriate instrument for measuring eating disorder symptomatology. Greater disordered eating was associated with more bulimic, dieting, and weight fluctuation symptoms, higher impression management and approval-seeking needs, more dichotomous thinking, self control, and rigid weight regulation, and increased concern with body shape and dissatisfaction with facial features. Eating-disordered and symptomatic women evidenced more severe eating disorder behaviors and psychological distress than asymptomatic women. Findings are congruent with a redefined discontinuity perspective of eating disorder symptomatology. Treatment implications and campus-wide preventions are suggested.

Classically, fluid dynamics have been dealt with analytically because of the lack of numerical resources (Yeung, 1982). With the development of computational ability, many formulations have been developed which typically use the traditional Navier-Stokes equations along with an Eulerian grid. Today, there exists the possibility of using a moving grid (Lagrangian) along with a meshless discretization. The first issue in meshless fluid dynamics is the equations of motion. There are currently two types of Lagrangian formulations. Spherical Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a method which calculates all equations of motion explicitly. The Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method uses a mathematical foundation based on SPH. However, instead of calculating all laws of motion explicitly, a fractional time step is performed to calculate pressure. A proposed method, Lagrange Implicit Fraction Step (LIFS), has been created which improves the mathematical formulations on the fluid domain. The LIFS method returns to Continuum mechanics to construct the laws of motion based on decomposing all forces of a volume. It is assumed that all forces on this volume can be linearly superposed to calculate the accelerations of each mass. The LIFS method calculates pressure from a boundary value problem with the inclusion of proper flux boundary conditions. The second issue in meshless Lagrangian dynamics is the calculation of derivatives across a domain. The Monte Carlo Integration (MCI) method uses weighted averages to calculate operators. However, the MCI method can be very inaccurate, and is not suitable for sparse grids. The Radial Basis Function (RBF) method is introduced and studied as a possibility to calculate meshless operators. The RBF method involves a solution of a system of equations to calculate interpolants. Machine expenses are shown to limit the viability of the RBF method for large domains. A new method of calculation has been created called Multi-dimensional Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials (MLIP). While Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials are essentially a one-dimensional interpolation, the use of "dimensional-cuts" and Gaussian quadratures can provide multi-dimensional interpolation. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section specifies the equations of motion. The second section provides the mathematical basis for meshless calculations. The third section evaluates the effectiveness of the meshless calculations and compares two fluiddynamic codes. / Fund number: N62271-97-G-0041. / US Navy (USN) author.

Mandarin Chinese numeral classifiers receive considerable at-tention in linguistic research. The status of the general classifier 个 gè re-mains unresolved. Many linguists suggest that the use of 个 gè as a noun classifier is arbitrary. This view is challenged in the current study. Relying on the CCL-Corpus of Peking University and data from Google, we investigated which nouns for living beings are most likely classified by the general clas-sifier 个 gè. The results suggest that the use of the classifier 个 gè is motivated by an anthropocentric continuum as described by Köpcke and Zubin in the 1990s. We tested Köpcke and Zubin’s approach with Chinese native speakers. We examined 76 animal expressions to explore the semantic interdepen-dence of numeral classifiers and the nouns. Our study shows that nouns with the semantic feature [+ animate] are more likely to be classified by 个 gè if their denotatum is either very close to or very far located from the anthropo-centric center. In contrast animate nouns whose denotata are located at some intermediate distance from the anthropocentric center are less likely to be classified by 个 gè.

