AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Garrett Adam Hoemmen, for the Masters of Science degree in Agribusiness Economics, presented on *April 3, 2013 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: REGIONAL WINE QUALITY REPUTATION: THE PERCEPTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF THE SHAWNEE HILLS AVA MAJOR PROFESSORS: Dr. C. Matthew Rendleman and Dr. Bradley Taylor There is a growing consumer preference for regional or “"terroir"” based products (Guy 2011). The designation of AVA status has the potential to increase the development of consumer identification with regional wine products. The presence of a distinguishing terroir is one of the prerequisites for the establishment of a federally recognized American Viticultural Area (AVA) (TTB 2012). The TTB granted the Shawnee Hills, located in southern Illinois, this designation at their request in 2006 (MKF 2005). The goal of this project was to determine the economic impact of a regional reputation on a wine-producing region. The project examined two California wine-producing regions progressing in wine quality development and with an established AVA designation and a wine culture in place, the Lodi AVA and the Central Coast AVA. A regression model was used to measure the source of these regions' growth in grower return per ton (price). Our results show the importance of achieving an AVA designation, an increase of $173.73 –- –$179.60 in grower return per ton, as well as the formation of regional wine quality program for that AVA, an increase of $165.81–-– $372.88. A winery competiveness survey was administered to all owner/operators in the Shawnee Hills to determine whether the infrastructure was in place to sustain a regional wine quality program. The results found that Shawnee Hill's AVA winery owner/operators regard increases in regional tourism, growth in the U.S. wine market continuous innovation, unique services and processes, and flow of information from customers to have the most enhancing effects on their businesses, and that confidence/trust in Illinois state political systems, tax systems, and administrative/bureaucratic regulations were the most constraining factors. Further the Shawnee Hills AVA has growing competition, yet consists of innovative winery owners. It may currently lack external financial support, but with a community focus on product differentiation, the Shawnee Hills AVA has a chance to capture a portion of the growing market for regional products.

Sedimentary rocks in the Mecca Hills record a 3-4 Myr history of basin evolution and deformation within the southern San Andreas fault (SAF) zone. Detailed geologic mapping, measured sections, lithofacies analysis, and preliminary paleomagnetic data indicate that sedimentation and deformation in the Mecca Hills resulted from evolution of local fault zone complexities superimposed on regional subsidence and uplift. Sediment was derived from sources northeast of the SAF and transported southeast along the fault zone in large rivers, alluvial fans, and a smaller fault-bounded lake. Inversion of the Painted Canyon fault from oblique SW-side down to SW-side up slip was the main control on local deposition and deformation. Regional controls are suggested by an angular unconformity observed in the Mecca and Indio Hills along ~50 km of the SAF and synchronous post-740 ka uplift northeast of the SAF along ~80 km of the fault zone.

