Thèse-Univ. de Paris. / "Bibliographie" : p. xi-xxxii.

Le processus de mise en défense du bas Moyen Âge pose la question de l’évolution des communautés d’habitants du Toulousain. La compréhension des dynamiques de la défense nécessite une approche pluridisciplinaire fondée sur l’analyse des sources écrites, planimétriques, figurées et archéologiques. La richesse de la documentation met en lumière les rapports sociaux et l’organisation d’un groupe face au danger. Le phénomène des forts villageois a servi de support à une réflexion plus large sur les types et les formes de dispositifs défensifs. Une démarche comparative sur les structures interroge ainsi les modèles de fortifications et leur évolution. Au-delà de la dimension humaine et communautaire de la mise en défense, l’étude multi-scalaire éclaire les relations entre communauté et autorité seigneuriale, le rapport au territoire et l’interaction entre Toulouse et ses campagnes, mais aussi les réseaux de solidarité dans la protection d’un espace partagé. / The defence process in the late Middle Ages raises the question of evolution of communities inhabitanting in Toulouse area. Understanding the defensive dynamics requires a multidisciplinary approach based on the analysis of written, planimetric, iconographic and archaeological sources. The documentation’s precious contents highlight the social relationship and the organization of a group facing danger. The “forts villageois” phenomenon served a larger reflection about types and forms of defensive measures. A comparative approach on the structures questions fortifications models and their evolution. Beyond the human and community scope the multi-scale study points out the relationships between community and lord, the relation to the territory and the interaction between Toulouse and the surrounding villages, as well as the solidarity networks in a shared space protection.

De 1154 à 1453, Bordeaux se trouve sous l’obédience du roi d’Angleterre.L’ouverture du marché anglais favorise le développement d’un vignoble à vocation commerciale autour de la ville. De nombreux travaux sont consacrés à cette période faste du vignoble et du commerce du vin bordelais. En revanche, la situation du vignoble au lendemain de la fin de la guerre de Cent Ans (après la prise de Bordeaux par Charles VII en 1453) est très souvent restée dans l’ombre.Ce travail propose donc d’étudier les caractéristiques et les dynamiques du vignoble bordelais dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle, après les crises de la fin du Moyen Âge. En raison de la nature des sources employées, l’approche adoptée est celle du point de vue des Bordelais sur le vignoble, ce qui permet d’analyser l’emprise urbaine sur les vignes des alentours. Nous verrons comment les stratégies foncières et économiques des élites urbaines, essentiellement composées de marchands, influencent l’évolution du vignoble bordelais après la guerre de Cent Ans. / From 1154 to 1453, Bordeaux is under the king of England's obedience. The opening of the English trade promotes the development of a turned-for-business vineyard around the town. Several researches are devoted to this lucky time for vineyardand Bordeaux wine trading. In return the state of the vineyard shortly after the end of the Hundred Years War (after the taking of Bordeaux by Charles VII in 1453) is very often remained in the background.Therefore this work purposes to study the Bordeaux vineyard characteristics and dynamics in the second half of the XVth century after the crisis of the end of the MidlleAges. On account of the nature of the used documents, the adopted approach is theBordeaux point of view about the vineyard, and this allows an analysis of the urbangrasp on the surrounding vineyards. We will see how the land and economic strategiesof the urban elites, mainly composed by merchants, influence the development of theBordeaux vineyard after the Hundred Years War.

Le Poitou au XIVème siècle subit des alternances de domination au cours de la guerre de Cent Ans. De 1360 à 1372, le Poitou est sous le contrôle de l’Angleterre et intégré à la Principauté d’Aquitaine. C’est alors que se met en place une administration spécifique avec un mode de gestion adapté à ces nouvelles régions. Après une reconquête ardue menée jusqu’en 1375 par Du Guesclin, le Poitou et les pays de l’Ouest passent sous le contrôle de la France et font partie de l’apanage du Duc Jean de Berry. Pendant les périodes où ils sont officiellement absents de la région : 1320-1356 et 1375 1415, les Anglais maintiennent une pression permanente sur la région, au moyen de raids, de chevauchées destructrices et de tentatives de débarquement avortées ou réussies. Il s’agit d’une nouvelle région où la domination anglaise s’exerce sous des formes très spécifiques. On peut ainsi avoir une vue d’ensemble des régions conquises et dominées par l’Angleterre pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans. On peut aussi y constater une nouvelle forme de « recovery » mise en place après chaque moment de tension et de conquête, soit par les Français, soit par les Anglais et ainsi étudier cette réalité politique de manière plus globale. Enfin, on peut aussi étudier l’intégration de cette région à un ensemble plus vaste constitué par la principauté d’Aquitaine. / Poitou during the Hundred Years’ War in the 14th century is alternately dominated by different political dynasties. From 1360 à 1372, Poitou is under English control and is part of the Principality of Aquitaine. An administration is put in place to administer these newly acquired regions. After a difficult reconquest of these regions by Du Guesclin in 1375, Poitou and the western lands are under the French control and are part of the “apanage” of the Duke of Berry. Despite not governing these lands from 1320-1356 and 1375-1415 the English keep these lands under constant military pressure via a series of raids, pillaging and naval landings. English domination while only periodic had very specific effects on these new lands. We can as such uniquely view these regions thanks to their domination both militarily and politically by the English during the Hundred Years’ War. We can also see periods of “recovery” after each tense period or military action, either by the French or the English, and as such study this unique political situation in its globality. Finally, we can also study the integration of this land in a bigger ensemble within the Principality of Aquitaine.