An increasing number of observations have shown that gaseous debris discs are not an exception. However, until now, we only knew of cases around A stars. Here we present the first detection of (CO)-C-12 (2-1) disc emission around an F star, HD 181327, obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations at 1.3 mm. The continuum and CO emission are resolved into an axisymmetric disc with ring-like morphology. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method coupled with radiative transfer calculations, we study the dust and CO mass distribution. We find the dust is distributed in a ring with a radius of 86.0 +/- 0.4 au and a radial width of 23.2 +/- 1.0 au. At this frequency, the ring radius is smaller than in the optical, revealing grain size segregation expected due to radiation pressure. We also report on the detection of low-level continuum emission beyond the main ring out to similar to 200 au. We model the CO emission in the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium regime and we find that the CO is co-located with the dust, with a total CO gas mass ranging between 1.2 x 10(-6) M-aS center dot and 2.9 x 10(-6) M-aS center dot, depending on the gas kinetic temperature and collisional partners densities. The CO densities and location suggest a secondary origin, i.e. released from icy planetesimals in the ring. We derive a CO+CO2 cometary composition that is consistent with Solar system comets. Due to the low gas densities, it is unlikely that the gas is shaping the dust distribution.

Characterizing the full range of damage and plastic behaviour of asphalt mixtures under varying strain-rates and stress states is a complex and challenging task. One reason for this  is partly due to the strain rate and temperature dependent nature of the material as well as the variation in the properties of the constituent materials that make up the composite asphalt mixture. Existing stress-based models for asphalt concrete materials are developed based on mechanics principles, but these models are, however, limited in their application for actual pavement analysis and design since rate dependency parameters are needed in the constitutive model to account for the influence of the strain rate on the stress-based yield and evolution criteria. Till date, we are yet to arrive at simple and comprehensive constitutive models that can be used to model the behaviour of asphalt mixture over a wide range of strain-rate which is experienced in the actual pavement sections. The aim of this thesis is to develop an increased understanding of the strength and deformation mechanism of asphalt mixtures through multi-scale modeling and to develop simple and comprehensive continuum models to characterize the non-linear behaviour of the material under varying stress-states and conditions. An analysis framework is developed for the evaluation of the influence of asphalt mixture morphology on its mechanical properties and response using X-Ray CT and digital image processing techniques. The procedure developed in the analysis framework is then used to investigate the existence of an invariant critical energy threshold for meso-crack initiation which serves as the basis for the development of a theory for the development of energy-based damage and plastic deformation models for asphalt mixtures. A new energy-based viscoelastic damage model is developed and proposed based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. A second order damage variable tensor is introduced to account for the distributed damage in the material in the different principal damage directions. In this way, the material response in tension and compression can be decoupled and the effects of both tension- and compression stress states on the material behaviour can be accounted for adequately. Based on the finding from the energy-based damage model, an equivalent micro-crack stress approach is developed and proposed for the damage and fracture characterization of asphalt mixtures. The effective micro-crack stress approach takes account of the material stiffness and a critical energy threshold for micro-crack initiation in the characterization of damage and fracture properties of the mixture. The effective micro-crack stress approach is developed based on fundamental mechanics principles and it reduces to the Griffith's energy balance criterion when purely elastic materials are considered without the need for the consideration of the surface energy and a crack size in the determination of the fracture stress. A new Continuum Plasticity Mechanics (CPM) model is developed within the framework of thermodynamics to describe the plastic behaviour of asphalt concrete material with energy-based criteria derived for the initiation and evolution of plastic deformation. An internal state variable termed the "plasticity variable" is introduced to described the distributed dislocation movement in the microstructure. The CPM model unifies aspects of existing elasto-plastic and visco-plastic theories in one theory and shows particular strength in the modeling of rate-dependent plastic behaviour of materials without