A formação do perfil de velocidades do vento é influenciada pela rugosidade e topografia do terreno; em um terreno plano, por exemplo, as velocidades são diminuídas conforme a sua proximidade com a superfície terrestre, determinando a constituição da camada limite atmosférica (C.L.A.). O escoamento do vento em terrenos complexos, ou seja, terrenos que possuem morros e taludes, sejam isolados ou múltiplos, possui o perfil de velocidades modificado, fazendo com que para cotas mais próximas da superfície se observe um aumento das velocidades. A este incremento de velocidades dá-se o nome de speed-up. Esta pesquisa tem como foco a investigação da estrutura do escoamento do vento, analisando minuciosamente o perfil de velocidades em um escoamento turbulento, para topografias isoladas e complexas. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois métodos para obtenção do perfil de velocidades: ensaios experimentais em túnel de vento e aplicação de normas e modelos analítcos de carregamento do vento. O plano experimental engloba nove topografias dentre as quais estão: quatro morros bidimensionais (2D) isolados, quatro morros tridimensionais (3D) isolados e um morro 3D de uma topografia complexa. Os modelos foram ensaiados para duas categorias de terreno, conforme a Norma Brasileira NBR 6123 (ABNT, 1988): I – superfícies lisas de grandes dimensões e III-IV – terreno coberto por obstáculos, no túnel de vento Prof° Joaquim Blessmann. Após a execução do plano experimental aplicou-se modelos analíticos com as mesmas parametrizações do modelo experimental e por fim foram comparados entre si. Os modelos analíticos estudados foram: Jackson e Hunt (1975, Lemelin, Surry e Davenport (1988) e as normas estudadas são: NBR 6123 (ABNT, 1988), Eurocode 1 (CEN-TC, 2010), AIJ (AIJ, 2004), NBCC (NRCC, 2010), AS/NZS (AS/NZS, 2011), ASCE (ASCE, 2010). O estudo comparativo entre os modelos analíticos e normas revela a inexistência de uma homogeneidade entre os modelos, visto que a formulação de cálculo é distinta, quando temos uma topografia em análise. Além disso, os modelos analíticos, quando comparados com os ensaios experimentais, tendem a ser mais conservadores tanto para modelos 2D ou 3D, para pontos à barlavento, no cume e à sotavento do morro. A NBR 6123 apresentou os maiores incrementos de velocidades em comparação com os demais modelos e com os dados experimentais. / The formation of the wind speed profile is influenced by the roughness and topography of the ground; on a flat ground, for example, the speeds are reduced according to their proximity to the earth’s surface, determining the constitution of the atmospheric boundary layer (C.L.A.). The wind flow in complex terrain, in other words, whether single or multiples, has the modified wind speed profile, causing closest to the surface dimensions is observed increased speeds. To this increase speeds gives the name of speed-up. This research focuses on the investigation of the wind flow structure, thoroughly analyzing the speeds profile in turbulent flow, for isolated and complex topographies. For this purpose, two methods for obtaining the speed profile were used: experimental tests in a wind tunnel and application standards or wind loading codes. The experimental plan includes nine topographies among which are: four 2D hills (2D) isolates, four 3D hills (3D) isolates and a complex topography hill. The models were tested for two roughness according to the Brazilian standard NBR 6123 (ABNT, 1988): I – smooth surfaces large dimensions and III-IV – ground covered by obstacles, in the wind tunnel Prof° Joaquim Blessmann. After the execution of the experimental tests were applied analytical models with the same parametrization of the experimental model and finally were compared. The analytical models studied were: Jackson e Hunt (1975, Lemelin, Surry e Davenport (1988), NBR 6123 (ABNT, 1988), Eurocode 1 (CEN-TC, 2010), AIJ (AIJ, 2004), NBCC (NRCC, 2010), AS/NZS (AS/NZS, 2011), ASCE (ASCE, 2010. The compararative study between the analytical models and standards reveals the lack of homogeneity between the models, since the calculation formulation is different when we have a topography analysis. Furthermore, analytical models, compared with the experimental tests tend to be more conservative for both 2D and 3D models, points to the windward, top of the hill and leeward. The NBR 6123 showed the largest increases in speed compared to the other models and experimental data.

(Asteraceae Martynov do Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). O Morro Santana localiza-se entre os municípios de Porto Alegre e Viamão, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado o inventário florístico da família Asteraceae em sua área, de março de 2007 a dezembro de 2008, totalizando 19 excursões ao campo, com todos os tipos fisionômicos de vegetação amostrados. A família Asteraceae é bem representada no Morro Santana, com 154 espécies, 63 gêneros e 12 tribos. As tribos com maior número de espécies são Astereae (32) e Eupatorieae (29). Anthemideae, Barnadesieae e Helenieae possuem apenas três espécies cada. Os gêneros com maior número de espécies são Baccharis L. (18) e Eupatorium L. (17), seguidos por Vernonia Schreb. (9), Mikania Willd. (8), Senecio L. e Pterocaulon Elliott (6). Os gêneros com apenas uma espécie somam 35. As espécies exóticas são nove (Bidens pilosa L., Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f., Crepis japonica Benth., Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Hypochaeris radicata L., Senecio madagascariensis Poir., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L. e Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.). Quatro espécies encontradas no morro estão na Lista das Espécies Ameaçadas do Rio Grande do Sul (Gochnatia cordata Less., Mikania pinnatiloba DC., Pamphalea commersonii Cass. e Schlechtendalia luzulaefolia Less.). São apresentadas chaves de identificação para as tribos e espécies de cada tribo, e informações ecológicas e de distribuição geográfica sobre cada espécie. / (Asteraceae Martynov from Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Morro Santana is located between Porto Alegre and Viamão cities, in Rio Grande do Sul State. The floristic inventory was carrying out from March 2007 to December 2008, covering 19 field trips, with all vegetation types sampled. Asteraceae is well represented in Morro Santana, with 154 species, 63 genera and 12 tribes. Astereae (32) and Eupatorieae (29) are the tribes with the largest number of species. Anthemideae, Barnadesieae and Helenieae have only three species. The genera with the largest number of species are Baccharis L. (18) and Eupatorium L. (17), followed by Vernonia Schreb. (9), Mikania Willd. (8), and Senecio L. and Pterocaulon Elliott (6). Of the studied genera, 35 have a single species. Nine exotic species were found in the area (Bidens pilosa L., Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f., Crepis japonica Benth., Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Hypochaeris radicata L., Senecio madagascariensis Poir., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L. e Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.). Four species are in the Endangered Species List from Rio Grande do Sul State (Gochnatia cordata Less., Mikania pinnatiloba DC., Pamphalea commersonii Cass., and Schlechtendalia luzulaefolia Less.). Identification keys to tribes and species, and ecological and geografical distribution informations to each species are provide.