Current scholarship on the devotional practices of late medieval England has emphasized two representations of Christ. The first, considered the dominant trend, is that of the suffering Christ; the second, a minor, but important trend particularly for female audiences, is the maternal Christ. Both are revealing of the nature of late medieval Christo-centric devotion. This project contributes to the understanding of late medieval Christocentric devotion in England during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries by examining the representation of Christ in a martial role, as presented to clerical and lay audiences through the medium of popular sermons. It is a new contribution to the scholarship of late medieval devotion in its demonstration of a multifaceted Christ; the martial Christ echoes, but in many ways also contrasts, the images of the suffering and maternal Christ, in order to provide its audience with a more complex rendering of the human Christ, one which may have been more accessible to a lay populace seeking to form a relationship with him. This project also contributes to the growing field of sermon studies, intended to be comprehensive in nature. It uses a different approach to sermon studies, in that the entire corpus of nearly 4,500 sermons was reviewed. This was done in order to provide the most complete picture of the martial Christ. As a result, this project examines Christ in various martial roles, as well as his modelling of knighthood for kings, knights, preachers, and the laity. These representations were utilised by preachers to instruct their audiences in devotional practice, specifically forms of affective meditation; it was used as a didactic tool to teach the laity the complex doctrines of redemption and atonement; and finally, it was employed as a means to demonstrate the importance of right living in order to fulfill what Christ had promised on the cross, that is eternal salvation.

Au cours de la Guerre de Cent ans, la ville de Mâcon est confrontée à des pouvoirs concurrents, dans le climat de recomposition du pouvoir royal dans le 1er quart du XVe siècle. L’accent est mis sur l’information, sa circulation et ses effets sur le gouvernement urbain.La première partie éclaire les effets de la guerre sur la ville. La seconde partie implique d’étudier la démographie de la ville, l’étude des prix et des finances de la ville, les circuits économiques. La troisième partie traite plus spécifiquement de l’information, suivie de l’étude de la transmission et de la réception des nouvelles, puis de la façon de délibérer. Une vie politique active donc. / During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Mâcon is confronted with rival powers, in the 1st quarter of the XVth century. The subject of this work is the information, itstraffic and its effects on the urban government. The first part shows the effects of the war on the city. The second part involves to study the demography of the city, the study of the prices and the finances of the city. The third part deals more specifically with the information, followed by the study of the transmission and the reception of the news, then of the way of deliberating. A political life activates.

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No description available.

This thesis focuses on the Celestine monks of France, a largely neglected and distinctive reformed Benedictine congregation, at their apex of growth (c.1350-1450). Based largely within the kingdom of France, but also including key houses in the contiguous territories of Lorraine and the Comtat, they expanded significantly in this period, from four monasteries to seventeen within a hundred years. They also gained independence from the mother congregation in Italy with the coming of the Great Western Schism (1376-1418). The study aims view the French Celestines against the backdrop of a vibrant culture of 'reform' within both the monastic estate (the Observants) and the Church as a whole, as well as the political instability and war in France. It will reveal a congregation alive with the passions of their times and relevant within them. Following an introductory section, chapter 1 will discuss the previously unstudied Vita of the leading French Celestine Jean Bassand (d.1445) in depth and introduce the key themes of the subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 will examine their Constitutions, in the process providing perspective on their hyper-scrupulous understanding of sin and the relation of their statutes to the Christian idea of 'reform'. Chapter 3 will look to anecdotal evidence concerning the quality of their observance in practice, as well the spiritual and moral writings of Pierre Pocquet (d.1408), another important Celestine leader. Chapter 4 will begin to establish how and why the order grew, examining records of benefaction (contemporary martyrologies and charters) as well as taking view of the financial (and in the end, moral) difficulties brought by war through the documents concerning the reductions of founded masses at the Paris and Sens houses. Chapter 5 will look at monumental and anecdotal/literary evidence, as well as the works of Jean Gerson, a friend of the order, to further define the cultural impact of the monks.

Le XVe siècle voit la naissance de la nation France et l'unification progressive du pays sous le pouvoir de l'État royal. En ces temps troublés de la guerre de Cent Ans se pose la question de la maîtrise du territoire, dans sa double dimension intellectuelle et pratique. Comment, au XVe siècle, un roi de France pouvait-il se représenter son royaume ? Comment pouvait-il le gouverner ? La territorialisation du pouvoir s'affirme dans un va-et-vient entre figurations et occupation concrète. Des espaces sociaux différenciés se constituent, selon que les régions sont gouvernées directement par le roi et ou qu'elles sont confiées à des gouverneurs, un prince ou encore un Parlement. Dans le cadre fixé par les frontières des Quatre Rivières, la monarchie accède à une maîtrise globale du territoire qui coïncide avec l'intégration de la société politique dans un État d'offices sommé par la justice royale. L'unité royale et les constructions régionales divergentes se combinent dès lors dans une forme d'État-nation originale, un État territorial mixte, unitaire et hétérogène. / During the 15th century, the French nation emerged and the unification of the country progressively took place, under the rule of the royal state. The question of how to control the territory, in both its intellectual and practical dimensions, was made more urgent by the troubles caused by the Hundred Years’ War. How, in the 15th century, could a King of France visualize his kingdom ? How was he able to govern it ? The territorialisation of power, oscillating between representation and real occupation, became progressively clearer. Differentiated social spaces emerged, depending on whether the regions were directly governed by the King or were entrusted to governors, be it a Prince or a Parliament. At the time when the monarchy gained overall control over the territory within the limits defined by four rivers (Scheldt, Meuse, Saone, Rhone), political society organised itself in a state constituted by offices ruled by royal law. Royal unity and diverging regional structures combined themselves into an original type of nation-state, a mixed territorial state, unitary and heterogeneous at the same time.