the need for the consideration of rate dependency parameters in the constitutive relationships. The CPM model is further extended to consider the reduction in the stiffness properties with incremental loading and to develop a unified energy-based damage and plasticity model. The models are implemented in a Finite Element (FE) analysis program for the validation of the models. The result shows that the energy-based damage and plastic deformation models are capable of predicting the behaviour of asphalt concrete mixtures under varying stress-states and strain-rate conditions. The work in this thesis provides the basis for the development of more fundamental understanding of the asphalt concrete material response and the application of sound and solid mechanics principles in the analysis and design of pavement structures. / En heltäckande karakterisering av skador och plastiska beteende hos asfaltblandningar under varierande belastningshastighet och spänningstillstånd är en komplex och svår uppgift. En orsak till detta är relaterat till materialets belastningshastighet- och temperaturberoende, såväl som variationen i materialegenskaperna hos de ingående komponenterna i den sammansatta asfaltblandningen. Befintliga spänningsbaserade modeller för asfaltbetongmaterial är utvecklade baserade på mekanikprinciper, men dessa modeller är begränsade när det gäller analys och design av verkliga asfaltsbeläggningar eftersom hastighetsberoende parametrar behövs i den konstitutiva modellen även med hänsyn till töjningshastighetens inverkan på kriterier för gränser och utveckling av spänningstillstånd. Det finns därför behov av att utveckla enkla men ändå heltäckande konstitutiva modeller som kan användas för att modellera beteendet hos asfaltmassan över ett brett spektrum av belastningshastigheter för olika av sektioner asfaltsbeläggningar. Syftet med denna avhandling är att öka förståelsen av hållfasthets- och deformationsmekanismer för asfaltblandningar genom multi-modellering. Målet är att utveckla enkla och heltäckande kontinuummodeller som karakteriserar materialets olinjära beteende under varierande spänningstillstånd och betingelser. Ett analysramverk har utvecklats för utvärdering av påverkan av asfaltmassans morfologi på dess mekaniska egenskaper och beteende med hjälp av röntgendatortomografi och digital bildbehandlingsteknik. Detta förfarande har sedan använts för att undersöka förekomsten av inneboende kritiska tröskelvärden för brottenergin för mesosprickinitiering vilket i sin tur ligger till grund för utvecklingen av en teori för modellering av energibaserade skador och plastisk deformation hos asfaltblandningar. En ny energidensitet baserad viskoelastisk skademodell utvecklas och föreslås utgå från kontinuum-skade-mekanik (CDM) och termodynamik för irreversibla processer. En andra ordningens skadevariabeltensor införs för att ta hänsyn till  skadedistributionen i materialen i de olika principiella skaderiktningarna. På detta sätt kan materialets respons i drag- och tryckbelastning separeras och effekterna av spänningstillstånd i både drag och tryck kan beaktas på ett adekvat sätt. Baserat på resultaten från den energibaserade skademodellen utvecklas och föreslås en motsvarande metod för mikrosprickspänning gällande skade- och brottkarakteriseringen av asfaltblandningar. Metoden för den effektiva mikrosprickspänningen tar hänsyn till materialets styvhet och en kritisk tröskelenergi för mikrosprickinitiering för karakteriseringen av skador och brottegenskaper hos blandningen. Denna metod är utvecklad baserat på grundläggande mekanikprinciper och kan för rent elastiska material reduceras till Griffiths energibalanskriterium utan hänsyn till ytenergi och sprickstorlek vid bestämningen av brottspänningen. En ny termodynamikbaserad modell för kontinuumplasticitetsmekanik (CPM) utvecklas för att beskriva det plastiska beteendet hos asfaltbetongmaterial med energibaserade kriterier härledda för initiering och progression av plastisk deformation. En intern tillståndsvariabel kallad "plasticitetvariabeln" införs för att beskriva den fördelade dislokationsrörelsen i mikrostrukturen. CPM-modellen förenar befintliga elasto-plastiska och visko-plastiska teorier i en teori och visar sig vara särskilt effektiv i modelleringen av hastighetsberoende plastiskt beteende hos material utan att behöva beakta hastighetsberoende parametrar i de konstitutiva sambanden. CPM-modellen utvidgas ytterligare för att kunna beakta reduktionen av styvheten med stegvis ökad belastning och för att utveckla en enhetlig energibaserad skade- och plasticitetmodell. Modellerna är implementerade i ett finit element (FE)-analysprogram för validering av modellerna. Resultatet visar att de energibaserade modellerna för skador och plastisk deformation kan förutsäga beteendet hos asfaltbetongblandningar under varierande spänningstillstånd och töjningshastighetsförhållanden. Arbetet i denna avhandling utgör grunden för utvecklingen av mer grundläggande förståelse av asfaltbetongmaterialets respons och tillämpningen av sunda och robusta mekanikprinciper i analys och design av asfaltstrukturer. / <p>QC 20161220</p>