(Asteraceae Martynov do Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). O Morro Santana localiza-se entre os municípios de Porto Alegre e Viamão, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado o inventário florístico da família Asteraceae em sua área, de março de 2007 a dezembro de 2008, totalizando 19 excursões ao campo, com todos os tipos fisionômicos de vegetação amostrados. A família Asteraceae é bem representada no Morro Santana, com 154 espécies, 63 gêneros e 12 tribos. As tribos com maior número de espécies são Astereae (32) e Eupatorieae (29). Anthemideae, Barnadesieae e Helenieae possuem apenas três espécies cada. Os gêneros com maior número de espécies são Baccharis L. (18) e Eupatorium L. (17), seguidos por Vernonia Schreb. (9), Mikania Willd. (8), Senecio L. e Pterocaulon Elliott (6). Os gêneros com apenas uma espécie somam 35. As espécies exóticas são nove (Bidens pilosa L., Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f., Crepis japonica Benth., Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Hypochaeris radicata L., Senecio madagascariensis Poir., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L. e Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.). Quatro espécies encontradas no morro estão na Lista das Espécies Ameaçadas do Rio Grande do Sul (Gochnatia cordata Less., Mikania pinnatiloba DC., Pamphalea commersonii Cass. e Schlechtendalia luzulaefolia Less.). São apresentadas chaves de identificação para as tribos e espécies de cada tribo, e informações ecológicas e de distribuição geográfica sobre cada espécie. / (Asteraceae Martynov from Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Morro Santana is located between Porto Alegre and Viamão cities, in Rio Grande do Sul State. The floristic inventory was carrying out from March 2007 to December 2008, covering 19 field trips, with all vegetation types sampled. Asteraceae is well represented in Morro Santana, with 154 species, 63 genera and 12 tribes. Astereae (32) and Eupatorieae (29) are the tribes with the largest number of species. Anthemideae, Barnadesieae and Helenieae have only three species. The genera with the largest number of species are Baccharis L. (18) and Eupatorium L. (17), followed by Vernonia Schreb. (9), Mikania Willd. (8), and Senecio L. and Pterocaulon Elliott (6). Of the studied genera, 35 have a single species. Nine exotic species were found in the area (Bidens pilosa L., Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f., Crepis japonica Benth., Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Hypochaeris radicata L., Senecio madagascariensis Poir., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L. e Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.). Four species are in the Endangered Species List from Rio Grande do Sul State (Gochnatia cordata Less., Mikania pinnatiloba DC., Pamphalea commersonii Cass., and Schlechtendalia luzulaefolia Less.). Identification keys to tribes and species, and ecological and geografical distribution informations to each species are provide.

Sediments exposed in the Tugen Hills in the Central Rift of Kenya include an important hominin-bearing succession of volcaniclastic and fluvio-lacustrine deposits. The Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project (HSPDP) retrieved a ~230 m core through a portion of the Chemeron Formation, containing a highly resolved succession of strata spanning events leading to the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (3.4-2.6 Ma). Trends in the character and abundance of zeolites indicate changes in paleoenvironmental conditions with varying stability identified through distinct facies assemblages. These seem to reflect high amplitude changes accompanying peak earth-orbital eccentricity at ~2.7 Ma, and relative stability at low eccentricity at ~2.9-2.7 Ma. This study suggests a decrease in K/Ca and an increase in Na/Ca with major fluctuations. Zeolites act as terrestrial climate proxies in the absence of biogenic material, aside from intervals of diatom-rich strata, and are suggesting episodes of strongest environmental fluctuations ~2.7-2.6 Ma and environmental stability ~2.9-2.7 Ma.

No description available.

The Bay of Islands Ophiolitic Complex (BOIC) is one of most well preserved and well-exposed ophiolites in the world. The BOIC consist of four massifs; these are the Table Mountain (TBL), North Arm Mountain (NAM), Blow-Me-Down Mountain (BMD) and Lewis Hills massifs. Proposed geological environments of the BOIC in Newfoundland are diverse; ranging from oceanic spreading ridge to supra-subduction setting. The BOIC has a complete ophiolite sequence as defined at the Penrose Conference (Anonymous, 1972) including ultramafic mantle rocks, ultramafic to gabbroic cumulate rocks, sheeted dikes, pillowed basaltic rocks and capping sedimentary rocks in structurally ascending order. We studied harzburgite and overlying massive dunite in the BOIC. Harzburgite is generally medium-grained, and contains olivine, orthopyroxene, Cr-spinel, clinopyroxene and rare sulfide minerals. Harzburgite is massive to strongly deformed, with local development of mylonitic shear zones. A foliation and lineation are defined by elongated and fragmented grains of orthopyroxene and Cr-spinel. Dikes, sills, veins, and irregularly-shaped bodies of dunite and pyroxenite are present throughout the harzburgite unit. Dunite is the predominant lithology of the Blow-Me-Down Mountain. It is typically fine- to medium-grained, massive, and contains minor Cr-spinel and rare sulfide minerals. Dunite contains olivine, Cr-spinel and minor pyroxenes in some samples. Olivine crystals are commonly partly replaced by serpentine along fractures and in outer rims. Bulk rock and mineral composition data suggest that harzburgites are mild to highly refractory mantle residues after partial melting. In contrast all dunite samples show a cumulate geochemical signature from a mafic melt that originated from highly refractory mantle peridotites. Our study suggest that the harzburgite in the BOIC originally formed as oceanic lithosphere at a slow spreading ridge, possibly in the vicinity of active arc systems, whereas the parental melt for dunites formed in subduction setting. The second part of this study measured trace element compositions for olivine, Cr-spinel and bulk rock of dunite. The measured bulk rock compositions are compared to those of calculated based on mineral chemistry and their abundance. This comparison suggests that the trapped melt fraction was negligible during the crystallization of the dunites. The calculated melt compositions for the dunites confirm that the melt formed in subduction setting.

Includes bibliographical references. / While no one impact is identical to the next, the case of the University of Cape Town's purchase and take-over of two local flat complexes; Forest Hills and Liesbeek Gardens; represented a unique opportunity to compare two impacts analogous in all respects but time. Because one impact had already occurred and the other had not yet begun, the accuracy of social impact predictions could thereby be assessed. Through the use of self-administered questionnaires, the local perceptions of Forest Hills and local cognitions of Liesbeek Gardens were drawn out and compared. So doing, this study concludes that perceptions of potential impact show little correspondence to the actuality of such an impact should it occur without intervening mitigatory initiatives. Since pro-active planning procedures rely to a large degree on the accuracy of impact prediction, such findings suggest strategic flaws within the analytical framework of Social Impact Assessment. Included within the qualitative findings of this report are recommendations as to how the conflict stemming from these impacts might be resolved.

The Friis Hills is an isolated plateau standing as much as 600 m above surrounding topography in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region or Antarctica.Preserved on the plateau surface is a sequence of early to middle Miocene-aged dritis. At the eastern edge of the plateau, these drifts fill a shallow paleovalley to a depth of at least 35 m. The drills are exposed in a natural cross-section where modern topography crosscuts the paleovalley. Establishing an age and an environmental interpretation for these deposits is important because Antarctic paleoclimate records are lacking from the Mid-Miocene Climate Optimum. Two drifts fill the ancient paleovalley in the eastern Friis Hills. The upper drift is here named Cavendish drift: the lower is here named Friis drift. Cavendish can be subdivided into three units, whereas Friis drift can be subdivided into two units. Each of these units is a horizontal bed that laps on paleovalley sidewalls. The lowest, Friis II, is a compact diamicton that is overlain by a nearly in-situ bedded volvanic ash. Based on [20]Ar/[39]Ar dating, the ash is 19.76 [plus/minus] 0.07 Ma old. A second diamicton, Friis I, conformably blankets Friis II and was discovered to hold fossileferous interbeds. Both Friis I and II contain erratic clasts and both are lodgemont tills deposited from small, locally derived, alpine glaciers. Bedrock striations show ice flow to the northeast at azimuths between 025? to 032?, parallel to the trend of the paleovalley axis. Above these, Cavendish I. II. and III were deposited when thick ice covered the Friis Hills. Where the Cavendish drift laps onto paleovalley sidewalls, bedrock striations show ice flow from 077? to 150?. Cavendish drift was deposited sometime alter 19.8 Ma but before 14 Ma. when the Dry Valleys glacial records show that regional glaciers became cold-based. Downcutting eventually isolated the Friis Hills plateau, resulting in the preservation of the drift sequence. This event was most likely associated with growth or the East Antarctic Ice Sheet 14 Ma ago. This age constraint means that the tills preserved in the Friis Hills date from a time just before the East Antarctic Ice Sheet expanded and became a permanent feature. Based on the age-dated stratigraphy presented in this thesis, future work focusing on fossiliferious interbeds could provide unique and important constraints on Miocene climate change. / North Dakota State University. Department of Geosciences