The study of Supernova Remnants (SNRs) is fundamental to understanding the chemical enrichment and magnetism in galaxies, including our own Milky Way. In an effort to understand the connection between the morphology of SNRs and the Galactic Magnetic Field (GMF), we have examined the radio images of all known SNRs in our Galaxy and compiled a large sample that have an axisymmetric morphology, which we define to mean SNRs with a bilateral or barrel-shaped morphology, in addition to one-sided shells. We selected the cleanest examples and model each of these at their appropriate Galactic position using two GMF models, one of which includes a vertical halo component, and another that is oriented entirely parallel to the plane. Since the magnitude and relative orientation of the magnetic field changes with distance from the Sun, we analyze a range of distances, from 0.5 to 10 kpc in each case. Using a physically motivated model of an SNR expanding into an ambient GMF that includes a vertical halo component, we find it is possible to reproduce observed morphologies of many SNRs in our sample. These results strongly support the presence of an off-plane, vertical component to the GMF, and the importance of the Galactic field on SNR morphology. Our approach also provides a potentially new method for determining distances to SNRs, or conversely, distances to features in the large-scale GMF if SNR distances are known. The mechanism for acceleration of cosmic rays in SNRs is another outstanding question in the field. To investigate this, the same sample of axisymmetric SNRs was again modelled, but this time using two competing, and physically motivated, Cosmic Ray Electron (CRE) acceleration cases: quasi-perpendicular and quasi-parallel. We find that the quasi-perpendicular CRE acceleration case is much more consistent with the data than the quasi-parallel CRE acceleration case, with G327.6+14.6 (SN1006) being a notable exception. We propose that SN1006 may be an example of a case where both quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular acceleration is simultaneously at play in a single SNR. / October 2016

We report Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of the 1.5 GHz radio continuum emission of the z = 6.326 quasar SDSS J010013.02+ 280225.8 (hereafter J0100+ 2802). J0100+ 2802 is by far the most optically luminous and is a radio-quiet quasar with the most massive black hole known at z > 6. The VLBA observations have a synthesized beam size of 12.10 mas x5.36 mas (FWHM), and detected the radio continuum emission from this object with a peak surface brightness of 64.6 +/- 9.0 mu Jy beam(-1) and a total flux density of 88 +/- 19 mu Jy. The position of the radio peak is consistent with that from SDSS in the optical and Chandra in the X-ray. The radio source is marginally resolved by the VLBA observations. A 2D Gaussian fit to the image constrains the source size to (7.1 +/- 3.5) mas x (3.1 +/- 1.7) mas. This corresponds to a physical scale of (40 +/- 20) pc x (18 +/- 10) pc. We estimate the intrinsic brightness temperature of the VLBA source to be T-B = (1.6 +/- 1.2) x 10(7) K. This is significantly higher than the maximum value in normal star-forming galaxies, indicating an active galactic nucleus (AGN) origin for the radio continuum emission. However, it is also significantly lower than the brightness temperatures found in highest-redshift radio-loud quasars. J0100+ 2802 provides a unique example for studying the radio activity in optically luminous and radio-quiet AGNs in the early universe. Further observations at multiple radio frequencies will accurately measure the spectral index and address the dominant radiation mechanism of the radio emission.

This thesis examines the interactions between the continuum function and large cardinals. It is know, by a result of Easton, that the continuum function on regular cardinals has great freedom in ZFC. However, large cardinals lay additional constraints to possible behaviour of the continuum function. We focus on weakly compact and measurable cardinal to point out the differences in interactions with the continuum function between various types of large cardinals. We also study the case of indescribable cardinals for the comparison, and the results lead us to conclude that it is not easy to pinpoint the reason for these differences. 1